scholarly journals Ossification of the phalanges of the foot and its relationship to peak height velocity and the calcaneal system

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Garcia ◽  
A. D. Nicholson ◽  
A. M. Nduaguba ◽  
J. O. Sanders ◽  
R. W. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Maturity ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Guided Growth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stage System

Purpose There are multiple skeletal maturity grading systems, but none of them utilizes the phalanges of the foot. To minimize radiation, it would be ideal if one could assess the skeletal maturity of a foot based on bones seen on routine foot radiographs, if guided growth is being considered as a treatment option. We developed a system that correlates changes of the appearance of the foot phalanges to peak height velocity (PHV) and the recently described calcaneal apophyseal ossification grading system. Methods We selected 94 children from the Bolton-Brush study, each with consecutive radiographs from age ten to 15 years old. Using the anteroposterior view, we analyzed the ossification patterns of the phalanges and developed a six-stage system. We then determined the PHV for each subject and defined its relationship with our system. Our system was then compared with the previously established calcaneal system. Results We calculated an Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) range of 0.957 to 0.985 with a mean of 0.975 and interclass reliability coefficient of 0.993 indicating that this method is reliable and consistent. Our system showed no significant difference between gender with respect to PHV, which makes it a reliable surrogate for determining bone age in paediatric and adolescent patients. Conclusions Our system has a strong association with the calcaneal system. It is a simple six-stage system that is reliable and correlated more strongly with PHV than chronological age. The system requires knowledge of the ossification markers used for each stage but is easily used in a clinical setting.

Maturity-Related Differences in Systemic Pulmonary and Localized Fatigue Threshold Among Youth Male Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Kyle S. Beyer ◽  
Jeffrey R. Stout ◽  
Michael J. Redd ◽  
Kayla M. Baker ◽  
Haley C. Bergstrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Fatigue Threshold ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Distance Method ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Significant Group

Purpose: To examine the reliability and the maturity-related differences of fatigue thresholds (FTs) among youth males. Methods: Twenty-nine youth males (11–17 y) completed 2 ramp exercise tests on a cycle ergometer. Systemic FTs were calculated from gas exchange and ventilation variables. Localized FTs were calculated from electromyography and near-infrared spectroscopy of the vastus lateralis. All FTs were determined using the maximal distance method and expressed relative to maximal oxygen consumption. All participants were grouped according to the number of years from peak height velocity into PRE- (< −1.5 y), PERI- (−1.5 to +1.5 y) and POST- (> +1.5 y) peak height velocity. Reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients, and differences between groups were assessed with analysis of variance and Cohen’s d coefficients. Results: Analysis of variance revealed significant group differences with PRE having significantly greater systemic pulmonary FTs than POST, while localized muscular FTs were significantly greater in PRE when compared with PERI and POST. All FTs exhibited excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > .75) in all maturity groups. Conclusion: Maturity status appears to influence the onset of FTs among youth male athletes, with FTs occurring later in younger athletes. Furthermore, all FTs were reliable measures regardless of maturity.

scholarly journals Associations Between Variations in Accumulated Workload and Physiological Variables in Young Male Soccer Players Over the Course of a Season

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Nobari ◽  
Ana Ruivo Alves ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Jorge Pérez-Gómez ◽  
Cain C. T. Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Association ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Fitness Levels

This study sought to analyze the relationship between in-season training workload with changes in aerobic power (VO2max), maximum and resting heart rate (HRmax and HRrest), linear sprint medium (LSM), and short test (LSS), in soccer players younger than 16 years (under-16 soccer players). We additionally aimed to explain changes in fitness levels during the in-season through regression models, considering accumulated load, baseline levels, and peak height velocity (PHV) as predictors. Twenty-three male sub-elite soccer players aged 15.5 ± 0.2 years (PHV: 13.6 ± 0.4 years; body height: 172.7 ± 4.2 cm; body mass: 61.3 ± 5.6 kg; body fat: 13.7% ± 3.9%; VO2max: 48.4 ± 2.6 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1), were tested three times across the season (i.e., early-season (EaS), mid-season (MiS), and end-season (EnS) for VO2max, HRmax, LSM, and LSS. Aerobic and speed variables gradually improved over the season and had a strong association with PHV. Moreover, the HRmax demonstrated improvements from EaS to EnS; however, this was more evident in the intermediate period (from EaS to MiS) and had a strong association with VO2max. Regression analysis showed significant predictions for VO2max [F(2,20) = 8.18, p ≤ 0.001] with an R2 of 0.45. In conclusion, the meaningful variation of youth players’ fitness levels can be observed across the season, and such changes can be partially explained by the load imposed.

scholarly journals THE MOTOR ABILITIES OF HANDBALL PLAYERS OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL MATURATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Mladen Živković ◽  
Nenad Stojiljković ◽  
Vladimir Antić ◽  
Ljubomir Pavlović ◽  
Nemanja Stanković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Training Design ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Explosive Power ◽  
Biological Maturation ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this research was to determine the differences between the results from the tests of motor abilities carried out on a selected group of handball players in relation to their biological maturation. A total of 23 handball players, belonging to a selected group, took part in this research. The overall sample of participants was divided into three groups based on their biological maturation. The measurements of motor abilities were carried out using the following tests: explosive power, sprint speed and rapid changes in direction. The statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, a univariate analysis of variance and the Bonferroni PostHoc test in order to determine whether a statistically significant difference could be detected between the groups on the tests of motor abilities. Based on the statistical analysis (ANOVA method), a difference was determined between the peak height velocity (PHV) groups for all the variables. The PostHoc test later determined that there were no differences for any of the variables between the PrePHV and MidPHV groups. Differences in all the variables were determined between the PrePHV and PostPHV groups. Differences between the MidPHV and PostPHV groups were determined for 7 variables, while no statistically significant difference was determined for 3 of the variables (5JT, T-test and the Slalom). The main contribution of this research is that it indicates to coaches the inevitability of being familiar with the biological maturation of their players for optimal selection, for adequate training design, and a decrease in the risk of injury. 

scholarly journals Secular trend of the skeletal maturation in relation to peak height velocity–a comparison between two groups of children born 1969-1973 and 1996-2000

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 612-618
Author(s):  
Louise Miltenburg Caspersen ◽  
Liselotte Sonnesen
Keyword(s):  
Secular Trend ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
Early Event ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Maturation Stages

Summary Background/Objectives The aims were to study the presence of a secular trend in (a) age at peak height velocity (PHV), (b) velocity at PHV, and (c) duration of skeletal maturation in relation to PHV. Material/Method Two groups of children: 100 children (63 boys, 37 girls) born between 1969–1973 and 71 children (49 boys, 22 girls) born between 1996 and 2000, were compared. Age and velocity at PHV were measured on individual growth velocity curves. Skeletal maturation stages were assessed on hand-wrist radiographs, and duration from the skeletal maturation stages to PHV was determined. Results Age at PHV occurred significantly earlier (0.47 years, CI 95% 0.19–0.76, P &lt; 0.001), and velocity at PHV was significantly higher (0.68 cm/year, CI 95% 1.47–2.06, P &lt; 0.003) in children born 1996–2000 compared to 1969–1973. No significant difference in duration of skeletal maturation was seen between the groups. Skeletal maturation stages occurred significantly in the following order before PHV for both genders: PP2= 2.18 years (P = 0.002), MP3= 1.60 year (P = 0.008), S 1.07 year (P = 0.003), and MP3cap 0.38 year (P = 0.037). Limitations Most radiographs were taken before PHV, the duration thus mainly reflects the early event of pubertal growth spurt. Conclusion A secular trend was evident: significantly decreased age at PHV and significantly increased velocity at PHV. No evidence of a secular trend regarding duration of the skeletal maturation in relation to PHV was found. Due to the declining age at PHV, the skeletal maturation stages occurred earlier in relation to chronological age.

Non-classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency in infancy and childhood: the effect of time of initiation of therapy on puberty and final height

1997 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Weintrob ◽  
Zvi Dickerman ◽  
Elliot Sprecher ◽  
Avinoam Galatzer ◽  
Atalia Pertzelan
Keyword(s):  
Final Height ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Hydroxylase Deficiency ◽  
Group A ◽  
Parental Height ◽  
Group B ◽  
21 Hydroxylase Deficiency

Abstract Objective: To review the characteristics of children with non-classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency (NC-21-OHD) diagnosed during infancy and childhood, and to evaluate the relationship of pubertal and bone age maturation at initiation of glucocorticoid therapy with the course of puberty and final height. Design: We retrospectively compared the course of puberty, growth pattern and final height in two groups of patients: group A (two males, six females), hydrocortisone (HC) treatment 7·5–15 mg/m2 per 24 h, initiated ≥1 year before onset of true puberty and group B (seven females), treatment started with the first signs of true puberty present. Participants: Thirteen girls and two boys with NC-21-OHD diagnosed at age range 0·5–10·6 years were followed-up for 9·0 ± 3·8 years (mean±s.d.). Therapy with HC was initiated because of signs of hyperandrogenism, accelerated growth and bone maturation, or true precocious puberty. The HC dose was adjusted according to linear growth and basal plasma androgen levels. Results: Puberty and peak height velocity developed significantly earlier in the girls of group B: gonadarche at 7·9 ± 1·4 years and peak height velocity at 9·2 ± 1·4 years vs 10·2 ± 0·4 years (P = 0·002) and 11·5 ± 0·7 years (P = 0·006) in group A. Menarche, however, occurred only slightly earlier in group B (12·0 ± 1·1 vs 12·8 ±0·5 years, P = 0·068). All eight children in group A achieved a final height within the range of their mean parental height standard deviation scores (SDS) in comparison with only 1/7 in group B (P = 0·0014). Seven of eight patients who started therapy before a bone age of 9 years achieved a final height within the parental height SDS range, compared with 2/7 who started therapy later (P = 0·041). The final height SDS was significantly better for group A (0·05 ± 0·19, mean ± s.e.m.) than group B (−1·63 ± 0·23, P = 0·0007), even when adjusted for a significant effect of the mean parental height SDS (A, −0·63 ± 0·28; B, −0·89 ± 0·31, P = 0·0245, ANCOVA). Conclusion: Every child with signs of excess androgen activity or early puberty should be studied for the possibility of NC-21-OHD. Screening programs for populations with a high frequency of the gene for NC-21-OHD would facilitate early diagnosis and treatment. Pubertal stage and bone age at the introduction of therapy dictate height prognosis. Initiation of therapy before puberty with careful follow-up and HC dose adjustment can assure the achievement of genetic adult height. European Journal of Endocrinology 136 188–195

scholarly journals Physical Activity–Related Injury Profile in Children and Adolescents According to Their Age, Maturation, and Level of Sports Participation

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Costa e Silva ◽  
Maria Isabel Fragoso ◽  
Júlia Teles
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Biological Maturation ◽  
Early Maturing

Background: Physical activity (PA) is beneficial, enhancing healthy development. However, one-third of school-age children practicing sports regularly suffer from an injury. These injuries are associated with sex, chronological age, and PA level. Purpose: To identify the importance of age, PA level, and maturity as predictors of injury in Portuguese youth. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Information about injury and PA level was assessed via 2 questionnaires (LESADO RAPIL II) from 647 subjects aged 10 to 17 years. Maturity offset according to Mirwald (time before or after peak height velocity) and Tanner-Whitehouse III bone age estimates were used to evaluate maturation. Binary logistic regression and gamma regression were used to determine significant predictors of injury and injury rate. Results: Injury occurrence was higher for both sexes in recreational, school, and federated athletes (athletes engaged in sports that are regulated by their respective federations, with formal competition). These injuries also increased with age in boys and in the higher maturity offset group in girls. Injury rate was higher for both sexes in the no sports participation group. Early-maturing girls, with higher bone age and lower maturity offset, showed higher injury rate. Conclusion: Injuries in Portuguese youth were related to PA level, age, and biological maturation. Recreational, school, and federated athletes had more injury ocurrences while subjects with no sports participation had higher injury risk. Older subjects had more injuries. Early-maturing girls that had just passed peak height velocity may be particularly vulnerable to risk of sports injury because of the growing process. Clinical Relevance: Increased knowledge about injury with specific PA exposure data is important to an overall risk management strategy. This study has deepened the association between injury and biological maturation variables.

scholarly journals A comparison of 3 different methods for assessment of skeletal age when treating leg-length discrepancies: an inter- and intra-observer study

2022 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 222-228
Author(s):  
Anne Berg Breen ◽  
Harald Steen ◽  
Are Pripp ◽  
Ragnhild Gunderson ◽  
Hilde Kristine Sandberg Mentzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Maturity ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Systematic Difference ◽  
Skeletal Age ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Left Elbow ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Significant Difference

Background and purpose — Skeletal maturity is a crucial parameter when calculating remaining growth in children. We compared 3 different methods, 2 manual and 1 automated, in the radiological assessment of bone age with respect to precision and systematic difference. Material and methods — 66 simultaneous examinations of the left hand and left elbow from children treated for leg-length discrepancies were randomly selected for skeletal age assessment. The radiographs were anonymized and assessed twice with at least 3 weeks’ interval according to the Greulich and Pyle (GP) and Sauvegrain (SG) methods by 5 radiologists with different levels of experience. The hand radiographs were also assessed for GP bone age by use of the automated BoneXpert (BX) method for comparison. Results — The inter-observer intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.96 for the GP and 0.98 for the SG method. The inter- and intra-observer standard error of the measurement (SEm) was 0.41 and 0.32 years for the GP method and 0.27 and 0.21 years for the SG method with a significant difference (p < 0.001) between the methods and between the experienced and the less experienced radiologists for both methods (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001). In 25% of the assessments the discrepancy between the GP and the SG methodwas > 1 year. There was no systematic difference comparing either manual method with the automatic BX method. Interpretation — With respect to the precision of skeletal age determination, we recommend using the SG method or preferably the automated BX method based on GP assessments in the calculation of remaining growth.

scholarly journals Breakfast: A Crucial Meal for Adolescents’ Cognitive Performance According to Their Nutritional Status. The Cogni-Action Project

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1320
Author(s):  
Humberto Peña-Jorquera ◽  
Valentina Campos-Núñez ◽  
Kabir P. Sadarangani ◽  
Gerson Ferrari ◽  
Carlos Jorquera-Aguilera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Demand ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
The Body ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Action Project

This study aimed to determine whether pupils who have breakfast just before a cognitive demand, do not regularly skip breakfast, and consume a high-quality breakfast present higher cognitive performance than those who do not; furthermore, to establish differences according to their nutritional status. In this study, 1181 Chilean adolescents aged 10–14 years participated. A global cognitive score was computed through eight tasks, and the body mass index z-score (BMIz) was calculated using a growth reference for school-aged adolescents. The characteristics of breakfast were self-reported. Analyses of covariance were performed to determine differences in cognitive performance according to BMIz groups adjusted to sex, peak height velocity, physical fitness global score, and their schools. A positive association was found in adolescents’ cognitive performance when they had breakfast just before cognitive tasks, did not regularly skip breakfast, presented at least two breakfast quality components, and included dairy products. No significant differences were found between breakfast components, including cereal/bread and fruits/fruit juice. Finally, pupils who were overweight/obese who declared that they skipped breakfast regularly presented a lower cognitive performance than their normal-BMIz peers. These findings suggest that adolescents who have breakfast just prior to a cognitive demand and regularly have a high quality breakfast have better cognitive performance than those who do not. Educative nutritional strategies should be prioritized, especially in “breakfast skippers” adolescents living with overweight/obesity.

scholarly journals Growth in achondroplasia, from birth to adulthood, analysed by the JPA-2 model

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1589-1595
Author(s):  
Mariana del Pino ◽  
Virginia Fano ◽  
Paula Adamo
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Growth Velocity ◽  
Adult Height ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity

AbstractObjectivesIn general population, there are three phases in the human growth curve: infancy, childhood and puberty, with different main factors involved in their regulation and mathematical models to fit them. Achondroplasia children experience a fast decreasing growth during infancy and an “adolescent growth spurt”; however, there are no longitudinal studies that cover the analysis of the whole post-natal growth. Here we analyse the whole growth curve from infancy to adulthood applying the JPA-2 mathematical model.MethodsTwenty-seven patients, 17 girls and 10 boys with achondroplasia, who reached adult size, were included. Height growth data was collected from birth until adulthood. Individual growth curves were estimated by fitting the JPA-2 model to each individual’s height for age data.ResultsHeight growth velocity curves show that after a period of fast decreasing growth velocity since birth, with a mean of 9.7 cm/year at 1 year old, the growth velocity is stable in late preschool years, with a mean of 4.2 cm/year. In boys, age and peak height velocity in puberty were 13.75 years and 5.08 cm/year and reach a mean adult height of 130.52 cm. In girls, the age and peak height velocity in puberty were 11.1 years and 4.32 cm/year and reach a mean adult height of 119.2 cm.ConclusionsThe study of individual growth curves in achondroplasia children by the JPA-2 model shows the three periods, infancy, childhood and puberty, with a similar shape but lesser in magnitude than general population.

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