scholarly journals Dietary sodium requirement determined for juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus) reared in fresh water and seawater

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Yen Shiau ◽  
Li-Shan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Whole Body

Two 8-week feeding trials were conducted to determine the dietary Na requirement for juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus) reared in fresh water and seawater. In each experiment, NaCl was added to the basal diet at 0, 0·5, 1, 2, 3, 5, or 7g Na/kg diet (fresh water) and at 0, 0·2, 0·5, 0·8, 1·2, 1·5, 2, or 3g Na/kg diet (seawater). Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish, individual fish initially weighing 0·69 (se 0·01) g, in a closed, recirculating rearing system. In fresh water, the tilapia fed the diet supplemented with 2g Na/kg diet had significantly (P<0·05) greater weight gain than the fish fed the diets supplemented with ≥3 and ≤0·5g Na/kg diet. Feed efficiency (FE) in fish generally followed the weight-gain pattern. Gill Na+–K+ ATPase activity was highest in the fish fed the diets supplemented with 1–3g Na/kg diet, followed by the fish fed the diet with 7g Na/kg diet and lowest in the fish fed the unsupplemented control diet. In seawater, the weight gain, FE and gill Na+–K+ ATPase activity in fish were not affected by the dietary treatment. Analysis by polynomial regression of weight gain, by broken-line regression of gill Na+–K+ ATPase activity and by linear regression of whole-body Na retention of the fish reared in fresh water, indicated that the adequate dietary Na concentration for tilapia is about 1·5g/kg diet. The present study also suggests that no dietary Na is required for tilapia reared in seawater.

scholarly journals Quantifying the dietary potassium requirement of juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus)

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Yen Shiau ◽  
Jia-Fen Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Dietary Potassium ◽  
K Concentration

An 8 week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary K requirement for juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus). Purified diets with eight levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10 g/kg diet) of supplemental K were fed to tilapia. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish initially weighing a mean value of 0.77 (SE 0.01) g/fish in a closed, recirculating rearing system. Weight gain was higher (P<0.05) in fish fed the diets supplemented with 2, 3 and 4 g K/kg diet than in fish fed diet with 10 g K/kg diet and the unsupplemented control diet. Gill Na+-K+ ATPase activity was highest in fish fed the diets supplemented with 1–3 g K/kg diet, followed by fish fed the diet with 5 g K/kg diet and lowest in fish fed the diet with 10 g K/kg diet. Whole-body K content in fish were generally increased as the dietary K supplementation level increased. Analysis by polynomial regression of weight gain and gill Na+-K+ ATPase activity and by linear regression of whole-body K retention of the fish indicated that the adequate dietary K concentration for tilapia is about 2–3 g/kg diet.

Dietary choline requirement of juvenile grass shrimp (Penaeus monodon)

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Y. Shiau ◽  
P. S. Lo
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Penaeus Monodon ◽  
Grass Shrimp ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Dietary Choline

AbstractA feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary choline requirement of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Purified basal diets were formulated using vitamin-free casein (containing 370 mg choline per kg) as the protein source. Graded levels (0, 300, 600, 1000, 2000, 4000, 7000, and 10 000 mg choline per kg diet) of choline chloride were added to the basal diet, resulting in eight dietary treatments in the experiment. Each diet was given to three replicate groups of shrimp initially averaging 1·18 (s.d. 0·01) g for 8 weeks. Weight gain was highest in shrimp given the diets supplemented with 7000 and 4000 mg choline per kg diet, followed by the groups given 2000 mg/kg, then 1000 and 600 mg/kg, and finally 300 mg/kg and the unsupplemented control group (P < 0·05). Shrimp given diets supplemented with 7000 and 4000 mg choline per kg diet had significantly higher food efficiency and survival than those given diet with 300 mg choline per kg or the control diet. Higher body crude protein and choline concentrations were recorded in shrimp given diets supplemented with 4000 and 7000 mg choline per kg diet than shrimp given diets with ≤600 mg choline/kg and ≤2000 mg choline per kg, respectively. Analysis by polynomial regression of weight gain and body choline concentration for P. monodon gave a maximum at about 6000 mg/kg. Taking into account the choline concentration of the unsupplemented basal diet, the optimal dietary choline requirement for growing P. monodon is about 6200 mg/kg.

scholarly journals Lipid requirement of bay snook (Petenia splendida Günther, 1862) juveniles

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 674-685
Author(s):  
Uriel Rodríguez-Estrada ◽  
Otilio Méndez-Marín ◽  
Alfredo Pérez-Morales ◽  
Rafael Martínez-García ◽  
Emyr Peña-Marín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Lipid Level ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Lipid Requirement

This research study is focused on the lipid requirements of Petenia splendida (0.65 ± 0.19 g) juveniles. Fish were fed with trout commercial diet (Silver Cup™ - 45% protein and 16% lipids), as control diet - CD (which is usually used to feed this species at commercial scale), and four isoproteic (45% crude protein) diet formulated with different lipid levels (5, 10, 15 and 20%). Diets were administered for 60 days by triplicate per treatment. Our results showed that fish fed with 10, 15 and 20% lipid levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in average weight and total length. Same treatments were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in terms of FCR compared to those shown in 5% and CD. However, fish fed 20% lipid level, showed a significant decrease in WG and a significant (P < 0.05) increase in FCR compared to those shown in 15% lipid level. Fish fed with 15% showed the highest weight gain and the lowest FCR compared with the rest of the treatments. Lipid efficiency ratio (LER) showed significant (P < 0.05) differences among experimental groups. Compared to other diets containing lipid levels (5, 10, and 20%) fish fed 15% diet recorded the lowest protein and lipid content in whole body. Additionally, based on second order polynomial regression analysis of WG, it was demonstrated that 16.2% lipid provides an optimal growth for P. splendida.

scholarly journals 349 The use of low antioxidant mineral concentrations in the growing diet as a method to increase marbling deposition in feedlot cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 141-142
Author(s):  
Jerad R Jaborek ◽  
Alejandro E Relling
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The presence of reactive oxygen species has been associated with the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into lipid filled mature adipocytes in vitro. We hypothesized offering a diet without supplemental antioxidant minerals (Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se) to steers during the growing phase, a time when intramuscular fat cells are believed to be proliferating, would promote differentiation of pre-adipocytes, leading to more desirable marbling scores compared with steers supplemented to meet their mineral requirements. After adaptation to the feedlot, 168 Sim-Angus steers were divided into four weight blocks, placed in one of twenty-four pens, and randomly assigned a dietary treatment. Dietary treatments were: 1) no supplemental (Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se) minerals; 2) control diet with supplemented minerals to meet the mineral requirements of growing beef steers (NRC, 2016); 3) Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se concentrations supplemented at twice the concentration of the control diet. After dietary treatments were applied for the 4-wk long growing phase, steers were offered a common finishing diet until reaching a similar backfat thickness until harvest. Feedlot performance and carcass data were analyzed in SAS with pen as the experimental unit in the following model: Yij = μ+Di+wj+eij, where Di was the fixed effect of diet, wj was the random effect of weight block, and eij was the random error. No significant (P > 0.35) treatment effects were found for feedlot performance and carcass measurements. The feedstuffs in the basal diet may have contained sufficient concentrations of antioxidant minerals to meet the mineral requirements of the steers and mask differences in marbling. Additionally, offering a similar diet during the finishing period may have resulted in compensatory marbling growth, which offset marbling differences after the growing phase and resulted in uniform marbling accumulation across dietary treatments.

A molybdenum - sulfur - cadmium interaction in sheep

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Smith ◽  
C. L. White
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Treatment Concentration

We determined the effects of increased dietary concentrations of molybdenum and sulfur on the accumulation and tissue concentrations of cadmium in sheep, and compared them with effects on copper. Forty sheep, each weighing approximately 40 kg, were adjusted for 3 weeks to a basal diet of 80% wheaten chaff and 20% lupin seed containing (per kg dry weight) 0·016 mg Cd, 0·45 mg Mo, 3·4 mg Cu, and 1·9 g S. On Day 0 of treatment, 8 sheep were killed and the tissues analysed for trace minerals to provide a baseline value. The remaining sheep were divided into 4 dietary treatment groups: control (basal diet plus 4 mg Cd/kg), +Mo (control diet plus 15 mg Mo/kg), +S (control diet plus 4 g S/kg), +Mo+S (control diet+15 mg Mo+4 g S/kg). The treatment period lasted 80 days, after which sheep were killed for tissue samples. Sulfur alone reduced the accumulation of Cd in liver, kidney, and muscle by 60% compared with control sheep (P < 0·05). Molybdenum alone reduced Cd accumulation by 40% in liver and muscle (P < 0·05) and 30% in kidney (P = 0·09). When provided together (+Mo+S), the effect was equivalent to feeding with Mo alone, showing that Mo blocked the effect of S. Cadmium concentrations in whole kidneys for the 4 respective treatments were 6·40 ± 0· 7, 2·8 ± 0·3, 4·5 ± 0·8, and 5·0 ± 0·5 mg/kg fresh weight. The pre-treatment concentration was 0·7 ± 0·2 mg/kg. For Cu in blood and tissues, the effects of Mo and S treatment were consistent with the thiomolybdate hypothesis, and were quite different from those seen for Cd. Copper concentrations in whole kidney for the 4 treatments were 4·1 ± 0·1, 3·5 ± 0·2, 4·7 ± 0·3, and 22·4 ± 3·9 mg/kg fresh weight. The pre-treatment concentration was 4·1 ± 0·3 mg/kg. The results show that increased dietary levels of Mo and S reduce the accumulation of Cd in tissues, and the mechanisms of action differ from those involving Cu.

Re-evaluation of the vitamin E requirements of juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ✕ O. aureus)

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Y. Shiau ◽  
L. F. Shiau
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Protein Deposition

AbstractA 10-week feeding trial was conducted to re-evaluate the level of dietary vitamin E (DL- α-tocopheryl acetate) that was adequate for juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus ✕ O. aureus given diets containing two dietary lipid concentrations. Purified diets with eight levels of vitamin E (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 400 mg/kg diet) at either 50 or 120 g lipid per kg were each given to three replicate groups of tilapia (mean weight: 0·69 (s.e.0·02) g) reared in a closed, recirculating system. Food efficiency and protein deposition were significantly (P < 0·05) higher in fish given 50 mg vitamin E per kg diet and 75 mg/kg diet in the 50 and 120 g lipid per kg groups respectively, compared with fish given the unsupplemented control diet. Mortality of fish was not affected by dietary treatment. Weight gain and liver microsomal ascorbic acid-stimulated lipid peroxidation data analysed by broken-line regression indicated that the optimum dietary vitamin E requirements in juvenile tilapia are 42 to 44 mg vitamin E per kg and 60 to 66 mg vitamin E per kg in 50 and 120 g lipid per kg diets, respectively.

scholarly journals Requirement of young pigs for apparent ileal digestible tryptophan

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-296
Author(s):  
J.B. Schutte ◽  
A.J.M.A. Verstraten ◽  
N.P. Lenis ◽  
J. De Jong ◽  
J.T.M. Van Diepen
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Optimal Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Pig Performance

In 5 growth trials with a total of 420 pigs, tryptophan requirements from 20 to 40 kg liveweight were estimated. L-Tryptophan 0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 g/kg was added to a basal diet containing tapioca, barley and maize, with CP 162 g/kg and tryptophan 1.65 g/kg. The control diet was supplemented with lysine, methionine plus cystine, threonine, isoleucine, valine and histidine to assure that only tryptophan was limiting pig performance. Diets were freely given as pellets. Total tryptophan was about 2.10 g/kg for optimal weight gain and feed conversion efficiency in a diet containing NE 9.5 MJ/kg, corresponding with apparent ileally digestible tryptophan 1.77 g/kg.

scholarly journals Effect of Supplementing Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris Rubra) Powder and Its Aqueous Extract on Productive Performance of Growing Geese

2021 ◽  
Vol 923 (1) ◽  
pp. 012028
Author(s):  
Saad K.J. Al-waeli ◽  
Majid H.A. Alasadi ◽  
Rabia J. Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the influence of supplementing beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) powder and its aqueous extract on the productive performance of growing geese. A total of 180 one-day-old goslings chicks of Chinese white geese were randomly distributed among five treatment groups containing three replicates of 12 birds each. Five experimental diets were formulated as follows: Control diet without supplementation (T1). In the second and third treatments, the beetroot extract was supplemented at 15, and 30 (ml/l) in drinking water; 15, and 30 (g/kg) beetroot powder (T4, T5) in basal diet respectively. Results indicated significant (p≤0.05) improvement in average body weight and weight gain from the 2nd to 12th week and total weight gain in treatment T2 and T4, which achieved the highest values compared to the control. As for feed intake, the T3 in the 6th week, T1 in the 8th week, and T2 in the 10th week were consumed a greater amount of feed compared to the other treatments, while no significant differences appeared in the 2, 4, and 12 weeks of age and in the cumulative period. No significant differences in the feed conversion ratio at age 2, 10, and 12 weeks, while the T5 in the 4th week, T2 in the 6th week, and the T4 in the 8th week, and the cumulative period showed the better feed conversion ratio compared to the other treatments. In conclusion, the supplementation of beetroot extract at 15, 30 (ml/l) or beetroot powder at 15, 30 (g/kg) improved the productive performance of growing geese.

Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed barley-based diets containing toasted or non-toasted canola meal

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Thacker ◽  
R. W. Newkirk
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Similar Weight

Eighty crossbred pigs (28.7 ± 3.9 kg BW) were assigned to one of five dietary treatments in a factorial design experiment (sex × treatment). The control diet was formulated using barley and soybean meal, while four experimental diets were formulated with either toasted or non-toasted canola meal replacing either half or all of the soybean meal in the test diets. The total glucosinolate content of the non-toasted meal was more than 15-fold higher than the to asted meal (1.01 vs. 15.58 µmol g-1). The principal glucosinolates in the non-toasted meal were 3-butenyl (3.05 µmol g-1), 2-OH-3-butenyl (5.47 µmol g-1) and 4-OH-3-methylindoyl (4.68 µmol g-1). Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were significantly (P < 0.05) lower for the toasted and non-toasted canola meal diets compared with the soybean meal diet. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in digestibility coefficients between the two canola meals. Digestibility coefficients were higher (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the diets in which canola meal supplied only 50% of the supplementary protein compared with diets in which 100% of the supplementary protein was supplied by canola meal. Pigs fed toasted canola meal had similar weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion (P > 0.05) as pigs fed soybean meal while pigs fed non-toasted canola meal had lower weight gain and feed intake (P < 0.05) than pigs fed soybean meal. Feed conversion was unaffected by dietary treatment (P > 0.05). There were no significant effects (P < 0.05) due to diet on any carcass trait. The overall results of this experiment indicate that omitting the desolventization/toasting procedure from the process involved in the production of canola meal did not result in an improvement in the performance of pigs fed diets containing canola meal. Key words: Pigs, canola meal, performance, digestibility, carcass, toasting

scholarly journals Nutritional Value of Putak: Apparent Metabolisable Energy, and Growth Performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Catootjie L. Nalle ◽  
Marlin R.K. Yowi ◽  
Defrys R. Tulle
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate nutritional value of putak for broilers. Experiment 1. The apparent metabolisable energy of raw and fermented putak were determined. The experimental design used was completely randomized design with three treatments and four replicates. Total of 64 broilers were randomly distributed to 16 pens. A maize-soybean meal basal diet was formulated and three assay diets were then developed by substituting putak (raw, and fermented, 250 g kg-1, w/w), and maize (500 g kg-1, w/w) of the basal diet. Even though the AME and AMEn values of fermented putak were comparable to that of raw putak and maize, but it was slightly higher than that of raw putak. Experiment 2. Using the AME value of raw putak obtained in Experiment 1, five treatment diets containing 0 to 200 g kg-1 putak were formulated. The body weight gain of broilers fed 150 - 200 g kg-1-1 putak was higher to that of control diet, but it was similar to those fed 50-100 g kg-1 putak. No differences were found in FCR and mortality rate. Feed intake of broilers fed diets containing putak was higher than that of control diet. In conclusion, the AME and AMEn values of putak, fermented putak, and maize were comparable. Putak can be included in broiler diets up to 200 g kg-1 without detrimental effects.

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