scholarly journals Multivariate Water Quality Assessment of Renowned Pilgrim Spot, Gujarat, India: A Statistical Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-597
Author(s):  
Sheju Thomas ◽  
Hiren Soni ◽  
Ashok Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Base Exchange

Gomti Palustrine Habitat is one of the renowned pilgrimage ponds of Central Gujarat, India. In the present research, different statistical tests were applied to 21 water quality parameters to trace and delineate the status of water quality. The present study was undertaken for one year (December, 2012 to November, 2013) with monthly sampling covering three successive seasons (winter, summer, monsoon). Three permanent sampling stations (V1, V2, V3) were selected to cover the cross-sectional and diagonal regime of wetland. Ionic Signatures (IS) confirmed the wetland to be dominated with Ca and HCO3-, indicating leaching of minerals from drainage basins. Index of Base Exchange (IBE) supported the enrichment of Na+ ions in the water regime owing to clay horizons. Exchangeable Sodium Ratio (ESR) (1.416 meq/l) and Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) (1.367 meq/l) found to be minimal referring to leaching and dissolution of salts during precipitation. Surface water quality is exhibited by low Salinity and low Sodicity zone, can be used for irrigation purpose. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified a reduced number of mean of 3 varifactors indicating that 93.35% of temporal and spatial changes affect the water quality drastically. First factor from the factor analysis explained a total of 74.44% among TH, HCO3-, Mg, Cl, salinity and K+. One way ANOVA revealed that Sampling Site 2 is maximally loaded with aquatic pollutants, followed by Sampling Site 3 and Sampling Site 1 (Site description is given in the later section of the paper). These outcomes manifested prime necessity to restore the physical, chemical and biological integrity of water quality to revert the ecological balance of an aquatic ecosystem.

scholarly journals Multivariate Monitoring of Surface Water Quality: Physico-Chemical, Microbiological and 3D Fluorescence Characterization

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1673
Author(s):  
Claude Daou ◽  
Mervat El Hoz ◽  
Amine Kassouf ◽  
Bernard Legube
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Fluorescence Excitation ◽  
Fluorescence Characteristics

The primary objective of this study is to explore a water quality database on two Mediterranean rivers (the Kadisha-Abou Ali and El Jaouz rivers—located in north Lebanon), considering their physicochemical, microbiological and fluorescence characteristics. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to the matrix gathering physicochemical and microbiological data while the Common Components and Specific Weight Analysis (CCSWA) or ComDim was used for fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs). This approach provided complementary and valuable information regarding water quality in such complex ecosystem. As highlighted by the PCA and ComDim scores, the Kadisha-Abou Ali River is highly influenced by anthropogenic activities because its watershed districts are intensively populated. This influence reveals the implication of organic and bacteriological parameters. To the contrary, the El Jaouz watershed is less inhabited and is characterized by mineral parameters, which determines its water quality. This work highlighted the relationship between fluorescence EEMs and major water quality parameters, enabling the selection of reliable water quality indicators for the studied rivers. The proposed methodology can surely be generalized to the monitoring of surface water quality in other rivers. Each customized water quality fingerprint should constantly be inspected in order to account for any emerging pollution.

scholarly journals Danube water quality and assessment on ecotourism in the biosphere reserve ‘Bačko Podunavlje’ in Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1215-1228
Author(s):  
Sanja Obradović ◽  
Milana Pantelić ◽  
Vladimir Stojanović ◽  
Aleksandra Tešin ◽  
Dragan Dolinaj
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Starting Point

Abstract ‘Bačko Podunavlje’ represents one of the largest and the best-preserved wetland areas of the upper Danube. Water quality is crucial for nature in protected areas and ecotourism. The paper is based on data for the period 1992–2016. Using multivariate statistical analysis, water quality was defined. One-factor analysis of variations is the starting point for the analysis of time variables (annual and monthly analysis). The principal component analysis (PCA) of the ten quality parameters is in the three factors that determine the greatest impact on the change in water quality. Results revealed the satisfactory ecological status of the Danube River in these sections (Bezdan and Bogojevo) and there is no threat that the biodiversity of this area is endangered by poor water quality, which fully justifies the possibilities for intensive development of ecotourism in the biosphere reserve. Suspended solids are the only parameter that exceeds the allowed limit values in a larger number of measurements, especially in the summer period of the year. Other analyzed water quality parameters range within the allowed limit values for the second class of surface water quality based on the Law on Waters (Republic of Serbia) and in accordance with the Water Quality Classification Criteria of ICPDR.

scholarly journals Application of multivariate statistical techniques in the water quality assessment of Danube river, Serbia

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 96-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijela Voza ◽  
Milovan Vukovic ◽  
Ljiljana Takic ◽  
Djordje Nikolic ◽  
Ivana Mladenovic-Ranisavljevic
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Political Issue

AbstractThe aim of this article is to evaluate the quality of the Danube River in its course through Serbia as well as to demonstrate the possibilities for using three statistical methods: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Factor Analysis (FA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) in the surface water quality management. Given that the Danube is an important trans-boundary river, thorough water quality monitoring by sampling at different distances during shorter and longer periods of time is not only ecological, but also a political issue. Monitoring was carried out at monthly intervals from January to December 2011, at 17 sampling sites. The obtained data set was treated by multivariate techniques in order, firstly, to identify the similarities and differences between sampling periods and locations, secondly, to recognize variables that affect the temporal and spatial water quality changes and thirdly, to present the anthropogenic impact on water quality parameters.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Citizen Science Smartphone Apps for Inland Water Quality Assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim J. Malthus ◽  
Renee Ohmsen ◽  
Hendrik J. van der Woerd
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Inland Waters ◽  
Smartphone Apps ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia

Rapid and widespread monitoring of inland and coastal water quality occurs through the use of remote sensing and near-surface water quality sensors. A new addition is the development of smartphone applications (Apps) to measure and record surface reflectance, water color and water quality parameters. In this paper, we present a field study of the HydroColor (HC, measures RGB reflectance and suspended particulate matter (SPM)) and EyeOnWater (EoW, determines the Forel–Ule scale—an indication to the visual appearance of the water surface) smartphone Apps to evaluate water quality for inland waters in Eastern Australia. The Brisbane river, multiple lakes and reservoirs and lagoons in Queensland and New South Wales were visited; hyperspectral reflection spectra were collected and water samples were analysed in the laboratory as reference. Based on detailed measurements at 32 sites, covering inland waters with a large range in sediment and algal concentrations, we find that both water quality Apps are close, but not quite on par with scientific spectrometers. EoW is a robust application that manages to capture the color of water with accuracy and precision. HC has great potential, but is influenced by errors in the observational procedure and errors in the processing of images in the iPhone. The results show that repeated observations help to reduce the effects of outliers, while implementation of camera response functions and processing should help to reduce systematic errors. For both Apps, no universal conversion to water quality composition is established, and we conclude that: (1) replicated measurements are useful; (2) color is a reliable monitoring parameter in its own right but it should not be used for other water quality variables, and; (3) tailored algorithms to convert reflectance and color to composition could be developed for lakes individually.

scholarly journals EVALUATING SURFACE WATER QUALITY AND WATER MONITORING PARAMETERS IN THE TIEN RIVER, VIETNAMESE MEKONG DELTA

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Thanh Giao Nguyen ◽  
Vo Quang Minh
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Monitoring ◽  
Water Quality Parameters

The study aimed to evaluate the surface water quality of the Tien River and identify water quality parameters to be monitored using the water quality monitoring data in the period of 2011 - 2019. The water samples were collected at five locations from Tan Chau to Cho Moi districts, An Giang province for three times per year (i.e., in March, June, and September). Water quality parameters included temperature (oC), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrate (NO3--N), orthophosphate (PO43--P), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and coliforms. These parameter results were compared with the national technical regulation on surface water quality QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT, column A1. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the sources of pollution and the main factors affecting water quality. The results of this study showed that DO concentration was lower and TSS, BOD, PO43--P, coliforms concentrations in the Tien river exceeded QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT, column A1. pH, temperature, and NO3--N values were in accordance with the permitted regulation. The water monitoring parameters were seasonally fluctuated. DO, BOD, TSS, and coliforms concentrations were higher in the rainy season whereas NO3--N and PO43--P were higher in the dry season. The PCA results illustrated that pH, TSS, DO, BOD, PO43--P and coliforms should be included in the monitoring program. Other indicators such as temperature and NO3--N could be considered excluded from the program to save costs. 

scholarly journals Avaliação da qualidade das águas superficiais na circunscrição hidrográfica do rio Piranga utilizando análise estatística multivariada e não-paramétrica

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 694
Author(s):  
Micael De Souza Fraga ◽  
Laura Thebit de Almeida ◽  
Marcel Carvalho Abreu ◽  
Felipe Bernardes Silva ◽  
Guilherme Barbosa Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Domestic Effluents

No estado de Minas Gerais, as campanhas de coleta e análise da qualidade da água nos corpos hídricos contemplam até 51 variáveis, o que dificulta a análise e interpretação desse conjunto de dados e a identificação das variáveis determinantes para a qualidade da água. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as principais fontes de poluição, bem como o comportamento da qualidade da água ao longo do tempo de monitoramento, por meio de diferentes análises estatísticas na circunscrição hidrográfica do rio Piranga. Pelos resultados obtidos, a análise fatorial/análise de componentes principais apontou a alta susceptibilidade que a bacia apresenta à erosão do solo, a contaminação pelo lançamento de efluentes domésticos e a variabilidade da qualidade das águas em virtude dos metais pesados. As variáveis Escherichia coli, ferro dissolvido, fósforo total e manganês total apresentaram os valores de violação da classe de enquadramento mais críticos. A análise de tendência mostrou padrões diferentes para o índice de qualidade da água e para as variáveis mais relevantes para a qualidade da água. Dentre as variáveis que compõe o índice, destacam-se as tendências de aumento de nitrato em todas as estações analisadas. De maneira geral, os resultados mostraram que a qualidade da água na área de estudo varia em função da erosão do solo, do alto grau de contaminação por efluentes domésticos, da poluição difusa advinda das áreas agrícolas e dos metais pesados, sendo as variáveis de qualidade da água vinculadas a estes fatores as mais importantes. Surface water quality assessment in the hydrographic region of the Piranga River using multivariate and non-parametric statistical analysis ABSTRACTIn the state of Minas Gerais, campaigns to collect and analyze water quality in water bodies include up to 51 variables, which makes it difficult to analyze and interpret this data set and to identify the determining variables for water quality. Therefore, the objective of this work was to identify the main sources of pollution, as well as the behavior of water quality over the monitoring time, through different statistical analyzes in the hydrographic region of the Piranga River. Based on the results obtained, the factor analysis/principal component analysis out the high susceptibility that the hydrographic region presents to soil erosion, contamination by the release of domestic effluents and the variability of water quality due to heavy metals. The variables Escherichia coli, dissolved iron, total phosphorus and total manganese presented the most critical values of violation of the framework class. The trend analysis showed different patterns for the water quality index and for the most relevant variables for water quality. Among the variables that make up the index, the trends of nitrate increase in all analyzed stations stand out. In general, the results showed that the water quality in the unit varies depending on soil erosion, the high degree of contamination by domestic effluents, the diffuse pollution from agricultural areas and heavy metals, with water quality variables being linked to these factors the most important.Keywords: environmental analysis, Minas Gerais, water pollution, water resources.

scholarly journals MIMR Criterion Application: Entropy Approach to Select the Optimal Quality Parameter Set Responsible for River Pollution

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 2078
Author(s):  
Domenica Mirauda ◽  
Marco Ostoich
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
River Pollution ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Optimal Quality

Surface water quality has a vital role when defining the sustainability of the ecological environment, public health, and the social and economic development of whole countries. Unfortunately, the rapid growth of the worldwide population together with the current climate change have mostly determined fluvial pollution. Therefore, the employment of effective methodologies, able to rapidly and easily obtain reliable information on the quality of rivers, is becoming fundamental for an efficient use of the resource and for the implementation of mitigation measures and actions. The Water Quality Index (WQI) is among the most widely used methods to provide a clear and complete picture of the contamination status of a river stressed by point and diffuse sources of natural and anthropic origin, leading the policy makers and end-users towards a more and more correct and sustainable management of the water resource. The parameter choice is one of the most important and complex phases and recent statistical techniques do not seem to show great objectivity and accuracy in the identification of the real water quality status. The present paper offers a new approach, based on entropy theory and known as the Maximum Information Minimum Redundancy (MIMR) criterion, to define the optimal subset of chemical, physical, and biological parameters, describing the variation of the river quality level in space and time and thus identifying its pollution sources. An algorithm was implemented for the MIMR criterion and applied to a sample basin of Northeast Italy in order to verify its reliability and accuracy. A comparison with the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed how the MIMR is more suitable and objective to obtain the optimal quality parameters set, especially when the amount of investigated variables is small, and can thus be a useful tool for fast and low-cost water quality assessment in rivers.

Surface Water Quality in the Forest Catchment – A Case Study of Tunga and Bhadra River Stretches, Karnataka

2020 ◽  
pp. 228-235
Author(s):  
Santhosh Kumar T. M1 ◽  
K. L Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Post Monsoon Season

A need of water quality assessment of the rivers before enters into the human induced habitations play a vital role in maintenance of ecological balance. The surface water samples were randomly collected from the Tunga and Bhadra reservoirs situated in the downstream catchments of Western Ghats with semi-evergreen and mixed deciduous forests during January 2018 to December 2019. The samples were analyzed as per the Standard Methods prescribed for drinking water analysis. Increased trend of pH in Pre-monsoon and decreased trend in post monsoon season was observed and the mean concentrations of pH was ranged between 7.30 and 8.02. Electrical Conductivity values were found to be <143µS/cm and indicated that the water is suitable for irrigation and drinking purposes. The Total Dissolved Solids and Total Hardness values were indicated as soft water as values are <75 mg/L. A significant relation was noticed between Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand during Post monsoon season. Whereas, no relationship was existing with water quality parameters in Tunga River and Bhadra reservoirs during monsoon (2019) wherein highest floods were received in this season. An insignificant pollution load was observed as the water flows through forest areas and no relationship exists between past mining activities in the Bhadra river catchment, sedimentation of reservoir and water quality. However, it is suggested to control of alterations in land use / land cover, use of fertilizer and pesticides, mono culture plantations and developmental activities to maintain the water quality in the study area to meet the domestic demands in the downstream.

scholarly journals Water Quality Assessment using Environmetrics and Pollution Indices in a Tropical River, Kerala, SW Coast of India

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
S Sukanya ◽  
Sabu Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Organic Pollution ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Heavy Load

Envirometrics and pollution indices are proxies to assess water quality of a wetland ecosystem. Hence, the present study is focused on establishing water quality and elucidating the pollution status of Karamana River (KR) in Kerala, SW coast of India. The Karamana River Basin – KRB (n=6th; L= 68 km, A=695 km2), is the main source of water for domestic and drinking purpose in Thiruvananthapuram city. The Killi River (n= 5th; L= 24 km, A= 102 km2), the largest tributary of KR, carry heavy load of pollutants mainly from city and joins KR towards its downstream side. For this study, about 12 sampling stations were selected along the KR from upstream to downstream (interval= ~3km), and water samples (n=12x2= 24) were collected during non-monsoon (NON) and monsoon (MON) of 2015 to assess the variability and sourcing of key hydrochemical variables. Environmetric methods, viz., Pearson Correlation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied for apportionment of pollution sources significantly responsible for the surface water quality. It was found that sewage effluents and seawater intrusion were the primary factors deteriorating water quality in downstream. Further, the results of water quality analyses and Pollution Indices, viz., Organic Pollution Index (OPI), Eutrophication Index (EI) and Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI) indicate that lower reaches (L= ~4 km) of KR is seriously polluted. A distinct Zone of Pollution Influence (ZPI) has been delineated based on the indices and this attempt is first of its kind in KR. The present study provides several noteworthy contributions to the existing knowledge on the factors influencing surface water quality and serves as a baseline data for watershed managers and administrators.

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