scholarly journals Altitude and Canopy Cover Effects on Air Temperature in a Mountainous Region of Ionian Islands, Greece

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-298
Author(s):  
ATHANASIOS KAMOUTSIS ◽  
KOSTAS CHRONOPOULOS ◽  
ARISTIDIS MATSOUKIS
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ionian Islands ◽  
Hiking Trails ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Of Greece

Topography and canopy play a decisive role on air temperature (T) conditions in forested areas. Air temperature is a crucial factor in decision making process for the development of these areas. To our knowledge, there is no information regarding the effect of topography along with canopy cover (Pc) on thermal conditions of a vulnerable mountainous forested region of Greece, Mount (Mt) Aenos in the island of Cephalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece. Therefore, the purpose of our work is the investigation of the aforementioned parameters, especially the effect of altitude (alt) and Pc on T of Mt Aenos. Mean values for maximum air temperature (Tx) and Pc were estimated for twelve sites at various alts in Mt Aenos during the period May-October of three consecutive years (2011-2013). The analysis of the results showed that Tx was related to alt and Pc. Altitude has a greater effect on T in relation to Pc. When examining same or similar alts, an increase of Pc up to 51% resulted in a significant decrease of Tx (p<0.05) up to 3.6 °C. Our findings could be taken into account in planning the construction of hiking trails for recreational activities in Mt Aenos, and, in general, in mountainous forest areas of special importance.

scholarly journals The frequency of occurrence of extreme and detrimental meteorological conditions for vegetation of crops in Poland (1971–2010)

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Ziernicka-Wojtaszek
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
June July

Abstract The frequency of occurrence of extreme and detrimental meteorological conditions for vegetation of crops in Poland (1971-2010). The subject, and aim of this study is the comparison of the frequency of occurrence of thermal, precipitation and pluvio-thermal conditions detrimental to agriculture in Poland during two periods: 1971-2000 and 1981-2010, constituting the former, and the current climate normal, respectively. Each month of the vegetation period (April-October) was, in accordance with the current accounts carried out by agriculture correspondents, assigned to one of the following categories: favorable for vegetation, dry, dry and cool, cool, cool and humid, humid, dry and hot. An identical classification of meteorological vegetation conditions was also carried out for months characterized by extreme air temperature and precipitation values. Extreme values were defined as those monthly temperature mean values, and monthly precipitation totals, the probability of exceeding of which is lower than 10%, i.e. their probability of occurrence, or the socalled recurrence interval, is once every 10 years. The differences existing between the analyzed 30-year periods, can be attributed to the present day climate change - a significant increase in air temperature in April, June, July, and August, with a lack of significant precipitation trends. In the two compared periods, an increase in the number of extreme months from 74 to 82 was stated. The biggest changes during the extreme months were observed for precipitation deficits combined with hot air temperatures, namely, an increase from 15 to 29 months. In general, all the analyzed months of the vegetation period showed an increase in dry months (90 to 105 cases) and a decrease in cool months (44 to 24 cases).

scholarly journals Selected Aspects of Indoor Climate in a Passive Office Building with a Thermally Activated Building System: A Case Study from Poland

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 860
Author(s):  
Piotr Michalak
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Indoor Climate ◽  
Thermally Activated ◽  
System A ◽  
Warm Sensation ◽  
Building System ◽  
Heating Energy Consumption

Modern buildings with new heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems offer possibility to fit parameters of the indoor environment to the occupants’ requirements. The present paper describes the results of measurements performed in an office room in the first Polish passive commercial office building during four months of normal operation. They were used to calculate parameters describing thermal comfort: vertical air temperature profile, floor surface temperature, predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percent of dissatisfied (PPD). Obtained results confirmed good thermal conditions in the analysed room. The average temperature of the floor’s surface varied from 20.6 °C to 26.2 °C. The average vertical air temperature, calculated for working days, was from 22.5 °C to 23.1 °C. The temperature difference between the floor and 5 cm below the ceiling was from −0.9 °C to 6.3 °C. The PMV index varied from 0.52 to 1.50 indicating ‘slightly warm’ sensation, in spite of ‘neutral’ reported by employees. Also measured cooling and heating energy consumption was presented. The performed measurements confirmed the ability of thermally activated building system (TABS) to keep good thermal conditions.

ON THE THERMAL REGIME OF THE SURFACE AIR LAYER IN THE DEBED RIVER BASIN (ARMENIA)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
MARGARYAN V.G. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Thermal Regime ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Surface Air Layer

The features of the thermal regime of the surface air layer in the Debed river basin are considered. A statistical analysis of the average annual and average seasonal values of air temperature from 1964 to 2018 was carried out, two periods were identified, their time course was shown. The analysis was carried out using data from six meteorological stations representing the lowland, mountain and high-mountain climatic zones of the Debed river basin. A correlation was obtained between the absolute altitude and the monthly average values of air temperature for January and July, which can be used to assess the thermal conditions of unexplored or poorly studied territories and for cartography. The time course of average values of air temperatures for the seasonal period has been studied. Analysis of trend lines of temporal changes in air temperatures shows that in all situations on the territory of the basin as a whole, there is a tendency of temperature growth. Moreover, with a range of interannual fluctuations, a break in the course of temperatures in the early to mid 1990 is clearly visible, after which their significant increase began. It turned out that a significant increase in seasonal temperatures is observed especially over the period 1993-2018, which means that the annual warming after the mid 1990 occurred primarily due to summer and spring seasons. The regular dynamics indicates that in the studied area in terms of temperatures, a tendency of softening winters, a decrease in the water content of rivers, aridization of the climate. The results obtained can be used to assess the regularities of the spatial-temporal distribution of the temperature of the study area, to clarify the thermal balance, for the rational use of heat resources, as well as in the development of strategic programs for longterm analysis.

scholarly journals European Officers and the Mainland Irregular Forces on the Ionian Islands, 1798–1814: A Comparison of Command and Tactics

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-142
Author(s):  
Nicholas Pappas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ionian Islands ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Irregular Forces ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Successes And Failures

In the era of the Napoleonic wars, the Ionian Islands off the western coasts of Greece and southern Albania became a base of operations and an area of conflict in the Mediterranean in the years 1797–1814. In that period, Republican French, Russian, Imperial French, and British forces successively occupied these Greek-populated islands, formerly Venetian possessions. Each of these powers attempted to establish a nominally independent "Septinsular Republic" under their protectorate. There were efforts by all of these powers to organize native armed forces, some raised from among refugees from the mainland-bandits (klephtes), former Ottoman irregulars (armatoloi), and clansmen from the autonomous regions of Himara, Souli, and Mani. Although these refugee warriors were skilled in the use of weapons-flintlock firearms, sabres and yataghans-they fought and were organized according to traditions and methods that were different and considered "obsolete" in early nineteenth century Europe. This study will look into the organization, training and command of these troops by Russian, French, and British officers. It will study the successes and failures of these officers in forming these native warriors into regular or semi-regular forces. It will also examine how the attitudes and activities of these officers helped to develop the armed forces of the Greek War of Independence, 1821–1830. Keywords: Napoleonic wars, Ionian Islands, armatoloi and klephtes, military forces

scholarly journals Decorative values of selected cultivars of climbing roses (Rosa L.) with regard to thermal conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
Zofia Włodarczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Perzanowska
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Temperature Pattern ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Green Areas

In the years 2004-2006 in Kraków, phenological observations of climbing roses were conducted in order to determine the length and dates of their flowering period. The diameters of their flowers were also compared. Eight flowering repeating cultivars were selected for the experiment: 'Climbing Souvenir de la Malmaison', 'Dortmund', 'Golden Showers', 'Goldstern', 'New Dawn', 'Parade', 'Sympathie' and 'White New Dawn'. During the studies, the shrub roses were not artificially watered in order to create conditions similar to those prevailing in public green areas. It was observed that irrespective of the air temperature pattern in a given year, the studied cultivars did not bloom before 15 June. In 2006 high temperatures (above 20<sup>o</sup>C), which continued throughout the whole flowering period, caused its shortening, and the interval between the first and the next flowering in the season lasted longer than in the previous years. In the years 2004-2006, the cultivar 'New Dawn' bloomed the longest. In 2005 the studied cultivars produced larger flowers than the next year. The cultivars 'Dortmund' and 'White New Dawn' were characterised by the smallest diameter of flowers, whereas 'Climbing Souvenir de la Malmaison', 'Golden Showers' and 'Parade' were marked by the largest diameter.

Spatial changes of forests in a coastal and a remote mountainous area of Greece over a 65-year period

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-109
Author(s):  
Stavros KOLIOS ◽  
◽  
George NTOGAS ◽  
Efthimios ZERVAS ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Land Use Land Cover ◽  
Spatial Homogeneity ◽  
Spatial Changes ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Of Greece

The scope of the study is to detect spatial changes in the forested areas over six decades (1945 - 2010) of two completely different landscapes in Greece (pilot areas). The first pilot area is Kastoria which is a relatively remote and mountainous area located northwestern on the Greek peninsula, while the second one is Propontida which is a coastal area in the Chalkidiki peninsula (central Macedonia, Greece). High resolution orthorectified aerial images are used to detect the general types (classes) of land use/land cover (LULC) in these pilot areas. The results reveal that during the examined period, a notable spatial growth and thickening of the forest areas was found (10,51%) in the pilot area of Kastoria. The spatial homogeneity of the forested areas in Kastoria decreased only by 2,11%. Regarding Propontida, the forested areas decreased in total about 13,02% while the agricultural and arable land has increased by 12,10%.

scholarly journals Mitigation Strategies for Overheating and High Carbon Dioxide Concentration within Institutional Buildings: A Case Study in Toronto, Canada

Buildings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Tam ◽  
Yuqing Zhao ◽  
Zaiyi Liao ◽  
Lian Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Hvac System

Indoor air quality and thermal conditions are important considerations when designing indoor spaces to ensure occupant health, satisfaction, and productivity. Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and indoor air temperature are two measurable parameters to assess air quality and thermal conditions within a space. Occupants are progressively affected by the indoor environment as the time spent indoors prolongs. Specifically, there is an interest in carrying out investigations on the indoor environment through surveying existing Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning (HVAC) system operations in classrooms. Indoor air temperature and CO2 concentration in multiple lecture halls in Toronto, Canada were monitored; observations consistently show high indoor air temperature (overheating) and high CO2 concentration. One classroom is chosen as a representative case study for this paper. The results verify a strong correlation between the number of occupants and the increase in air temperature and CO2 concentration. Building Energy Simulation (BES) is used to investigate the causes of discomfort in the classroom, and to identify methods for regulating the temperature and CO2 concentration. This paper proposes retro-commissioning strategies that could be implemented in institutional buildings; specifically, the increase of outdoor airflow rate and the addition of occupancy-based pre-active HVAC system control. The proposed retrofit cases reduce the measured overheating in the classrooms by 2-3 °C (indoor temperature should be below 23 °C) and maintain CO2 concentration under 900 ppm (the CO2 threshold is 1000 ppm), showing promising improvements to a classroom’s thermal condition and indoor air quality.

scholarly journals Fusing Sentinel-2 Imagery and ALS Point Clouds for Defining LULC Changes on Reclaimed Areas by Afforestation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Szostak ◽  
Kacper Knapik ◽  
Piotr Wężyk ◽  
Justyna Likus-Cieślik ◽  
Marcin Pietrzykowski
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Landsat 7 ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Sentinel 2

The study was performed on two former sulphur mines located in Southeast Poland: Jeziórko, where 216.5 ha of afforested area was reclaimed after borehole exploitation and Machów, where 871.7 ha of dump area was reclaimed after open cast strip mining. The areas were characterized by its terrain structure and vegetation cover resulting from the reclamation process. The types of reclamation applied in these areas were forestry in Jeziórko and agroforestry in the Machów post-sulphur mine. The study investigates the possibility of applying the most recent Sentinel-2 (ESA) satellite imageries for land cover mapping, with a primary focus on detecting and monitoring afforested areas. Airborne laser scanning point clouds were used to derive precise information about the spatial (3D) characteristics of vegetation: the height (95th percentile), std. dev. of relative height, and canopy cover. The results of the study show an increase in afforested areas in the former sulphur mines. For the entire analyzed area of Jeziórko, forested areas made up 82.0% in the year 2000 (Landsat 7, NASA), 88.8% in 2009 (aerial orthophoto), and 95.5% in 2016 (Sentinel-2, ESA). For Machów, the corresponding results were 46.1% in 2000, 57.3% in 2009, and 60.7% in 2016. A dynamic increase of afforested area was observed, especially in the Jeziórko test site, with the presence of different stages of vegetation growth.

A Simulation and Monitoring Based Case Study Regarding the Dynamic Thermal Conditions in Non-Used Attic Space

2019 ◽  
Vol 887 ◽  
pp. 467-474
Author(s):  
Radoslav Ponechal ◽  
Renáta Korenková ◽  
Daniela Štaffenová
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Adjustment Factor ◽  
Solar Absorption ◽  
Roofing Material ◽  
Dark Color ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

This study solves a problem of the dynamic thermal performance of the residential attic space in moderate climatic zone. Heat loss into the attic space is difficult to be accurately determined by the quasi-stationary method. It depends on the thermal resistance of the ceiling, thermal resistance of the roof, ventilation characteristics and other details, such as the solar absorption of the roofing material or roof orientation. The paper presents results of some parametric simulative calculations, which were calibrated with measurements of air temperature in the attic space during the summer, winter and transitional season. It compares the mean air temperature in the ventilated and non-ventilated attics. The difference between the use of bright and dark color of the roof cover is also compared. An alternative with half thickness of thermal insulation was also simulated. Based on measurements and then the simulation the adjustment factor adjustment factor for heat transfer coefficient was quantified..

scholarly journals Estimation of sensible and latent heat based on measurements for non-typical large room

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 00085
Author(s):  
Sylwia Szczęśniak ◽  
Juliusz Walaszczyk
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Heating And Cooling Load

The knowledge about dynamic changing heating and cooling load in existing building is essential for proper energy management. Whenever existing building is analyzed or ventilation system is going optimized, it’s essential to estimate temporary sensible and latent heat based on historical data. The basic conditions for heat calculations are quasi-stable thermal conditions. If supply air temperature significantly varies in short time, what happens very often, the calculations can give untrue results. The procedure described in this article improves usability of measured data affected by rapid supply air temperature changing. Therefore real sensible and latent heat can be calculated, what it is important for future optimization process. Specified, on the basis of varying supply and exhaust air temperatures, thermal loads range from -55.8 kW to 40.7 kW was substitute to more authentic range from -14.1 kW to 51.2 kW received from the conducted simulations. In addition, the data obtained from the simulation showed that latent heat gains were associated with the air temperature in the room, and not with the operation mode of the ventilation unit (day/night) as observed on the basis of historical data.

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