scholarly journals Bone marrow and bone: a functional unit

2002 ◽  
Vol 173 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Compston
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Bone Remodelling ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
Bone Cell ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Bone Physiology

Bone and bone marrow, although often regarded as separate systems, function as a single unit. Cells in the bone marrow are the precursors of bone remodelling cells and exert an important regulatory role both on their own development and the remodelling process, acting as mediators for the effects of systemic and local factors. Other cells, such as immune cells and megakaryocytes, also contribute to the regulation of bone cell development and activity. Many diseases that affect the bone marrow have profound effects on bone, involving interactions between abnormal and normal marrow cells and those of bone. Although recent advances in bone physiology have produced new insights into the relationship between bone marrow and bone cells, much remains to be learnt about the mechanisms by which marrow and bone act in synergy to regulate bone remodelling, both in health and disease.

scholarly journals Osteoimmunology: Interactions of the Bone and Immune System

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Lorenzo ◽  
Mark Horowitz ◽  
Yongwon Choi
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
Broad Overview

Abstract Bone and the immune system are both complex tissues that respectively regulate the skeleton and the body’s response to invading pathogens. It has now become clear that these organ systems often interact in their function. This is particularly true for the development of immune cells in the bone marrow and for the function of bone cells in health and disease. Because these two disciplines developed independently, investigators in each don’t always fully appreciate the significance that the other system has on the function of the tissue they are studying. This review is meant to provide a broad overview of the many ways that bone and immune cells interact so that a better understanding of the role that each plays in the development and function of the other can develop. It is hoped that an appreciation of the interactions of these two organ systems will lead to better therapeutics for diseases that affect either or both.

Mast Cells as a Double-Edged Sword in Immunity: Their Function in Health and Disease. First of Two Parts

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 654-669
Author(s):  
Thea Magrone ◽  
Manrico Magrone ◽  
Emilio Jirillo
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Food Antigens ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Relationship

Mast cells (MCs) have recently been re-interpreted in the context of the immune scenario in the sense that their pro-allergic role is no longer exclusive. In fact, MCs even in steady state conditions maintain homeostatic functions, producing mediators and intensively cross-talking with other immune cells. Here, emphasis will be placed on the array of receptors expressed by MCs and the variety of cytokines they produce. Then, the bulk of data discussed will provide readers with a wealth of information on the dual ability of MCs not only to defend but also to offend the host. This double attitude of MCs relies on many variables, such as their subsets, tissues of residency and type of stimuli ranging from microbes to allergens and food antigens. Finally, the relationship between MCs with basophils and eosinophils will be discussed.

Relationship of Premaxillary Bone and Its Sutures to Deciduous Dentition in Nonhuman Primates

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Carmody ◽  
M. P. Mooney ◽  
G. M. Cooper ◽  
C. J. Bonar ◽  
M. I. Siegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Bone Cell ◽  
Cell Distribution ◽  
Deciduous Dentition ◽  
Maxillary Bone ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: The relationship of the human premaxillary bone (Pmx) to neighboring craniofacial structures is clouded by its embryonic union with the maxillary bone proper. Only humans among all primates have such early fusion of the premaxillomaxillary suture (PS). This study surveyed the relationship of the PS to the upper deciduous dentition in nonhuman primates, and describes the distribution of bone cells along the osseous margins of the Pmx. Method: Twenty-eight subadult primates were studied using gross, CT, and histologic observations. Location of the anterior deciduous dentition relative to the PS was assessed. In sections of selected specimens, observations of bone cells on the osseous boundaries of the Pmx were made. Osteopontin (OPN) immunohistochemistry was used to isolate osteoclastic binding sites along the Pmx boundaries. Results: The PS was consistently found between deciduous incisor and canine in strepsirrhines of all ages, whereas the suture passed variably closer to the incisor or canine in haplorhines. In all species, the anterior part of the Pmx was nonarticulating and mostly osteoblastic, except for osteoclastic margins adjacent to dentition and the nasal fossa. Superolaterally, the osteogenic fronts of the PS were osteoblastic, while more inferiorly, at the level of the deciduous canine, the PS was often osteoclastic. Results from OPN immunohistochemistry support the findings on bone cell distribution. Conclusion: Bone cell distribution patterns in perinatal nonhuman primates resemble those described for the prenatal human Pmx, suggesting that differences among species relate to magnitude rather than the pattern of osteogenesis.

scholarly journals Subchondral bone remodelling in osteoarthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Donell
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
Subchondral Bone ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Bone Remodelling ◽  
Delayed Union ◽  
Osteophyte Formation ◽  
Subchondral Sclerosis

Subchondral bone remodelling is an integral part of osteoarthritis and involves the development of subchondral sclerosis seen on plain imaging, along with osteophyte formation. The development of these changes is due to persistent abnormal mechanical stresses which create a cellular and biomolecular response to microfractures in the subchondral bone and osteochondral junction. An early sign is bone marrow lesions seen on MRI scanning. Healing can occur at this stage by correcting the abnormal loads. Persistence leads to what is thought to be a delayed union or nonunion response by the bone. Microfractures of the osteochondral junction, coupled with articular cartilage fissuring and loss, allows synovial fluid to penetrate the subchondral bone along with cytokines and other molecules reacting with the bone cells to increase the pathological effects. This review gives an overview of the current thoughts on subchondral bone remodelling in osteoarthritis that is aimed at orthopaedic surgeons to help in the understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and the role of surgical management. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2019;4 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.4.180102

Effects of Spaceflight on Cultured Bone Cells

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
W.J. Landis
Keyword(s):  
Bone Cells ◽  
Bone Cell ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Fracture Repair ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Gravitational Unloading ◽  
Applied Forces ◽  
External Forces ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Bone is known to alter its architecture, mass, composition, metabolic state, development and function in response to the effects of external forces applied to it, whether those forces be loading or unloading in nature (1). These adaptive changes by bone and the vertebrate skeletal system in general may be imparted by mechanical forces, gravity, buoyancy, or other such influences and manifest themselves in a number of ways. The skeleton of an animal, for example, may increase in mass through exercise and heightened activity, it may lose mass as a result of extended immobilization or weightlessness, or it may remodel during fracture repair processes. A mechanism explaining the adaptation by bone and the skeleton to the presence or absence of applied forces is not completely understood, but the changes are thought to occur ultimately at the cellular level of structure. Studies presented here have examined the relationship between forces and bone cell response in this context: Spaceflight and weightlessness have been utilized to investigate the influence of gravitational unloading on a model of cultured osteoblasts derived from normal embryonic chicken calvaria.

MODEL-BASED ANALYSIS OF IGF-1 EFFECT ON OSTEOBLAST AND OSTEOCLAST REGULATION IN BONE TURNOVER

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (01) ◽  
pp. 63-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
WANG-HEE LEE ◽  
MARTIN R. OKOS
Keyword(s):  
Bone Cells ◽  
Bone Cell ◽  
Main Determinant ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Receptor Activator ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Serum Pth ◽  
Adult Bone ◽  
Model Based Analysis ◽  
Bone Physiology

The main determinant of bone Ca accretion is a bimolecular regulatory network on osteoblast (OB) and osteoclast (OC). Even though IGF-1 is known as an important regulator in bone cell cycle, little has been done to model IGF-1 action in bone cell regulation. Thus, the objective is to develop a mathematical model that depicts the regulatory action of IGF-1 onto the OB and OC interaction, and to evaluate adolescent and adult bone Ca accretion in response to differences in IGF-1 levels. As a result, a dynamic model of OB and OC with two main regulatory systems, i.e., Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor [Formula: see text]B (RANK)-RANK Ligand (RANKL)-osteoprogerin (OPG) system, and TGF-[Formula: see text], was augmented with the IGF-1, and incorporated into Ca kinetic data to predict exchangeable bone Ca. The developed model could predict a change in OB and OC levels in response to perturbations in regulators, producing results consistent with bone physiology and published experimental data. The model also estimated parametric difference in regulators between adults and adolescents, suggesting that RANKL/OPG in adolescents was about 4 times higher than in adults, while adolescent serum PTH and IGF-1 concentrations were 60% and 220% of those of adults, respectively. This study highlighted the influence of IGF-1 on the regulation of bone cells in positively modulating bone Ca, suggesting that IGF-1 may be an effective target for reducing bone loss by promoting mature OB.

scholarly journals Bone Cell Bioenergetics and Skeletal Energy Homeostasis

2017 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan C. Riddle ◽  
Thomas L. Clemens
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Bone Cell ◽  
Intermediary Metabolism ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Rising Incidence ◽  
Metabolic Properties

The rising incidence of metabolic diseases worldwide has prompted renewed interest in the study of intermediary metabolism and cellular bioenergetics. The application of modern biochemical methods for quantitating fuel substrate metabolism with advanced mouse genetic approaches has greatly increased understanding of the mechanisms that integrate energy metabolism in the whole organism. Examination of the intermediary metabolism of skeletal cells has been sparked by a series of unanticipated observations in genetically modified mice that suggest the existence of novel endocrine pathways through which bone cells communicate their energy status to other centers of metabolic control. The recognition of this expanded role of the skeleton has in turn led to new lines of inquiry directed at defining the fuel requirements and bioenergetic properties of bone cells. This article provides a comprehensive review of historical and contemporary studies on the metabolic properties of bone cells and the mechanisms that control energy substrate utilization and bioenergetics. Special attention is devoted to identifying gaps in our current understanding of this new area of skeletal biology that will require additional research to better define the physiological significance of skeletal cell bioenergetics in human health and disease.

Megakaryocyte-driven changes in bone health: lessons from mouse models of myelofibrosis and related disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariya Stavnichuk ◽  
Svetlana V. Komarova
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Bone Cell ◽  
Bone Architecture ◽  
Bone Homeostasis

Over the years, numerous studies demonstrated reciprocal communications between processes of bone marrow hematopoiesis and bone remodeling. Megakaryocytes, rare bone marrow cells responsible for platelet production, were demonstrated to be involved in bone homeostasis. Myelofibrosis, characterized by an increase in pleomorphic megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, commonly leads to the development of osteosclerosis. In vivo, an increase in megakaryocyte number was shown to result in osteosclerosis in GATA-1low, NF-E2-/-, TPOhigh, Mpllf/f;PF4cre, Lnk-/-, Mpig6b-/-, Mpig6bfl/fl;Gp1ba-Cr+/KI, Pt-vWD mouse models. In vitro, megakaryocytes stimulate osteoblast proliferation and have variable effects on osteoclast proliferation and activity through soluble factors and direct cell-cell communications. Intriguingly, new studies revealed that the ability of megakaryocytes to communicate with bone cells is affected by the age and sex of animals. This mini-review summarises changes seen in bone architecture and bone cell function in mouse models with an elevated number of megakaryocytes and the effects megakaryocytes have on osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro, and discusses potential molecular players that can mediate these effects.

scholarly journals Inhibition of glypican-1 expression induces an activated fibroblast phenotype in a human bone marrow-derived stromal cell-line

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhneeraj P. Kaur ◽  
Arti Verma ◽  
Hee. K. Lee ◽  
Lillie M. Barnett ◽  
Payaningal R. Somanath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Stromal Cell ◽  
Prostate Cancer Cell ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Human Bone Marrow ◽  
Prostate Cancer Cells

AbstractCancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant stromal cell type in the tumor microenvironment. CAFs orchestrate tumor-stromal interactions, and contribute to cancer cell growth, metastasis, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, and chemoresistance. However, CAFs have not been successfully targeted for the treatment of cancer. The current study elucidates the significance of glypican-1 (GPC-1), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, in regulating the activation of human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BSCs) of fibroblast lineage (HS-5). GPC-1 inhibition changed HS-5 cellular and nuclear morphology, and increased cell migration and contractility. GPC-1 inhibition also increased pro-inflammatory signaling and CAF marker expression. GPC-1 induced an activated fibroblast phenotype when HS-5 cells were exposed to prostate cancer cell conditioned media (CCM). Further, treatment of human bone-derived prostate cancer cells (PC-3) with CCM from HS-5 cells exhibiting GPC-1 loss increased prostate cancer cell aggressiveness. Finally, GPC-1 was expressed in mouse tibia bone cells and present during bone loss induced by mouse prostate cancer cells in a murine prostate cancer bone model. These data demonstrate that GPC-1 partially regulates the intrinsic and extrinsic phenotype of human BSCs and transformation into activated fibroblasts, identify novel functions of GPC-1, and suggest that GPC-1 expression in BSCs exerts inhibitory paracrine effects on the prostate cancer cells. This supports the hypothesis that GPC-1 may be a novel pharmacological target for developing anti-CAF therapeutics to control cancer.

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