scholarly journals Development and use of Test Instruments to measure Algebraic Reasoning Based on Cognitive Systems in Marzano’s Taxonomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-175
Author(s):  
Mochamad Abdul ◽  
S.B. Waluya ◽  
Dwijanto Dwijanto ◽  
Isnarto Isnarto
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Knowledge Utilization ◽  
Algebraic Reasoning ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
Test Instrument ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Four Levels

<p style="text-align: justify;">Algebraic reasoning involves representation, generalization, formalization of patterns and order in all aspects of mathematics. Hence, the focus of algebraic reasoning is on patterns, functions, and the ability to analyze situations with the help of symbols. The purpose of this study was to develop a test instrument to measure students' algebraic reasoning abilities based on cognitive systems in Marzano's taxonomy. The cognitive system in Marzano's taxonomy consists of four levels, including retrieval, comprehension, analysis, and knowledge utilization. According to the stage of cognitive development, students are at the level of knowledge utilization. At this level, students can make decisions, solve problems, generates and test hypotheses, as well as carry out investigations that are in line with indicators of algebraic reasoning abilities. The stages in developing the test instrument were based on three phases: preliminary investigation phase, prototyping phase, and assessment phase. The study obtains a set of valid and reliable algebraic reasoning test instruments for students based on the cognitive system in Marzano's taxonomy. Through the development of an algebraic reasoning test instrument based on Marzano's taxonomy, students can build' thinking habits so that active learning exercises occurs.</p>

Moral Emotions for Autonomous Agents

2012 ◽  
pp. 1753-1766
Author(s):  
Antoni Gomila ◽  
Alberto Amengual
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Agents ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
The Self ◽  
Moral Autonomy ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Hybrid Architecture ◽  
Current Development ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Military Robots

In this chapter we raise some of the moral issues involved in the current development of robotic autonomous agents. Starting from the connection between autonomy and responsibility, we distinguish two sorts of problems: those having to do with guaranteeing that the behavior of the artificial cognitive system is going to fall within the area of the permissible, and those having to do with endowing such systems with whatever abilities are required for engaging in moral interaction. Only in the second case can we speak of full blown autonomy, or moral autonomy. We illustrate the first type of case with Arkin’s proposal of a hybrid architecture for control of military robots. As for the second kind of case, that of full-blown autonomy, we argue that a motivational component is needed, to ground the self-orientation and the pattern of appraisal required, and outline how such motivational component might give rise to interaction in terms of moral emotions. We end suggesting limits to a straightforward analogy between natural and artificial cognitive systems from this standpoint.

scholarly journals Thoughts from French Psychoanalysis on the Absence of Corporeality in the Unconscious of Emerging Complex Cognitive System

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Olivier GUY ◽  
Rémy Potier
Keyword(s):  
Projective Identification ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transitional Object ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
The Creation ◽  
To Come ◽  
Many Sources

In this text we answer at the same time to two recent interesting works of Giancarlo Minati and Luca Possati in which they both called to work on the development, one from the part of the computer side, and the other of the humanities one of an IA unconscious in complex cognitive systems as an experiment to come to more anthropomorphic machines, performance added by the unconscious will not be addressed in this paper. We gathered many sources in psychoanalysis to help us understand what could be the barriers dressed against us. In the light of Lacan, Anzieu, Leclaire and Winnicott amongst others we tried to explain how having a body, in the biological sense, makes a difference with recreating—this is a typical human preoccupation—an unconscious in IA. Of course, from a French psychoanalytic standpoint there are many conservative objections, while some can be easily overcome, the matter of innate desire and body seems an understandable concern. It is also important to consider the interesting conjecture of Possati (i.e., a computer can be a projective identification object); while we only may say that it is a transitional object in the sense of Winnicott. Also, we can study further within psychotherapy the behaviour of the patient and therapist, with an algorithm we developed. In the end we address the objection of French postructruralist psychology objections to the creation of a human-like unconscious and advise the experimenting of Possati’s theory with our device.

scholarly journals What Is a Cognitive System? In Defense of the Conditional Probability of Co-contribution Account

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-200
Author(s):  
Robert D. Rupert
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Cognitive Organization ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
System A ◽  
Andy Clark ◽  
Intelligent Behavior

A theory of cognitive systems individuation is presented and defended. The approach has some affinity with Leonard Talmy’s Overlapping Systems Model of Cognitive Organization, and the paper’s first section explores aspects of Talmy’s view that are shared by the view developed herein. According to the view on offer – the conditional probability of co-contribution account (cpc) – a cognitive system is a collection of mechanisms that contribute, in overlapping subsets, to a wide variety of forms of intelligent behavior. Central to this approach is the idea of an integrated system. A formal characterization of integration is laid out in the form of a conditional-probability based measure of the clustering of causal contributors to the production of intelligent behavior. I relate the view to the debate over extended and embodied cognition and respond to objections that have been raised in print by Andy Clark, Colin Klein, and Felipe de Brigard.

scholarly journals Enaction as a Conceptual Framework for Developmental Cognitive Robotics

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vernon
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Cognitive Robotics ◽  
Robotic Systems ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Core Set ◽  
The World

AbstractThis paper provides an accessible introduction to the cognitive systems paradigm of enaction and shows how it forms a practical framework for robotic systems that can develop cognitive abilities. The principal idea of enaction is that a cognitive system develops it own understanding of the world around it through its interactions with the environment. Thus, enaction entails that the cognitive system operates autonomously and that it generates its own models of how the world works. A discussion of the five key elements of enaction — autonomy, embodiment, emergence, experience, and sense-making — leads to a core set of functional, organizational, and developmental requirements which are then used in the design of a cognitive architecture for the iCub humanoid robot.

scholarly journals Exploration of Factors Perceived to Influence Development of Diagnostic Reasoning in Athletic Trainers and Athletic Training Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taz H. Kicklighter ◽  
Paul R. Geisler ◽  
Mary Barnum ◽  
Scott Heinerichs ◽  
Malissa Martin
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Professional Socialization ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Diagnostic Reasoning ◽  
Athletic Training Students ◽  
Similar Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Expert And Novice

Context:Diagnostic reasoning is acknowledged as a vital skill for medical practice, but research regarding this core aspect of medical cognition as it pertains to athletic training contexts is scarce. To compare athletic training–specific clinical reasoning skills with those of other health care practitioners, educators need to better understand how athletic trainers (ATs) think, what helps them think better, and what may hinder their thinking skills as related to diagnostic reasoning challenges in the clinical context.Objective:To conduct a preliminary investigation into ATs' and undergraduate athletic training students' perceptions about their diagnostic reasoning processes. Secondarily, to identify and compare activities or practices that may influence individual diagnostic reasoning abilities.Design:Qualitative research.Setting:Online interviews.Patients or Other Participants:Twenty-three participants (11 ATs, 12 senior-level athletic training students) were convenience sampled from a pool of participants used in a separate, multifaceted diagnostic reasoning study.Main Outcome Measure(s):Participants were interviewed in an online format to determine their diagnostic processing ability and perceived factors that enhance and hinder diagnostic reasoning. Data were analyzed using a general inductive approach.Results:Analysis determined ATs and athletic training students used similar reasoning processes to previously reported expert- and novice-level reasoning abilities, respectively. Professional socialization and metacognitive activities were found to enhance individual diagnostic reasoning abilities in both groups. Lack of professional socialization and time in ATs and limited experiences and educational settings in athletic training students were thought to detract from diagnostic reasoning development.Conclusions:Use of diagnostic reasoning and factors perceived to influence ATs' and athletic training students' ability found within our study correspond with previously reported theories and mimic the current understanding of expert and novice abilities respectively. Understanding factors that influence diagnostic reasoning ability is crucial for developing effective pedagogical and curricular strategies in athletic training education.

scholarly journals MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN PENALARAN MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS MASALAH MATERI PELUANG KELAS XI TKRO-A SMKN 4 JAKARTA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 210-220
Author(s):  
SOPWATILLAH SOPWATILLAH
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Mathematical Reasoning ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
The Third ◽  
Solution Processes ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
Learning Mathematics ◽  
Classroom Action Research

This study aims to improve students' mathematical reasoning skills through the application of problem-based learning in class XI TKRO-A SMK Negeri 4 Jakarta which involves 6 students. This research is classroom action research which is carried out in three cycles and each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. Students are given a test at the end of each cycle to measure their mathematical reasoning ability. The results showed that learning mathematics through the application of problem-based learning can improve mathematical reasoning abilities from pre-study of 39.34 in the first cycle of 67.65 in the second cycle of 72.24 to 74.08 in the third cycle. The conclusion of this study is that the application of problem-based learning can improve students' mathematical reasoning abilities. Improved mathematical reasoning abilities include aspects: the ability to predict answers and solution processes, use patterns and relationships to analyze mathematical situations, draw logical conclusions from statements, and provide explanations using models, facts and relationships in solving problems. The number of students whose mathematical reasoning scores reached or exceeded 75 also increased. In the preliminary study, there were no students whose mathematical reasoning test scores reached or exceeded 75, while in the first cycle as many as 41.18% students, in the second cycle increased to 61.77% students, and in the third cycle increased to 82.35% students. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa melalui penerapan pembelajaran berbasis masalah di kelas XI TKRO-A SMK Negeri 4 Jakarta yang melibatkan 6 siswa. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (classroom action research) yang dilaksanakan dalam tiga siklus dan tiap siklus terdiri dari empat tahapan, yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi, dan refleksi. Siswa diberikan tes pada setiap akhir siklus untuk mengukur kemampuan penalaran matematis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran matematika melalui penerapan pembelajaran berbasis masalah dapat meningkatkan kemampuan penalaran matematis dari pra penelitian sebesar 39,34 siklus I sebesar 67,65 siklus II sebesar 72,24 menjadi 74,08 pada siklus III. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah bahwa penerapan pembelajaran berbasis masalah dapat meningkatan kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa. Peningkatan kemampuan penalaran matematis meliputi aspek: kemampuan memperkirakan jawaban dan proses solusi, menggunakan pola dan hubungan untuk menganalisis situasi matematika, menarik kesimpulan logis dari pernyataan, dan memberikan penjelasan dengan menggunakan model, fakta dan hubungan dalam menyelesaikan soal. Jumlah siswa yang nilai penalaran matematisnya mencapai atau melebihi 75 juga mengalami peningkatan. Pada penelitian pendahuluan belum terdapat siswa yang nilai tes penalaran matematisnya mencapai atau melebihi 75, sedangkan pada siklus I sebanyak 41,18% siswa, pada siklus II meningkat menjadi 61,77% siswa, dan pada siklus III meningkat menjadi 82,35% siswa.

scholarly journals The aim of belief and the aim of science

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Alexander Bird
Keyword(s):  
True Belief ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Proper Functioning ◽  
Aim Of Belief ◽  
The Social ◽  
Aim Of Science

I argue that the constitutive aim of belief and the constitutive aim of science are both knowledge. The ‘aim of belief’, understood as the correctness conditions of belief, is to be identified with the product of properly functioning cognitive systems. Science is an institution that is the social functional analogue of a cognitive system, and its aim is the same as that of belief. In both cases it is knowledge rather than true belief that is the product of proper functioning.

MODERN CO-REVOLUTION: ACTIVITY CONTENT AND DIALECTICS OF INFORMATIVE AND COGNITIVE SYSTEMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (10) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Viktor TARASEVYCH ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Optical Element ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
Cognitive Work

Modern co-revolution is presented as an important component of the historical transition from the era of objectification to the era of humanization, from the industrial era to the post-industrial and epoch-making humanizing revolution; the dialectical unity of the latest industrial and knowledge-information-digital revolutions in the context of global evolutionary-revolutionary processes. The past mechanical, modern electronic-digital and future post-electronic stages of the knowledge-information-digital revolution are characterized. The transformation of an electronic computer into an information and communication machine with a possible quantum, biological and/or optical element base is considered. The concepts of “human-sized cognitive system” and “machine-sized cognitive system” are substantiated. Within the dialectic of these systems, emphasis is placed on their relative isolation, primacy, the dominance of the former over the latter, and the inclusion of the latter in the former. The probable structure of machine-sized cognitive systems are determined. In particular, it is accepted that sensory-cognitive work with the surface layer of the object is performed by sensor machines, generalizing-cognitive work with the subsurface layer of the object by generalizing machines, intellectual-cognitive work with essential layers of the object by intellectual machines, cognitive-applied work with the target layer of the object by pragmatist machines, cognitive-integrative work with the object as a whole by integrator machines. Energy, communication, management work and storage functions of derived information and digital products are designed to be performed, respectively, by such machines as energizers, communicators, managers and storagers. The example of the interaction of sensory-emotional cognitive activity of man and the activity of the sensory machine, as well as human memory and storager systems shows the decisive role of man and the growing role of the machine in modern cognitive processes. Thus, despite the active mechanization of the spiritual and mental humanized essential human forces, the main actor of modern co-revolution and knowledge-information-digital revolution remains man.

An investigation of patients' attitudes to ECT by means of Q-analysis

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychiatry ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
To Receive

SynopsisThis paper is a preliminary investigation into the application of Q-analysis in clinical psychiatry, Q-analysis is used to describe the interrelationships of attitudes that two groups of patients were observed to hold towards ECT. The data were collected as part of the Leicestershire ECT trial. One group comprised 96 patients who consented to enter the trial. The other group was formed by 23 patients who refused to participate in the trial, but who agreed to be interviewed so that their attitudes could be assessed.The method of applying Q-analysis is described, and the resultant outputs for the two groups are discussed. The presence of insight, a subjective need for treatment and trust in ECT were significant features in the 96 patients who agreed to enter the trial. However, among this group there was a subset of patients who were very anxious and who had little desire to receive ECT or trust in it. Among the 23 patients who refused to participate in the trial two main viewpoints could be discerned. First, there was a subgroup who seemed accurately to assess their need for treatment, had insight and trust in ECT as well as specifically wanting to receive it. The second was composed of patients who were very apprehensive, did not want ECT and generally were unhappy about being in hospital. In both groups it was considered that level of knowledge was relatively unimportant in the formation of attitudes.

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