scholarly journals Utilization of Nematode Destroying Fungi for Management of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes-A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gitanjali Devi
Keyword(s):  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Potential Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Promote Plant Growth ◽  
Trapping Devices ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Nematode destroying fungi are potential biocontrol agent for management of plant-parasitic nematodes. They inhibit nematode population through trapping devices or by means of enzymes and metabolic products. They regulate nematode behavior by interfering plant-nematode recognition, and promote plant growth. For more effective biocontrol, thorough understanding of the biology of nematode destroying fungi, targeted nematode pest and the soil ecology and environmental condition in the field is necessary. This review highlights different types of nematode destroying fungi, their mode of action as well as commercial products based on reports published in this area of research.

scholarly journals The Ditylenchus destructor genome provides new insights into the evolution of plant parasitic nematodes

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1835) ◽  
pp. 20160942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinshui Zheng ◽  
Donghai Peng ◽  
Ling Chen ◽  
Hualin Liu ◽  
Feng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Free Living ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Ditylenchus Destructor ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant-parasitic nematodes were found in 4 of the 12 clades of phylum Nematoda. These nematodes in different clades may have originated independently from their free-living fungivorous ancestors. However, the exact evolutionary process of these parasites is unclear. Here, we sequenced the genome sequence of a migratory plant nematode, Ditylenchus destructor . We performed comparative genomics among the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans and all the plant nematodes with genome sequences available. We found that, compared with C. elegans , the core developmental control processes underwent heavy reduction, though most signal transduction pathways were conserved. We also found D. destructor contained more homologies of the key genes in the above processes than the other plant nematodes. We suggest that Ditylenchus spp. may be an intermediate evolutionary history stage from free-living nematodes that feed on fungi to obligate plant-parasitic nematodes. Based on the facts that D. destructor can feed on fungi and has a relatively short life cycle, and that it has similar features to both C. elegans and sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes from clade 12, we propose it as a new model to study the biology, biocontrol of plant nematodes and the interaction between nematodes and plants.

Identification and in situ and in vitro characterization of secreted proteins produced by plant-parasitic nematodes

Parasitology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. C. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
In Vitro Characterization ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Plant Parasitic

SUMMARYSecretions of plant-parasitic nematodes which are released into plant tissue may play critical roles in plant-nematode interactions. The identification and characterization of these molecules are of fundamental importance and may help to facilitate the development of novel strategies to interfere with nematode infection of plants and thereby decrease nematode-induced damage to crops. An antibody-based approach was used to isolate molecules present on the nematode surface and in nematode secretions. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced to secretions and to whole Heterodera avenue 2nd-stage juveniles; several of these MAbs recognized molecules present in nematode secretions produced in vitro. Three of these molecules have been partly characterized in H. avenae, Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida and Meloidogyne incognita. A MAb reacting with the surfaces of these nematodes recognized antigens of different molecular weight in each of the species tested. This difference in antigenicity might be related to specific functions in these nematodes. Preliminary results show that this antibody also localized the antigen in root cells surrounding the feeding site induced by M. incognita in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes as a model for other plant parasitic nematodes

Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godelieve Gheysen ◽  
Jan De Meutter ◽  
Tom Tytgat ◽  
August Coomans
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitism ◽  
Severe Reduction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Plant Parasitic

AbstractPlant parasitic nematodes are known to cause a severe reduction in crop yield. Recently much effort is being put to engineering new nematode-resistant crop cultivars. Plant parasitic nematodes occur in three widely separated orders: Triplonchida, Dorylaimida and Tylenchida. All triplonchid and dorylaimid plant parasitic nematodes are migratory ectoparasites of roots. Within the Tylenchida, several different types of plant parasitism can be recognised. The sedentary endoparasites have the most complex interaction with their host, and are responsible for the vast majority of the agricultural damage. This causes most research to be concentrated on two groups of the sedentary endoparasitic nematodes: cyst- and root-knot nematodes. Both induce specialised feeding structures in the vascular cylinder of the plant root. The mechanism of phytoparasitism of the cyst- and root-knot nematodes is reviewed, of which some aspects will be applicable to the study of the other plant parasitic nematodes. Les nématodes parasites de plantes sont connus pour provoquer de sévères réductions dans les rendements des cultures. Actuellement, un effort se développe pour créer de nouveaux cultivars résistants aux nématodes. Les nématodes parasite de plantes appartiennent à trois ordres très éloignés: Triplonchida, Dorylaimida et Tylenchida. Tous les nématodes parasites de plantes chez les Triplonchida et Dorylaimida sont des ectoparasites migrateurs. Chez les Tylenchida, plusieurs types différents de parasitisme peuvent être identifiés. Les endoparasites sédentaires ont l’interaction la plus complexe avec leur hôte et sont responsables de la plus grande part des dégâts agricoles. C’est la raison pour laquelle la plupart des recherches sont concentrées sur deux groupes de nématodes endoparasites sédentaires, les nématodes à kystes et les nématodes galligènes. Ces deux groupes induisent des structures d’alimentation spécialisées dans les tissus vasculaires de la racine végétale. Le mécanisme parasitaire des nématodes à kystes et galligènes est revu, certaines de leurs caractéristiques pouvant être applicables à l’étude des autres nématodes phytoparasites.

Resistance genes against plant-parasitic nematodes: a durable control strategy?

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. Davies ◽  
Axel A. Elling
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant-parasitic nematodes are a major pest of all agricultural systems, causing extensive economic losses. Natural resistance (R) genes offer an alternative to chemical control and have been shown effectively to limit nematode damage to crops in the field. Whilst a number of resistant cultivars have conferred resistance against root-knot and cyst nematodes for many decades, an increasing number of reports of resistance-breaking nematode pathotypes are beginning to emerge. The forces affecting the emergence of virulent nematodes are complex, multifactorial and involve both the host and parasite of the plant-nematode interaction. This review provides an overview of the root-knot and cyst nematodeRgenes characterised to date, in addition to examining the evolutionary forces influencing nematode populations and the emergence of virulence. Finally, potential strategies to improveRgene durability in the field are outlined, and areas that would benefit from further research efforts are highlighted.

Screening plants for resistance/susceptibility to plant-parasitic nematodes.

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Wim Wesemael
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Initial Screening ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Practical Guidelines ◽  
Screening Procedures ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Abstract This chapter provides information on the methods for initial screening to determine the resistance or susceptibility of plants, cultivars or breeding lines to plant parasitic nematodes. Specific protocols for screening and further resistance breeding on several plant-nematode combinations are described and practical guidelines for screening of Musa germplasm and several screening procedures for cyst nematodes are presented.

scholarly journals Advances in Plant−Nematode Interactions with Emphasis on the Notorious Nematode Genus Meloidogyne

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 1988-1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isgouhi Kaloshian ◽  
Marcella Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Durable Host Resistance ◽  
Ubiquitous Presence ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant infections by plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) continue to be one of the major limitations in agricultural systems. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), belonging to the genus Meloidogyne, are one of the most important groups of PPNs worldwide. Their wide host range combined with ubiquitous presence, continues to provide challenges for their control and breeding for resistance. Although resistance to RKNs has been identified, incorporation of these resistances into crops and durability of the resistance remains challenging. In addition, progress in cloning of RKN resistance genes has been dismal. Recent identification of pattern-triggered immunity in roots against nematodes, an ascaroside as a nematode-associated molecular pattern (NAMP) and the discovery of a NAMP plant receptor, provide tools and opportunities to develop durable host resistance against nematodes including RKNs.

scholarly journals Functions of Flavonoids in Plant–Nematode Interactions

Plants ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Chin ◽  
Carolyn Behm ◽  
Ulrike Mathesius
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Most land plants can become infected by plant parasitic nematodes in the field. Plant parasitic nematodes can be free-living or endoparasitic, and they usually infect plant roots. Most damaging are endoparasites, which form feeding sites inside plant roots that damage the root system and redirect nutrients towards the parasite. This process involves developmental changes to the root in parallel with the induction of defense responses. Plant flavonoids are secondary metabolites that have roles in both root development and plant defense responses against a range of microorganisms. Here, we review our current knowledge of the roles of flavonoids in the interactions between plants and plant parasitic nematodes. Flavonoids are induced during nematode infection in plant roots, and more highly so in resistant compared with susceptible plant cultivars, but many of their functions remain unclear. Flavonoids have been shown to alter feeding site development to some extent, but so far have not been found to be essential for root–parasite interactions. However, they likely contribute to chemotactic attraction or repulsion of nematodes towards or away from roots and might help in the general plant defense against nematodes. Certain flavonoids have also been associated with functions in nematode reproduction, although the mechanism remains unknown. Much remains to be examined in this area, especially under field conditions.

scholarly journals Plant Parasitic Thread Worms (Nematodes)

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohit Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Pratibha Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The World ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Stem Leaf ◽  
Plant Parasitic

About 15% species of these parasites are plant parasitic causing severe threat to various crops all over the world including India. Plant parasitic nematodes are responsible for loss of about 45 billion rupees all over the world. Plant nematodes can infect Pine, Citrus plants, Coconut, Rice crop, Maize ,Peanut, Soya bean, Banana, Potato, Sweet potato, Beat etc. causing infection of root, stem leaf, flower and seed etc. Source of infection is contaminated soil containing eggs or larvae of infective plant nematode which enter in host plant through root in 2nd juvenile larval stage. This infection spreads from one place to other with contaminated soil, farmers instruments, shoes, flow of water and with infected plants and plant product. Plant nematodes are controlled by fumigation, chemicals and plant nematode predators.

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