scholarly journals Genotoxic Effect of Heavy Metals Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn using Allium cepa L.

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1181-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.N. Abubacker ◽  
C. Sathya
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Chromosome Loss ◽  
Chromosome Break ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Chromosome Bridge ◽  
Copper Lead

ABSTRACT: Angiosperms are recognized as appropriate genetic models to detect heavy metal based environmental mutagens and are used in monitoring studies. Allium cepa (onion) has been used to evaluate DNA damages like chromosome aberrations and abnormalities in the mitotic cycle. The aim of the present study is to analyze the cytotoxic effects of chromium, copper, lead and zinc in A. cepa root tip squash mitotic cell divisions. The root tips were treated with three concentrations, viz. 5, 10 and 20 mg/100 ml of chromium, copper, lead and zinc at room temperature for 24 h. Mitotic indices and chromosomal abnormalities were calculated. It was observed that these heavy metals induced different types of chromosomal abnormalities comprising of Chromosome break, Chromosome bridge, C-mitosis, Vagrant, Delayed Anaphase and Vagrant, Chromosome Loss, Polyploidy and Chromosome Bridge, Chromosome Loss and Loculated Nucles, Stickiness, Multipolarity and Polyploid prophase along with the increasing doses. The effect of chromium and lead at 20 mg/100 ml concentration was found to be more toxic rather than copper and zinc to the root meristem of A. cepa. The ranking of cytotoxic potentials was in the descending order: lead > chromium > copper > zinc.

Heavy metal pollution and macrobenthic assemblages in soft sediments in two Sydney estuaries, Australia

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Stark
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soft Sediments ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Macrobenthic Assemblages ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Copper Lead

The influence of heavy metals (copper, lead and zinc) associated with urban runoff, on assemblages of macrofauna in intertidal soft sediments was studied in two estuaries in the Sydney region. The patterns of distribution and abundance of fauna and assemblages was found to vary significantly at several spatial scales: within bays in an estuary, between bays within an estuary and between bays from different estuaries. Significant differences were found in concentrations of heavy metals in sediments, but there was very little difference among bays in other environmental variables: grain-size characteristics and organic matter content of sediments. Bays polluted by heavy metals had significantly different assemblages to unpolluted bays, were generally less diverse and were characterized by an order-of-magnitude greater abundance of capitellids, spionids, nereids and bivalves. Unpolluted bays had greater abundance of crustaceans and several polychaete families, including paraonids and nephtyids and were generally more diverse. There was a significant correlation between patterns of assemblages and concentrations of heavy metals, but not with other environmental variables.

scholarly journals Research NoteEffect of drought and fires on the quality of water in Lithuanian rivers

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sakalauskiene ◽  
G. Ignatavicius
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Peat Bog ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Lithuanian Rivers ◽  
River Bottom ◽  
Copper Lead

Abstract. In August and September 2002, concentrations of heavy metals (copper, lead, and zinc) were 21-74% more than in previous years in Lithuanian rivers. Such a sudden increase in heavy metal pollution reduces the value of any water body for fishing or recreation and poses a potential risk to the environment and to human health. Droughts in the summer of 2002 led to forest and peat bog fires all over Lithuania and may have caused the increase in concentrations of heavy metals detected in Lithuanian rivers in August 2002. The fires could have changed the pH in the top layers of the soil, overcome geochemical barriers in the soil and enabled heavy metals to migrate from the soil to the groundwater and from river bottom sediments to the surface water. Keywords: heavy metals, river water quality, Lithuania

scholarly journals Researches on the accumulation and transfer of heavy metals in the soil in tomatoes -Solanum lycopersicum

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 03020
Author(s):  
Mihaela Niţu ◽  
Augustina Pruteanu ◽  
Despina Maria Bordean ◽  
Carmen Popescu ◽  
Gyorghy Deak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Tomato Fruits ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Copper Lead

Heavy metals in contaminated soils have benefited from a considerable attention due to the possible risks for the human body. The current study has investigated the accumulation and transfer coefficient for three heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) found in the contaminated soil with three concentrations (c1=1.5%, c2=3.0%, c3=4.5%, c4=6.0%), obtained by mixing the three metals, in the tomato fruit. The highest accumulation in the tomato fruits was recorded for zinc, then copper and the smallest for lead, for all four concentrations used. The transfer coefficient decreases as the concentration of heavy metals increases, so that for high heavy metals concentrations, the values of the transfer coefficient are very low, and for small heavy metals concentrations in the soil, the values for the transfer coefficient are higher. The assessment of accumulation and transfer of heavy metals in the fruits of tomatoes grown in the contaminated soil has concluded that all concentrations of the copper, lead and zinc mix have shown a low risk for human consumption.

scholarly journals Effect of Ferrous Gluconate on Chromosomal Abnormality Index of Allium Cepa Root Tip

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-758
Author(s):  
Nergis Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Chromosomal Aberration ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormality ◽  
Genotoxic Effect ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Ferrous Gluconate ◽  
Allium Cepa L ◽  
Abnormality Index

In completed research, ferrous gluconate -a food additive- used to preserve black color to prevent discoloration during storage in ripe black olives, and Allium cepa L. species. A. cepa L. roots were treated with different doses of ferrous gluconate. The effective concentration EC50 (0.068 g/l) was determined. A. cepa root tips were treated with EC50/2 (0.034 g/l), EC50 (0.068 g/l), 2XEC50 (0.136 g/l) dose for 24, 48, 72 hours, and afterward, the root tips were prepared for observation under the light microscope according to the method of preparing mitotic preparation. Chromosomal abnormality index (CAI) and genotoxic effect of ferrous gluconate in A. cepa root tip cells were determined. Repeated measurement ANOVA and TUKEY multiple comparison tests were used to investigate the effect of time and dose together on genotoxicity. C-mitosis, polyploidy, polar shifting in anaphase, polar shifting in telophase, equatorial plate shifting, laggard chromosome was observed by microscope. The highest CAI (70.16±4.85) was observed at 72h for 2XEC50 dose. Chromosomal aberration is also observed in control group. While the most common chromosomal aberration is determined as C-mitosis; The least observed chromosomal aberration is determined as polyploidy. Research results revealed that ferrous gluconate has a genotoxic effect on the root tip of A. cepa.

scholarly journals Chromosomal Abnormalities in Allium cepa Induced by Treated Textile Effluents: Spatial and Temporal Variations

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
W. M. Dimuthu Nilmini Wijeyaratne ◽  
P. G. Minola Udayangani Wickramasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Index ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Upstream Site ◽  
Textile Effluents ◽  
Dry Seasons

Appropriate effluent treatment processes are expected to significantly reduce the toxicity of effluents before they are released to the natural environment. The present study was aimed to assess the spatial and temporal variations of the physical and chemical water quality parameters of a natural water body receiving treated textile effluents and to assess the chromosomal abnormalities induced by the treated textile effluents. Four sampling sites (A: effluent discharge point; B: 100 m downstream from site A along the tributary; C: 200 m downstream from site A along the tributary; D: 100 m upstream from site A along the tributary) were selected associated to a tributary that received treated textile effluent. The physical and chemical water quality parameters were measured in the composite water samples collected from the study sites, and Allium cepa bioassay was conducted using aged tap water as the control. Sampling was conducted in both rainy and dry seasons. The conductivity, TDS, COD, and colour intensity of the water samples collected from the study sites were significantly higher during the dry season compared to those in the rainy season. Allium cepa root meristematic cells exposed to water samples from sites A, B, and C showed a significantly high interphase and prophase indices compared to those exposed to aged tap water and upstream site during both rainy and dry seasons. The mitotic index of the root tip cells of Allium cepa bulbs exposed to the water samples collected from the effluent discharge point (site A) and from the 100 m downstream site from site A (site B) was significantly lower than that of the other sites in both rainy and dry seasons. However, the mitotic index of the root tip cells of Allium cepa bulbs exposed to the water samples from the upstream site was not significantly different from that of the control treatment during both sampling seasons. The bioassay indicated that the mitotic index and phase index of the root meristematic cells of Allium cepa can be affected by the treated textile effluents released to the water body and the occurrence of C metaphase, chromosomal adherence, bridges, disturbed anaphase, vagrant chromosomes, and chromosomal breaks indicated that the treated textile effluent receiving tributary can possibly contain genotoxic and mutagenic compounds which can induce chromosomal abnormalities.

scholarly journals Characterization of pharmaceuticals industrial effluent using GC–MS and FT-IR analyses and defining its toxicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vineeta Kumari ◽  
A. K. Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Mitotic Index ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Chromosome Loss ◽  
Chromosome Break ◽  
Effluent Sample ◽  
Effluent Concentration ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Root Tip Cells

Abstract The physicochemical analysis of collected effluent sample for different parameters shown results as pH (pH 5.6 ± 0.11) slightly acidic, high conductivity (1563.34 ± 176 μs cm−1), total dissolved solids (920.34 ± 137 mg L−1), high BOD (7253.34 ± 1022 mg L−1), and COD (756.67 ± 1124 mg L−1) in the effluent sample. The results of heavy metals concentration are viz. as [Cu (1.98–2.56), Co (0.26–0.53), Cd (0.10–0.50), Ni (0.04–0.07), Pb (0.58–1.2), Mn (0.58–1.05), Cr (1.47–1.51), Zn (2.61–3.5), Fe (1.72–2.13), As (0.05–0.09), and Hg (0.003–0.006)]. Results revealed the higher concentration of BOD, COD, TDS, and conductivity and also the concentration of lead. Results of GC–MS also confirmed the high levels of organic pollutants in effluent. Further the effluent toxicity was evaluated by employing genotoxocity assays with the use of Allium cepa L. (onion) root tip cells. Genotoxicity measured mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in root tip cells obtained after treatment with effluent of 6.25, 12.5, and 25% concentration (v/v). The results of root growth test showed that inhibition of root growth occurred at effluent concentration ≥ 50% (v/v). The lowest MI was recorded (MI = 9.6%) in 25% of effluent concentration, showing a significant reduction in mitotic index compared with control which MI = 64.1%. Further, the chromosomal aberration was investigated in root tip cell after treating with different concentration ranges of effluent exhibiting various CA, viz. c-mitosis, chromosome loss, chromosome break, micronucleated cells, etc. The result suggests that the effluent contained toxic constituents, which imposed cytotoxic and genotoxic hazard.

DIURNAL RHYTHMS IN MITOSIS OF CELLS OF THE ONION ROOT TIP MERISTEM

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Bishop ◽  
Richard M. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Activity ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Diurnal Rhythms ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Complete Darkness ◽  
Onion Root

Seeds of Allium cepa were grown in complete darkness at constant temperature. The root tips, collected from hours 72 to 96 after the start of imbibition, exhibited four maxima and four minima in mitotic activity. The timing of this rhythm was dependent upon the time of imbibition and not upon the time of day.

scholarly journals Cytogenetic Study on Mitotic Cell Division in Allium cepa by Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) Containing Bacterial Strain Isolated from Tannery Effluents of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 084-090
Author(s):  
Afrin Priya Talukder ◽  
Sarwat Tazrian ◽  
Md. Nazmul Haque ◽  
Shahriar Zaman ◽  
Md. Akhtar-E-Ekram
Keyword(s):  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Cytogenetic Study ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Mitotic Cell ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Tannery Effluents ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

In the present study, a bacterial strain capable of Pb and Cr detoxification was isolated from tannery effluents which was identified as Myroides sp. through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In the cytogenetic experiment, 100 and 600 µg/ml of lead and chromium were used as treatment for the root tips of Allium cepa and caused many chromosomal abnormalities such as abnormal chromosome position, damaged nucleus, breaks of chromosome bridges and fragments also occurred. Notably, sticky metaphase was found where sticky chromosomes indicated highly toxic, usually irreversible consequences leading to cell death. However, Myroides sp. treated supernatant, collected after day 7, used to treat Allium cepa tips showed less mitotic aberrations, nuclear degeneration and observed normal anaphase and telophase stage indicating possible metal detoxifying ability of the isolated strain. Furthermore, LC50 value was 64.63 μl/ml for Myroides sp.

Spatial variation in concentrations of heavy metals in marine sediments

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Morrisey ◽  
JS Stark ◽  
L Howitt ◽  
AJ Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Environmental Sampling ◽  
Hierarchical Design ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Copper Lead

Spatial variation in the distribution of copper, lead and zinc in sediments in Botany Bay, Australia, is described. Sampling was done according to a nested, hierarchical design, and variation was detected at spatial scales from 10 m to several kilometres. In studies where the design of sampling is inadequate, the existence of variation at small spatial scales will confound comparisons at larger scales. Adequate replication at different scales, necessary to avoid confounding, has rarely been done in published studies. Implications of 'patchiness' for environmental sampling and monitoring, and the means of overcoming associated problems, are discussed.

scholarly journals Systemic Control of Cell Division and Endoreduplication by NAA and BAP by Modulating CDKs in Root Tip Cells ofAllium cepa

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jigna G. Tank ◽  
Vrinda S. Thaker
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Ofallium Cepa ◽  
Elongation Process ◽  
Growth Formation

Molecular mechanism regulated by auxin and cytokinin during endoreduplication, cell division, and elongation process is studied by usingAllium cepa rootsas a model system. The activity of CDK genes modulated by auxin and cytokinin during cell division, elongation, and endoreduplication process is explained in this research work. To study the significance of auxin and cytokinin in the management of cell division and endoreduplication process in plant meristematic cells at molecular level endoreduplication was developed in root tips ofAllium cepaby giving colchicine treatment. There were inhibition of vegetative growth, formation of c-tumor at root tip, and development of endoreduplicated cells after colchicine treatment. This c-tumor was further treated with NAA and BAP to reinitiate vegetative growth in roots. BAP gave positive response in reinitiation of vegetative growth of roots from center of c-tumor. However, NAA gave negative response in reinitiation of vegetative growth of roots from c-tumor. Further, CDKs gene expression analysis from normal, endoreduplicated, and phytohormone (NAA or BAP) treated root tip was done and remarkable changes in transcription level of CDK genes in normal, endoreduplicated, and phytohormones treated cells were observed.

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