scholarly journals Reliable Physical Parameters for Determining Fruit/Seed Maturity Timing of Ficus semicordata Buch. in Kumaun Region of Central Himalaya

2020 ◽  
pp. 176-185
Author(s):  
Jyotsna Jyotsna ◽  
Ashish Tewar ◽  
Shruti Shah Shruti Shah ◽  
Krishna Kumar Tamta
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Region Growing ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Central Himalaya ◽  
Edible Plants ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
The Mean

Wild edible plants play an important role as food supplements during scarcity for local inhabitants. Ficus semicordata is commonly known as drooping fig. Plant parts are used for medicinal purposes. It is a common agroforestry tree in the Himalayan region growing from 750 to 1500 m elevation. The present study was carried out to assess the exact time of seed and fruit maturation and germination of F. semicordata in Nainital district of Kumaun Himalaya across 3 sites during two consecutive years 2017 and 2018. Fruit of F. semicordata were collected from the marked trees from all the sites till the availability of the fruits. Across all the sites the mean fruit size varied between 190.24 ± 0.46 and 395.14 ±3.56.14 mm² in Yr-1 and 135.56 ±3.69 to 516.86 ±1.26 mm² in Yr-2. Across both the sites the colour change from green to pinkish brown appears as one of the indicator of maturity. In addition to the colour fruit moisture content between 50.25±0.58% and 62.73±2.30% coincided with maximum germination (48.0±0.06% and 85± 4.61%).

Variation between apple fruits and its relation to keeping quality. II. Between-tree variations due to cropping factors.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Martin
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Ground Colour ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Starch Conversion

Storage trials and chemical tests of fruit from individual trees of plots of apple varieties Cox and Cleopatra were made. Samples from each tree were picked on the same dates each year and treated in three ways: composite samples from 100 fruits of separate zones within the fruit were examined for acid and soluble solids content; samples of 25 fruits, at progressive stages of maturity, were examined for pressure, ground colour, starch conversion, total acid, and soluble solids of the mid-cortex region; and samples of 200 fruits were stored at 32-340°F for 10 weeks followed by 3 weeks at room temperature. The mean fruit size and total number of fruits per tree were found and from the latter over a 10-year period a crop index was developed. The data were given statistical treatment. Results from samples picked at successive maturities from light-crop and heavy-crop trees showed that up to a late stage of maturity light-crop fruit had a larger diameter, higher acidity, earlier colour change, and later starch conversion than heavy-crop fruit; the level of soluble solids in light-crop fruit was lower in the earlier stages of maturation, but rose faster and might eventually become higher than in heavy-crop fruit. This relationship was called the simple crop pattern, and though there were differences between the different zones within a fruit, these differences remained constant during maturation. Respiration per unit fresh weight was the same for different crop levels. Results from samples picked at a standard date in several years from trees having a range of cropping levels in each year gave measures of the variables, number of fruits per tree, crop index, mean diameter, acid, soluble solids, starch conversion, pressure, colour change, and incidence of the disorders pit and breakdown. The intercorrelation of these variables in each year and the partial correlation holding mean diameter constant between trees were examined. There was a correlation of all variables (except soluble-solids level) which had the same sign consistently in all years and there was evidence that in the changes of maturation at least three groups of processes followed independent courses: acid-starch-pressure, colour change, and soluble solids. The highest correlation of the disorder pit was with mean diameter and if there was another factor in addition, the most consistent seemed to be acid. The correlation of the disorder breakdown with diameter was extremely high and there was no advantage in choosing any of the other measures to increase the value of mean diameter alone as a measure of breakdown liability. The mean fruit diameter per tree is by far the best index of the physiological behaviour of the fruit from it, being more reliable than any measure of crop in terms of numbers or any of the common chemical or physical changes associated with ripening. An explanation for this relation is suggested in terms of the mean cell size per fruit and respiration per unit protein. There was a physiological interaction between pit and breakdown, each tending to suppress the other, which emphasized the importance of a respiratory phase in the development of pit.

Spatial Variability of Physical Parameters and Processes in Two Field Soils

1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Høgh Jensen ◽  
J. C. Refsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tracer Experiments

A numerical analysis of solute transport in two spatially heterogeneous fields is carried out assuming that the fields are composed of ensembles of one-dimensional non-interacting soil columns, each column representing a possible soil profile in statistical terms. The basis for the analysis is the flow simulation described in Part II (Jensen and Refsgaard, this issue), which serves as input to a transport model based on the convection-dispersion equation. The simulations of the average and variation in solute concentration in planes perpendicular to the flow direction are compared to measurements obtained from tracer experiments carried out at the two fields. Due to the limited amount of measurement data, it is difficult to draw conclusive evidence of the simulations, but reliable simulations are obtained of the mean behaviour within the two fields. The concept of equivalent soil properties is also tested for the transport problem in heterogeneous soils. Based on effective parameters for the retention and hydraulic conductivity functions it is possible to predict the mean transport in the two experimental fields.

scholarly journals O15 Using a smartphone app to characterise and quantify skin colour changes in Raynaud's attacks

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Dinsdale ◽  
Joanne Manning ◽  
Ariane Herrick ◽  
Mark Dickinson ◽  
Christopher Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Skin Colour ◽  
Smartphone App ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Bhattacharyya Distance ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background/Aims  The lack of objective outcome measures for Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) has been a major limiting factor in development of effective treatments. At present, the Raynaud's Condition Score (RCS) is the only validated outcome measure, and is highly subjective. Mobile phone technology could provide a way forward. We have developed a smartphone app for RP monitoring that guides the patient through the process of capturing images of their hands during RP episodes, as well as capturing other data through post-attack and daily questionnaires. One of the objectives of our research programme (reported here) was to compare digital image (photographic) parameters to the RCS. Methods  40 patients with RP (8 with primary RP, 32 with RP secondary to systemic sclerosis) were recruited (40 female, median age (range): 57 years (25-74), median (range) duration of RP symptoms: 17 (0-53) years). Patients were given a smartphone handset with a pre-installed Raynaud’s Monitoring app and were trained on how to use it/take usable photographs. They were then asked to take photographs of RP attacks over a 14 day period and also to record the RCS for each episode. The app specifically prompts the patient to take a picture of their hand every minute during an attack, until confirmation is given that the attack is complete. At a 2nd visit, the handsets, images, and data were collected for analysis. The mean colour change during each RP attack was quantified (semi-automated method) by the Bhattacharyya distance (BD) in colour space between a region of interest (e.g. a section of a digit) and a control region (dorsal hand). BD was then compared to the RCS using ANOVA, after controlling for patient variability in the range of RCS values used by each patient. Results  A total of 3,030 images were collected, describing 229 RP attacks. The median RCS reported was 6 (inter-quartile range [IQR]: 4), while the median for BD was 5.6 (IQR 3.2). ANOVA showed that measured values of the mean image BD were significantly different when different values of RCS were recorded by the patient (p < 0.001), i.e. attacks where patients selected different values of RCS had significantly different values of BD. Across all attacks/patients the F-value from ANOVA for RCS was 76.2, suggesting that the variation in BD for different values of RCS is much greater than the variation in BD for any one value of RCS. Conclusion  Patients successfully used a smartphone app to collect photographs and data during episodes of RP. A strong association was found between skin colour change (via BD) and the gold-standard RCS. Mobile phone-documented colour change therefore has potential as an objective measure of RP. Further validation work is now required, as well as studies examining sensitivity to change. Disclosure  G. Dinsdale: None. J. Manning: None. A. Herrick: None. M. Dickinson: None. C. Taylor: None.

A computed method for noninvasive MRI assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Laffon ◽  
Christophe Vallet ◽  
Virginie Bernard ◽  
Michel Montaudon ◽  
Dominique Ducassou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial Pressure ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Biophysical Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
The Mean

The present method enables the noninvasive assessment of mean pulmonary arterial pressure from magnetic resonance phase mapping by computing both physical and biophysical parameters. The physical parameters include the mean blood flow velocity over the cross-sectional area of the main pulmonary artery (MPA) at the systolic peak and the maximal systolic MPA cross-sectional area value, whereas the biophysical parameters are related to each patient, such as height, weight, and heart rate. These parameters have been measured in a series of 31 patients undergoing right-side heart catheterization, and the computed mean pulmonary arterial pressure value (PpaComp) has been compared with the mean pressure value obtained from catheterization (PpaCat) in each patient. A significant correlation was found that did not differ from the identity line PpaComp = PpaCat ( r = 0.92). The mean and maximal absolute differences between PpaComp and PpaCat were 5.4 and 11.9 mmHg, respectively. The method was also applied to compute the MPA systolic and diastolic pressures in the same patient series. We conclude that this computed method, which combines physical (whoever the patient) and biophysical parameters (related to each patient), improves the accuracy of MRI to noninvasively estimate pulmonary arterial pressures.

scholarly journals Long-term annual fertilization with nitrogen and potassium affect yield and mineral composition of 'Fuji' apple

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilberto Nava ◽  
Antonio Roque Dechen
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
The Mean ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
K Fertilization

Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are closely related to orchard productivity, since they are usually found in higher concentrations than others macronutrients in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh) fruits. This research was carried out to assess the effect of eight years of soil additions of N and K on yield, fruit size and mineral composition of 'Fuji'/Marubakaido apple in São Joaquim, State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. A factorial design was used with N and K annual fertilizer rates (0, 50, 100, 200 kg ha-1 of N and K2O) replicated in three orchards from 1998 to 2006. Yield was estimated by multiplying the total number of fruit per tree by the mean weight of 100 randomly sampled fruit. Fifteen days prior to harvest, 24 fruit pulps were analyzed for N, K, Ca and Mg contents. Increases in yields were noticed in five and four years, due to the N and K fertilizer additions, respectively. Fruit size was more affected by K than by N fertilization. Fruit mineral composition was affected by both N and K fertilization. N concentration and N:Ca ratios were enlarged by N fertilization. K concentration and K:Ca ratios were also enlarged by K fertilization. Ca fruit concentration was reduced by N fertilization and often by K. Ca-related fruit disorders were not observed even after 180 days storage. However, N and K fertilization affected Ca nutrition. Thus, when fertilizing with N and K, it is imperative to use combined practices in order to offset the detrimental effect that these nutrients may cause on Ca concentration in the fruit.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Flower, Fruit, and Juice Characteristics of a Multinational Collection of Cider Apple Cultivars Grown in the U.S. Pacific Northwest

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Miles ◽  
Jacqueline King ◽  
Travis Robert Alexander ◽  
Edward Scheenstra
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ashton Research Station ◽  
Strongly Consistent

Little information exists on the bloom and fruit characteristics of cider apple (Malus ×domestica) cultivars grown in the United States for the juice and alcoholic beverage markets. In this study, a total of 17 cider apple cultivars, including 4 American, 9 English, and 4 French, plus 1 Danish standard dessert apple cultivar (Red Gravenstein, Worthen strain) commonly used for cider, all grown in northwest Washington, were evaluated from 2000 to 2015 for commercially relevant traits. Trees were rated each year and the cultivars were categorized accordingly by relative bloom time, bloom habit, and productivity. The mean full bloom (FB) date of the 18 apple cultivars evaluated ranged from 25 Apr. to 25 May, with 6 cultivars categorized as early season bloomers, 9 as midseason, and 3 as late season. The mean bloom density (BD) rating (measured on a scale of 1–5) for all cultivars was (mean ± sd) 3.8 ± 0.6 (moderate bloom), with the bloom habit of 1 cultivar categorized as biennial, 11 as consistent, and 6 as strongly consistent. The mean productivity rating (measured on a scale of 1–5) for all cultivars was 2.9 ± 0.6 (light fruiting), with the productivity of 4 cultivars categorized as biennial, 10 as consistent, and 4 as strongly consistent. The mean fruit diameter of the 18 apple cultivars was 2.7 ± 0.4 inches (medium sized), with the fruit size of 2 cultivars categorized as small-fruited, 15 as medium-fruited, and 1 as large-fruited. For the 18 cultivars, the mean tannin and titratable acidity (TA) were 0.20% ± 0.14% and 0.54% ± 0.28%, respectively, and using the English cider apple classification system of juice type, 4 of the cultivars were classified as bittersweet, 1 as bittersharp, 3 as sweet, and 10 as sharp. Three of the cultivars had tannin content lower than what was historically recorded at the Long Ashton Research Station (LARS) in Bristol, England, for those same cultivars. The mean specific gravity (SG) of the 18 cultivars was 1.052 ± 0.007, the average predicted alcohol by volume (ABV) was 6.9% ± 0.9%, and the mean pH was 3.68 ± 0.39. Classification of three cultivars in northwest Washington, based on juice characteristics, differed from their historical classification in England, likely because of differences in climate and management. Only cultivars Golden Russet (sharp), Grimes Golden (sharp), and Yarlington Mill (sweet, but borderline bittersweet) were strongly consistent in productivity, but none produced high levels of tannin, whereas only cultivars Bramtot (bittersweet), Chisel Jersey (bittersweet), and Breakwell Seedling (bittersharp) were consistent in productivity and produced high levels of tannin.

scholarly journals Evidence that Emission and Absorption Outflows in Quasars Are Related

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinfeng Xu ◽  
Nadia L Zakamska ◽  
Nahum Arav ◽  
Timothy Miller ◽  
Chris Benn
Keyword(s):  
Electron Number Density ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Evolutionary Stage ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Ionized Gas ◽  
Measured Velocity ◽  
Broad Absorption Line ◽  
James Webb Space Telescope ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One

Abstract We analyze VLT/X-shooter data for 7 quasars, where we study the relationships between their broad absorption line (BAL) and emission line outflows. We find: 1) the luminosity of the [O iii] λ5007 emission profile decreases with increasing electron number density ($n_\mathrm{\scriptstyle e}$) derived from the BAL outflow in the same quasar, 2) the measured velocity widths from the [O iii] emission features and C iv absorption troughs in the same object are similar, and 3) the mean-radial-velocity derived from the BAL outflow is moderately larger than the one from the [O iii] emission outflow. These findings are consistent with [O iii] and BAL outflows being different manifestations of the same wind, and the observed relationships are likely a reflection of the outflow density distribution. When we have outflows with smaller distances to the central source, their $n_\mathrm{\scriptstyle e}$ is higher. Therefore, the [O iii] emission is collisionally de-excited and the [O iii] luminosity is then suppressed. Comparisons to previous studies show that the objects in our sample exhibit broad [O iii] emission features similar to the ones in extremely-red-quasars (ERQs). This might imply that BAL quasars and ERQs have the same geometry of outflows or are at a similar evolutionary stage. We find that the physical parameters derived from the BAL outflows can explain the amount of observed [O iii] luminosity, which strengthens our claim that both BAL and [O iii] outflows are from the same wind. These estimates can be tested with upcoming James Webb Space Telescope, which will be able to spatially resolve some of the ionized gas outflows.

FUNGICIDAL CONTROL OF BOTRYTIS CINEREA ON FOUR STRAWBERRY VARIETIES

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272
Author(s):  
C. O. Gourley
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Rate

Captan, dichlofluanid at a high and a low rate, thiram, and a mixture of captan and thiram were tested in a field trial to control gray mold fruit rot caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. on the strawberry varieties Gorella, Midway, Redcoat and Sparkle. The mean marketable yield of the varieties was increased by dichlofluanid (low) and thiram but not by the other treatments over that of non-sprayed plots. Dichlofluanid (high) gave better control of pre-harvest fruit rot than captan. Dichlofluanid (high) significantly reduced mean fruit size. Redcoat yields were higher with the low rate than the high rate of dichlofluanid, but pre-harvest fruit rot control and fruit size did not differ with the two rates. Gorella yields and fruit size were smaller with captan + thiram than with captan or thiram. Thiram reduced fruit size on Midway. The varietal reaction to fungicides suggests that marketable yield is the most important variable in selecting a fungicide for the control of gray mold fruit rot of strawberries.

Combinations of GA3and AVG delay fruit maturation, increase fruit size and improve storage life of `Feicheng' peaches

1999 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiguo Ju ◽  
Yousheng Duan ◽  
Zhiqiang Ju
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Storage Life ◽  
Fruit Maturation

A Study of Relationships among Technical, Tactical, Physical Parameters and Final Outcomes in Elite Soccer Matches as Analyzed by a Semiautomatic Video Tracking System

2017 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristoforo Filetti ◽  
Bruno Ruscello ◽  
Stefano D’Ottavio ◽  
Vito Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Tracking System ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Video Tracking ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soccer Team ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
New Variables ◽  
Physical Skills

The performance of a soccer team depends on many factors such as decision-making, cognitive and physical skills, and dynamic ever-changing space–time interactions between teammate and opponents in relation to the ball. Seventy ( n = 70) matches of the Italian SERIE A season 2013–2014 were investigated to analyze the mean performance of 360 players in terms of physical (physical efficiency index; PEI) and technical–tactical (technical efficiency index; TEI) standpoints. Using a semiautomatic video analysis system that has incorporated new parameters able to measure technical–tactical and physical efficiency (Patent IB2010/002593, 2011-ISA), the correlation between these new variables and how much it relates to the likelihood of winning were verified. Correlations between TEI and PEI were significant ( n = 140, r = .60, p < .001), and TEI showed a higher likelihood of winning than PEI factors ( p < .0001 vs. .0001, CI 95% [1.64, 3.00] vs. [1.28, 2.07]). Higher TEI and TEI + PEI differences between the teams were associated with a greater likelihood of winning, but PEI differences were not. Key performance indicators and this performance assessment method might be useful to better understand what determines winning and to assist the overall training process and match management.

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