scholarly journals ETHICAL CONCERNS REGARDING MALE CIRCUMCISION CULTURE: A SELECTED ETHNICAL GROUP

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 737-740
Author(s):  
Cabangile N. Ngwane
Keyword(s):  
Male Circumcision ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Community Culture ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Indigenous Group ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
Hiv Aids

: Traditional cultural practices reflect values and beliefs of members of a community. Culture is an umbrella term, which explains common things people share such as language, customs, beliefs and the way of life. This paper seeks to look at male circumcision culture of a certain indigenous group in South Africa. Male circumcision is associated with ethnic marks, virility, masculinity, rite of passage to manhood however, there are many ethical concerns centering on male circumcision. Hence, this paper seeks to explore the ethical concerns surrounding male circumcision culture of a selected ethnical group in order to contribute to ethical execution of the practice. Little has been done on ethical issues surrounding male circumcision. The fallacy surrounding this phenomenon needs further investigation. The paper intends to contribute to the debate on male circumcision as a way of mitigating HIV/AIDS infections. The Social Norm Theory has been used to explain the phenomenon under study. The constructivist research paradigm enabled the interviewing of participants from the target population, as the study is inductive in nature. The key finding was that they do male circumcision mostly in an unethical way that it also affects women and children. They also do it based on the misconception and the fallacy that they will not get HIV/AIDS.

scholarly journals Big Data: Some Ethical Concerns for the Social Sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Michael Weinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Online Behavior ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
State Actors

While big data (BD) has been around for a while now, the social sciences have been comparatively cautious in its adoption for research purposes. This article briefly discusses the scope and variety of BD, and its research potential and ethical implications for the social sciences and sociology, which derive from these characteristics. For example, BD allows for the analysis of actual (online) behavior and the analysis of networks on a grand scale. The sheer volume and variety of data allow for the detection of rare patterns and behaviors that would otherwise go unnoticed. However, there are also a range of ethical issues of BD that need consideration. These entail, amongst others, the imperative for documentation and dissemination of methods, data, and results, the problems of anonymization and re-identification, and the questions surrounding the ability of stakeholders in big data research and institutionalized bodies to handle ethical issues. There are also grave risks involved in the (mis)use of BD, as it holds great value for companies, criminals, and state actors alike. The article concludes that BD holds great potential for the social sciences, but that there are still a range of practical and ethical issues that need addressing.

scholarly journals Male circumcision and global HIV/AIDS epidemic challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiola Oluwabunmi Olapade-Olaopa ◽  
Mudasiru Adebayo Salami ◽  
Taiwo Akeem Lawal
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Male Circumcision ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background Given the devastating mortality and morbidity associated with HIV/AIDS, many potential prevention measures against HIV infection continue to be explored. Most prevention methods are in the realm of sexual behavior change. However, of all aspects of human behavior, it is sexual behavior that is least amenable to change. Newer and simpler interventions are therefore required. Male circumcision, the surgical removal of some or all of the foreskin (or prepuce) from the penis, is one of the ways being promoted as a preventive measure. This paper reviews the scientific basis and evidence for the efficacy of male circumcision within the context of the global challenges involved. Main body We reviewed articles with emphasis on male circumcision and HIV/AIDS transmission. Published abstracts of presentations at international scientific meetings were also reviewed. Conclusions Current epidemiological evidence supports the promotion of male circumcision for HIV prevention, especially in populations with high HIV prevalence and low circumcision rates. Three notable randomized control trials strengthen the case for applied research studies to demonstrate that safe male circumcision is protective at the population level, particularly as ideal and well-resourced conditions of a randomized trial are often not replicated in other service delivery settings. Ethically and culturally responsive strategies in promoting circumcision in a culturally heterogenous world need to be developed, too. Male circumcision should also be viewed as a complementary measure along with other proven approaches to turn the HIV/AIDS epidemic around.

Commentary: The Broader Context of Long-Term Care Ethics

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-556
Author(s):  
Jason Lesandrini ◽  
Carol O’Connell
Keyword(s):  
Care Setting ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Ethics Program ◽  
Made In

Ethical issues in long-term care settings, although having received attention in the literature, have not in our opinion received the appropriate level they require. Thus, we applaud the Cambridge Quarterly for publishing this case. We can attest to the significance of ethical issues arising in long-term care facilities, as Mr. Hope’s case is all too familiar to those practicing in these settings. What is unique about this case is that an actual ethics consult was made in a long-term care setting. We have seen very little in the published literature on the use of ethics structures in long-term care populations. Our experience is that these healthcare settings are ripe for ethical concerns and that providers, patients, families, and staff need/desire ethics resources to actively and preventively address ethical concerns. The popular press has begun to recognize the ethical issues involved in long-term care settings and the need for ethics structures. Recently, in California a nurse refused to initiate CPR for an elderly patient in a senior residence. In that case, the nurse was quoted as saying that the facility had a policy that nurses were not to start CPR for elderly patients.1 Although this case is not exactly the same as that of Mr. Hope, it highlights the need for developing robust ethics program infrastructures in long-term care settings that work toward addressing ethical issues through policy, education, and active consultation.

scholarly journals Mandatory HIV testing in China: the perception of health-care providers

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 476-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Zunyou Wu ◽  
Sheng Wu ◽  
Sung-Jae Lee ◽  
Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Hiv Aids

Health-care providers in China are facing an exponential increase in HIV testing and HIV-positive patients. A total of 1101 service providers were recruited to examine attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in China. Logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with providers' attitudes toward mandatory HIV testing. Providers were most likely to endorse mandatory HIV testing for patients with high-risk behaviour and for all patients before surgery. Over 43% of providers endorsed mandatory testing for anyone admitted to hospital. Controlling for demographics, multivariate analyses indicated that providers with higher perceived risk of HIV infection at work, higher general prejudicial attitudes toward PLWHA, and previous contact with HIV patients were more likely to endorse mandatory HIV testing for anyone admitted to hospital. Results underscore the importance of implementing universal precautions in health-care settings and call attention to social and ethical issues associated with HIV/AIDS control and treatment in China.

Mapping the Ethical Issues of Digital Twins for Personalised Healthcare Service (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-hua Huang ◽  
Ki-hun Kim ◽  
Maartje Schermer
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Personalised Medicine ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Process Oriented ◽  
Personalised Healthcare

BACKGROUND The concept of digital twins has great potential for transforming the existing healthcare system by making it more personalised. As a convergence of healthcare, artificial intelligence, and information and communication technologies, personalised healthcare services developed under the concept of digital twins raise a myriad of ethical issues. While some of the ethical issues are known to researchers working on digital health and personalised medicine, currently there is no comprehensive review that maps major ethical risks of digital twins for personalised healthcare services. OBJECTIVE This paper fills the research gap by identifying major ethical risks of digital twins for personalised healthcare services. We first propose a working definition for digital twins for personalised healthcare services (DTPHS) to facilitate future discussion on the ethical issues related to these emerging digital health services. We then developed a process-oriented ethical map to identify major ethical risks against each of the different data processing phases. METHODS This research aims to address this research gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of major ethical risks of DTPHSs. Due to the scarcity of literature on DTPHSs, we are unable to perform a systematic review of ethical concerns over DTPHSs. Thus, we resort to literature on eHealth, personalised medicine, precision medicine, and information engineering to identify potential issues. We develop a process-oriented ethical map to structure the inquiry in a more systematic way. The ethical map allows us to see how each of the major ethical concerns emerges during the process of transforming raw data into valuable information. RESULTS The process-oriented ethical analysis identified ten operational problems and the relevant ethical values. By structuring the operational problems and relevant ethical values in a clear logical flow, this process-oriented ethical map allows developers of DTPHSs and stakeholders to have a comprehensive overview of major ethical risks while refining the design of DTPHSs. The ethical values section on the map also helps developers of DTPHSs better understand which values they ought to consider while developing solutions for an operational problem they encounter.   CONCLUSIONS It is challenging to address all of the major ethical risks a DTPHS might encounter proactively without a conceptual map at hand. The process-oriented ethical map we propose here can assist developers of DTPHSs in analysing ethical risks in a more systematic manner. CLINICALTRIAL N/A

Voluntary medical male circumcision: A necessary surgical intervention in curbing HIV/AIDS

2015 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 378-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inon Schenker ◽  
Melvyn Westreich
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Male Circumcision ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision ◽  
Medical Male Circumcision ◽  
Health Specialist ◽  
Hiv Aids

An Israeli surgeon and a Global Health Specialist working in Africa address some of the persistent myths surrounding this practice.

scholarly journals The ethical concerns of seeking consent from critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients for research – A matter of possessing capacity or surrogate insight

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avelino C Verceles ◽  
Waqas Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated Patients ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Ventilated Patients

Conducting clinical research on subjects admitted to intensive care units is challenging, as they frequently lack the capacity to provide informed consent due to multiple factors including intensive care unit acquired delirium, coma, the need for sedation, or underlying critical illness. However, the presence of one or more of these characteristics does not automatically designate a potential subject as lacking capacity to provide their own informed consent. We review the ethical issues involved in obtaining informed consent for medical research from mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients, in addition to the concerns that may arise when a legally authorized representative is asked to provide informed consent on behalf of these patients.

The Importance of Pharmacist Providing Patient Education in Oncology

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mia Avery ◽  
Felecia Williams
Keyword(s):  
Patient Education ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Education Outcomes ◽  
Medication Therapy ◽  
Values And Beliefs

The world’s increasing diversity requires health care professionals to adjust delivery methods of teaching to accommodate different cultural values and beliefs. The ability to communicate effectively across languages and various cultural practices directly affects patient education outcomes. Pharmacist should be aware of varying modalities and considerations when counseling a patient diagnosed with cancer and undergoing chemotherapy. In more recent years, the medical profession has seen an increase in patient outcomes due to using the multidisciplinary team approach and has benefited by implementing Medication Therapy Management (MTM) programs at various institutions. For the clinical pharmacist, this would mean documentation for these services should be precise and accurate based on the specific patients needs. There are several factors involved in the care and therapy of the patient with cancer. Clinical oncology pharmacist should be aware of the ever-changing role in oncology and be able to implement new practices at their facility for better patient outcomes.

Jewish Identities in the Arab Middle East: The Case of Egypt in Retrospect

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-596
Author(s):  
Rami Ginat
Keyword(s):  
Culturally Diverse ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Arabic Speaking ◽  
Historical Past ◽  
Generation Offspring

Much work has been done in recent decades on the histories of the Jews of Arab lands across a variety of time periods, reflecting an increasing interest in the historical past of the Jews of the “Orient.” While diverse, this literature may be divided into several general groups. The first comprises studies written by Western and Israeli scholars and encompasses a broad spectrum of Arabic-speaking countries. This literature has explored, among other things, issues relating to the way of life and administration of ethnically and culturally diverse Jewish communities, their approaches to Zionism and the question of their national identities, their positions regarding the Zionist–Israeli–Arab conflict in its various phases, and the phenomena of anti-Semitism, particularly in light of the increasing escalation of the conflict. It includes works by Israeli intellectuals of Mizrahi heritage, some of whom came together in the late 1990s in a sociopolitical dissident movement known as the Mizrahi Democratic Rainbow Coalition. The target audience of this movement was Mizrahi Jews: refugees and emigrants from Arab countries as well as their second- and third-generation offspring. The movement, which was not ideologically homogeneous (particularly regarding approaches to the resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict), took a postcolonialist approach to the Zionist narrative and enterprise, and was critical of the entrenchment of the Ashkenazi (European-extraction) Jews among the elites of the emerging Israeli society. The movement had scant success in reaching its target population: the majority of Mizrahi/Sephardi Jews living in Israel. Nevertheless, it brought to the fore the historical socioeconomic injustices that many Jews from Arab countries had experienced since arriving in Israel, whether reluctantly or acquiescently.

Socio-cultural Factors affecting People Living with HIV/AIDS Attendance at Hawassa and Yirgalem Hospital ART Clinics, South Ethiopia. Quantitative and Qualitative Mixed Approach.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemante A Ayalew ◽  
Zeytu G Asfaw ◽  
Solomon A Lemma
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Complete Healing ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Care Givers ◽  
The World ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background: HIV/AIDS pandemic seriously ravaged the world for the past three decades. It left the world with full of complicated social, economic and political problems. The problem has continued as major health problems for most developing countries, including Ethiopia. Socio-cultural practices which are predominantly determining the life of most of these peoples have structured the spread of HIV/AIDS. The aim of this study was to investigate how socio-cultural factors are affecting patients' adherence at ART clinics in Hawassa and Yirgalem Referral Hospitals. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative designs were used to collect the data. Results: The findings have shown that for fear of stigma and discrimination at family and community levels forced patients' affected adherence at ART clinics. People living with HIV were forced to travel long distance to get rid of social exclusion and isolation that resulting in drug interruptions and drop outs. The findings have also shown that most of the followers of protestant religion make believe that HIV could be cured and boycotted them from taking ART drugs. Moreover, confidentiality of information about HIV positive children living with care givers and newly tested patients found to be resistant to start or continue their drugs. Sense of wellbeing elicited form long term ART drugs effects made patients to imagine complete healing thereby dropping their treatment. Conclusions: The findings made clear that multidimensional socio-cultural factors structure and restructure adherence problems at the ART clinics in the study hospitals. Interventions targeting to change socio-cultural factors play crucial roles to prevent and control new infections, occurrence of drug resistant strains, and social and economic repercussions in the society.

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