Evaluation of bolted connection with gland packing and live-load device

An important problem facing engineers and officials in the United States is the constraint imposed on transportation due to limitations of bridges. These limitations typically constrain vehicles to minimum heights and widths, to minimum and maximum lengths, and to a maximum allowable weight. However, with current demands of society and industry, there are times when a truck must carry a load that exceeds the size and weight of the legal limit. In this situation, the trucking company requests from the state departments of transportation an overload permit. For a truck with a wheel gauge larger than 1.8 m (6 ft), the process of issuing a permit for an overload truck requires a tremendous amount of engineering efforts. This is because the wheel load girder distribution factors (GDFs) in the design specifications cannot be used to estimate the live-load effect in the girders. In some cases, an expensive and time-consuming finite element analysis may be needed to check the safety of the structure. In this study, the finite element method is used to develop a modification factor for the GDF in AASHTO’s LRFD Bridge Design Specifications to account for oversized trucks with a wheel gauge larger than 1.8 m. To develop this factor, nine bridges were considered with various numbers of girders, span lengths, girder spacings, and deck slab thicknesses. The results indicated that use of the proposed modification factor with the GDF in the design specifications can help increase the allowable load on slab-on-girder bridges.

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Field Determined Live Load Distribution Factors for Modular Press-Brake-Formed Tub Girders

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198120983757 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 036119812098375

Author(s):

Karl E. Barth ◽

Gregory K. Michaelson ◽

Adam D. Roh ◽

Robert M. Tennant

Keyword(s):

West Virginia ◽

Experimental Testing ◽

Field Performance ◽

Live Load ◽

Steel Bridge ◽

Testing Procedures ◽

Bending Capacity ◽

Short Span ◽

And Performance ◽

Live Load Distribution

This paper is focused on the field performance of a modular press-brake-formed tub girder (PBFTG) system in short span bridge applications. The scope of this project to conduct a live load field test on West Virginia State Project no. S322-37-3.29 00, a bridge utilizing PBFTGs located near Ranger, West Virginia. The modular PBFTG is a shallow trapezoidal box girder cold-formed using press-brakes from standard mill plate widths and thicknesses. A technical working group within the Steel Market Development Institute’s Short Span Steel Bridge Alliance, led by the current authors, was charged with the development of this concept. Research of PBFTGs has included analyzing the flexural bending capacity using experimental testing and analytical methods. This paper presents the experimental testing procedures and performance of a composite PBFTG bridge.

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Behavior of different bolted connection configurations in frames composed of cold-formed sections

Ain Shams Engineering Journal ◽

10.1016/j.asej.2021.05.014 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mostafa Refaat El-Hadary ◽

Ihab Mohamed El-Aghoury ◽

Sherif Abdel-Basset Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Bolted Connection

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Reliability Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Bridges in Mexico: Assessment and Live Load Factors Proposal

International Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1007/s40999-020-00590-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rolando Salgado-Estrada ◽

Sergio A. Zamora-Castro ◽

Agustín L. Herrera-May ◽

Yessica A. Sánchez-Moreno ◽

Yair S. Sánchez-Moreno

Keyword(s):

Reliability Analysis ◽

Prestressed Concrete ◽

Concrete Bridges ◽

Live Load ◽

Prestressed Concrete Bridges ◽

Load Factors

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A Study on the Lower Flanges Fracture of Endplate Bolted Connection

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.983 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 326-328 ◽

pp. 983-986

Author(s):

Hong Wei Ma ◽

Chong Du Cho ◽

Qiang Pan ◽

Hyeon Gyu Beom

Keyword(s):

Crack Length ◽

High Stress ◽

Transverse Load ◽

Stress Fields ◽

Finite Element Models ◽

J Integral ◽

Bolted Connection ◽

Static Tests ◽

Opening Mode ◽

Set Up

The quasi-static tests on the endplate bolted connections of the new structure system consisting of SCC beam and CCSHRC column are briefly introduced in this paper. Meanwhile, the 3-D solid finite element models of the connections with pre-existing cracks in the lower flange’s high stress fields are set up by ANSYS. The material nonlinearities of concrete, steel and bars, together with the contact between the endplate and column surface are all considered in the model. With the transverse load applied on top of columns, the fracture parameters are calculated by APDL. The results indicate that the opening mode crack will happen mainly. When the pre-existing crack length is 2.50mm and the inter-storey drift is less than 6mm, the stress intensity factor values agree well with the converting values derived from J-integral and the crack tip fields are in elastic state. The J values are highly influenced by the pre-existing crack length, while seldom influenced by the concrete compression strength. Moreover, the J-integral have the trend to sharply increase when the pre-existing crack length is larger than 0.61mm, and the pre-existing crack will grow during loading when its length is larger than 1.35mm.

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Redistribution of Internal Force under Structural Defect and Non-Linear Spatial Stability under Live Load and Wind of Tied-Arch Bridge

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.640 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 477-478 ◽

pp. 640-645

Author(s):

Qian Hui Pu ◽

Hu Zhao

Keyword(s):

Safety Factor ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Influence Factors ◽

Internal Force ◽

Structural Defects ◽

Live Load ◽

Positive Contribution ◽

Arch Bridge ◽

Initial Defect ◽

Tied Arch Bridge

To study the mechanical performance and stability of tied-arch bridge under structural defects and damages, limited element modal of Panzhihua Luoguo Jinshajiang Bridge was established and analyzed. Firstly, some typical damage models and their influence factors were presented. Then, based on the model established, change of suspender force caused by arch rib lineation defect, hanger lineation defect and boom failure was calculated respectively. The stability safety factor under the load group composed of dead load, live load and wind was calculated as well as the second-class nonlinear stability safety factor under structural initial defect. Calculation results shows that, suspender forces were more sensitive to archs vertical defect than to transverse defect. While, short hangers were more sensitive to lineation defect than long ones, and secondary inner force in short booms were bigger than in long ones. The result also tells that lateral wind is bad to lateral stability. Lift wind, somehow, makes positive contribution to structures in-plane stability. Structural initial defect can draw down the second-class stability safety factor under geometric nonlinear condition.

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NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A DOUBLE SHEAR STANDARD BOLTED CONNECTION CONSIDERING MONOTONIC LOADINGS

Engineering Structures and Technologies ◽

10.3846/2029882x.2017.1414638 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 183-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mariana Ferreira RODRIGUES ◽

José CORREIA ◽

Bruno PEDROSA ◽

Abílio DE JESUS ◽

Bruno CARVALHO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Numerical Models ◽

Bolted Connections ◽

Bolted Connection ◽

Double Shear ◽

Steel Connections ◽

Research Activities ◽

Linear Behaviour ◽

Speed Up ◽

Monotonic Loads ◽

Globalized World

The behaviour of standard bolted steel connections submitted to monotonic loads, through the use of numerical models, is presented in the current paper. The bolted connections allow speed up constructive processes in an increasingly competitive and globalized world in which the costs are a decisive factor in the development of a project. The use of computational tools in the analysis of bolted connections becomes determinant, mainly for new solutions or solutions less explored in terms of design codes. Throughout the years, bolted connections have been suffering transformations resulting from research activities performed by many authors. Rivets have been replaced by bolts, the main achievement being the pre-stressed bolts. Methodologies based on finite element analyses were proposed for double shear bolted connection. The non-linear behaviour of these connections is investigated and their performances are compared. In the numerical modelling of the bolted connection, linear elastic and elastoplastic analyzes reveal that there are two slip levels associated with local non-linearities caused by the contact pairs, which vary with clamping stresses.

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Analysis Study on Axial Force in Bolted Connection under Fatigue Load

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.858.57 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 858 ◽

pp. 57-60

Author(s):

Kwan Sik Park ◽

Jae Hyuk So ◽

Keun Yeong Oh ◽

Kang Min Lee

Keyword(s):

Steel Structure ◽

High Strength ◽

Clamping Force ◽

Fatigue Load ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Bolted Connection ◽

The Finite Element Analysis ◽

Strength And Deformation ◽

Main Factor ◽

Ansys Workbench

High-strength bolted connection is widely used for steel structure construction. Because high-strength bolted connection has simple constructability and structural qualification. Especially friction type with high-strength bolted connection has high stiffness and fatigue strength. At this time, initial clamping force is one of main factor to affect the strength and deformation behavior of connection. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate reduction of initial clamping force in high-strength bolted connection under fatigue load. And the parameter of this study is the size of the bolt and 3 types of initial clamping force. The analysis is used the finite element analysis program ANSYS Workbench.

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