Subchondral bone remodelling in osteoarthritis

Subchondral bone remodelling is an integral part of osteoarthritis and involves the development of subchondral sclerosis seen on plain imaging, along with osteophyte formation. The development of these changes is due to persistent abnormal mechanical stresses which create a cellular and biomolecular response to microfractures in the subchondral bone and osteochondral junction. An early sign is bone marrow lesions seen on MRI scanning. Healing can occur at this stage by correcting the abnormal loads. Persistence leads to what is thought to be a delayed union or nonunion response by the bone. Microfractures of the osteochondral junction, coupled with articular cartilage fissuring and loss, allows synovial fluid to penetrate the subchondral bone along with cytokines and other molecules reacting with the bone cells to increase the pathological effects. This review gives an overview of the current thoughts on subchondral bone remodelling in osteoarthritis that is aimed at orthopaedic surgeons to help in the understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and the role of surgical management. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2019;4 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.4.180102

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The Emerging Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Osteoarthritis

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.773171 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard ◽

Christophe Poulet ◽

Michel Malaise ◽

Atefe Abak ◽

Bashdar Mahmud Hussen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Present Article ◽

Synovial Tissue ◽

Subchondral Bone ◽

Expression Level ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Subchondral Sclerosis

Osteoarthritis (OS) is the most frequent degenerative condition in the joints, disabling many adults. Several abnormalities in the articular cartilage, subchondral bone, synovial tissue, and meniscus have been detected in the course of OA. Destruction of articular cartilage, the formation of osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis, and hyperplasia of synovial tissue are hallmarks of OA. More recently, several investigations have underscored the regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in OA development. Different classes of non-coding RNAs, including long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), have been reported to affect the development of OA. The expression level of these transcripts has also been used as diagnostic tools in OA. In the present article, we aimed at reporting the role of these transcripts in this process. We need to give a specific angle on the pathology to provide meaningful thoughts on it.

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SERINE PROTEINASE IN ARTICULAR CARTILAGE, SUBCHONDRAL BONE MARROW AND SYNOVIAL FLUID IN HUMAN OSTEOARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Biomedical Research ◽

10.2220/biomedres.16.11 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 11-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

TOMOYUKI NAKAGAWA ◽

SHIGEKI MOMOHARA ◽

KYOSUKE FUJITA ◽

TAKAO KODAMA ◽

HARUMOTO YAMADA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Articular Cartilage ◽

Synovial Fluid ◽

Subchondral Bone ◽

Serine Proteinase

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The role of subchondral bone remodeling in osteoarthritis: Reduction of cartilage degeneration and prevention of osteophyte formation by alendronate in the rat anterior cruciate ligament transection model

Arthritis & Rheumatism ◽

10.1002/art.20124 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 1193-1206 ◽

Cited By ~ 385

Author(s):

Tadashi Hayami ◽

Maureen Pickarski ◽

Gregg A. Wesolowski ◽

Julia Mclane ◽

Ashleigh Bone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽

Bone Remodeling ◽

Subchondral Bone ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Cartilage Degeneration ◽

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection ◽

Osteophyte Formation ◽

Anterior Cruciate

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Platelet Extracellular Vesicles

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology ◽

10.1161/atvbaha.120.314644 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Florian Puhm ◽

Eric Boilard ◽

Kellie R. Machlus

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Synovial Fluid ◽

Nucleic Acids ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Cell Communication ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Vascular Integrity ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Broad Array

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a means of cell-to-cell communication and can facilitate the exchange of a broad array of molecules between adjacent or distant cells. Platelets are anucleate cells derived from megakaryocytes and are primarily known for their role in maintaining hemostasis and vascular integrity. Upon activation by a variety of agonists, platelets readily generate EVs, which were initially identified as procoagulant particles. However, as both platelets and their EVs are abundant in blood, the role of platelet EVs in hemostasis may be redundant. Moreover, findings have challenged the significance of platelet-derived EVs in coagulation. Looking beyond hemostasis, platelet EV cargo is incredibly diverse and can include lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and organelles involved in numerous other biological processes. Furthermore, while platelets cannot cross tissue barriers, their EVs can enter lymph, bone marrow, and synovial fluid. This allows for the transfer of platelet-derived content to cellular recipients and organs inaccessible to platelets. This review highlights the importance of platelet-derived EVs in physiological and pathological conditions beyond hemostasis.

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Comparative Analysis of the Occurrence and Role of CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) and Its Receptor CX3CR1 in Hemophilic Arthropathy and Osteoarthritis

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2020/2932696 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Piotr Wojdasiewicz ◽

Łukasz A. Poniatowski ◽

Andrzej Kotela ◽

Marta Skoda ◽

Michał Pyzlak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Synovial Fluid ◽

Blood Serum ◽

Synovial Membrane ◽

Study Group ◽

Vessel Morphology ◽

Hemophilic Arthropathy ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Receptor Cx3cr1

Objective. Hemophilic arthropathy is characterized by recurrent bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia leading to irreversible joint degeneration. The involvement of CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and its receptor CX3CR1 was observed in the pathogenesis of numerous arthritis-associated diseases. Taking this into account, we have presented a study investigating the role of the CX3CL1/CX3XR1 axis in the course of hemophilic arthropathy, including the CX3CL1-dependent expression of CD56+, CD68+, and CD31+ cells along with evaluation of articular cartilage and synovial membrane morphology. Methods. The study was carried out using cases (n=20) of end-stage hemophilic arthropathy with a severe type of hemophilia A and control cases (n=20) diagnosed with osteoarthritis. The biofluids including blood serum and synovial fluid were obtained intraoperatively for the evaluation of CX3CL1 using the ELISA test. Tissue specimens including articular cartilage and synovial membrane were similarly collected during surgery and stained immunohistologically using selected antibodies including anti-CX3CR1, anti-CD56, anti-CD68, and anti-CD31. Additionally, the analysis included the assessment of articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and blood vessel morphology. Results. In our study, we have documented increased average concentration of CX3CL1 in the blood serum of the study group (7.16±0.53 ng/ml) compared to the control group (5.85±0.70 ng/ml) without statistically significant difference in synovial fluid concentration at the same time. We have observed an increased macrophage presence with more marked proliferation and fibrosis of the synovial membrane in the study group. Remaining results such as expression of CX3CR1 presence of NK cells and larger surface area of blood vessels within the synovial membrane were noted also without statistical significance. Conclusions. This study has demonstrated collective CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis involvement in hemophilic arthropathy pathogenesis introducing new interesting diagnostics and a therapeutic target.

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Bone marrow and bone: a functional unit

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.1730387 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 173 (3) ◽

pp. 387-394 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

JE Compston

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Bone Cells ◽

Bone Remodelling ◽

Functional Unit ◽

Bone Cell ◽

Unit Cells ◽

Health And Disease ◽

The Relationship ◽

Bone Physiology

Bone and bone marrow, although often regarded as separate systems, function as a single unit. Cells in the bone marrow are the precursors of bone remodelling cells and exert an important regulatory role both on their own development and the remodelling process, acting as mediators for the effects of systemic and local factors. Other cells, such as immune cells and megakaryocytes, also contribute to the regulation of bone cell development and activity. Many diseases that affect the bone marrow have profound effects on bone, involving interactions between abnormal and normal marrow cells and those of bone. Although recent advances in bone physiology have produced new insights into the relationship between bone marrow and bone cells, much remains to be learnt about the mechanisms by which marrow and bone act in synergy to regulate bone remodelling, both in health and disease.

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Efficacy of the use of unsaponifiable fractions of avocado and soybean oil in osteoarthritis

Medycyna Faktów ◽

10.24292/01.mf.0221.8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 188-192

Author(s):

Ewa Walewska

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Articular Cartilage ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Subchondral Bone ◽

Osteoarthritis Of The Knee ◽

Pathological Changes ◽

Osteophyte Formation ◽

Case Basis

Osteoarthritis, which affects approximately 18% of women and 10% of men after the age of 60, is undoubtedly a serious public problem. The main pathological changes in osteoarthritis include the degeneration and loss of articular cartilage, changes in the subchondral bone and osteophyte formation in the bone epiphyses. Pain accompanying degenerative modifications significantly reduces the quality of life of patients. The purpose of this article is to discuss the use of unsaponifiable fractions of avocado and soybean oil to control the symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee on a case-by-case basis.

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