Methodology to Investigate the Hydraulic Characteristics of a Water-Powered Piston-Type Proportional Injector Used for Agricultural Chemigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Tang ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Zakaria Issaka ◽  
Chao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Inlet Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
Inlet Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Ratio

Abstract. The proportional injector is commonly used in agricultural chemigation due to its relatively high injection ratio. A major challenge with the proportional injector is related to its dependence on differential pressure, which is significantly influenced by changes in the viscosity, and setting injection ratio. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of differential pressures, solution viscosities, and setting injection ratios on the inlet and injection flow rates of a D25RE2 proportional injector. A mathematical model was developed to represent the hydraulic performance of this proportional injector. Finally, the mathematical model was verified using four different kinds of chemicals (humic acid, urea ammonium nitrate 32% N, fosthiazate, and colza oil). The inlet flow rate increased significantly with increasing differential pressure and decreased with increasing setting injection ratio. Results showed that the highest operating differential pressure should not be greater than 0.15 MPa for the D25RE2 proportional injector. The inlet flow rate gradually decreased with increasing viscosity, and a quadratic function relationship was derived between the inlet flow rate and the viscosity. The injection flow rate decreased with increasing viscosity. However, the viscosity had a slight influence on the injection flow rate when it was lower than 20 mPa·s. Mathematical models for calculating the inlet and injection flow rates with the influence of viscosity were developed, respectively. The coefficient of determination and the root mean square error (RMSE) for inlet flow rate calculation model were 0.8316 and 143.36 kg h-1, respectively. The coefficient of determination and the RMSE for the injection flow rate calculation model were 0.9706 and 0.9520 kg h-1, respectively. The calculating formula of inlet flow rate had a satisfactory accuracy under low differential pressure and high setting injection ratio. The calculating formula of the injection flow rate had a good accuracy, which is useful for calculating the injection flow rate when injected with different kinds of solutions. The average deviations between calculated and experimental injection flow rates with injection ratios of 0.2%, 1.2%, and 2% were obtained as 4.96%, 4.66%, and 4.1% respectively, which indicated that the average deviations decreased with increasing setting injection ratio. Results from this study are useful for both designers and users to effectively manage agricultural chemigation system with the proportional injector. Keywords: Agriculture, Chemigation, Proportional injector, Hydraulic performance.

scholarly journals Investigation of Hydraulic Performance Based on Response Surface Methodology for an Agricultural Chemigation Proportional Injector

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3155
Author(s):  
Pan Tang ◽  
Chao Chen ◽  
Hong Li
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Hydraulic Performance ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Injection Ratio

Injectors are key pieces of equipment for chemigation systems, and their hydraulic performance has a significant effect on chemigation systems and crops. In order to investigate the influence of different working parameters on hydraulic performance for a water-powered proportional injector (PI), three key parameters of inlet and injection flow rate were researched using a one-factor experimental design method. The regression equations between different factors and response variables were established through a response surface method based on one-factor experimental results. Lastly, a mathematical model of the actual injection ratio was established. Some experiments under different, randomly selected parameter combinations were carried out to verify the prediction precision of the mathematical mode. The results showed that the injection flow rate increased first within the differential pressure of 0.05 to 0.10 MPa and then tended towards stability with increasing differential pressure. The injection flow rate decreased by increasing the viscosity and the change in the injection flow rate was small enough when the viscosity was greater than 500 mPa·s. The impact factors, in order of significance, for inlet flow rate were differential pressure, viscosity of injection liquid and setting injection ratio. The impact factors, in order of significance, for injection flow rate were viscosity of injection liquid, setting injection ratio and differential pressure. The regressive model for predicting the actual injection ratio was validated using an experiment and the relative deviation between calculated value and tested value was less than 5.98%, which indicated that the mathematical model had high credibility.

scholarly journals Influence of mineralization and injection flow rate on flow patterns in three-dimensional porous media

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (27) ◽  
pp. 14605-14611 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Moosavi ◽  
A. Kumar ◽  
A. De Wit ◽  
M. Schröter
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow

At low flow rates, the precipitate forming at the miscible interface between two reactive solutions guides the evolution of the flow field.

The Role of Mean Flame Anchoring on the Stability Characteristics of Syngas, Synthesis Natural Gas, and Hydrogen Fuels in a Turbulent Non-Premixed Bluff-Body Combustor

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil Ashokbhai Baraiya ◽  
Satynarayanan R. Chakravarthy
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Momentum Flux ◽  
Bluff Body ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Inlet Flow ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Inlet Flow Rate ◽  
The Difference

Abstract A lab-scale bluff body combustor is mapped for its stability and flame dynamics of non-premixed flames. The characteristics are observed across variations in the fuel composition, as well as in the inlet flow rate. The combustor is seen to exhibit markedly different dynamics for each of the varied fuel compositions. This behavior is explained on the basis of mean flame stabilization behavior and on the combined effects of the fuel-jet momentum flux and global equivalence ratio. It is seen that the H2 flames primarily act as a pilot source for secondary combustion of either CO or CH4. Further, it is seen that, the high momentum flux associated with H2-CO mixtures result in combustion near the wall and outside the bluff-body shear layers at low inlet flow rates. Whereas, at high inlet flow rates, the mean heat release rate is seen to stabilize closer to the injection holes as well as extend to near the bluff-body shear layer. This marked difference in flame stabilization is seen to have a drastic effect on the nature of oscillations inside the chamber. This is contrasted to H2-CH4 (synthesis natural gas) flames that exhibit stabilization inside the bluff-body wake at high inlet flow rate. The difference between H2-CH4 and H2-CO flames with regards to combustion dynamics is then explained as a result of the flame stabilization behavior, which is seen to be different across the varied fuel compositions. While H2-CH4 flame exhibits the well-known large wake structures responsible for combustion instability, H2-CO flame exhibits no such structures, owing to their stabilization point. Further analysis using pressure fixed phase instants reveal the difference in nature of combustion dynamics across the tested fuel compositions and are justified using the spatial Rayleigh index map.

scholarly journals Effects of a Dynamic Injection Flow Rate on Slug Generation in a Cross-Junction Square Microchannel

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-yuan Qian ◽  
Min-rui Chen ◽  
Zan Wu ◽  
Zhi-jiang Jin ◽  
Bengt Sunden
Keyword(s):  
Disperse Phase ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
Generation Cycle ◽  
Square Microchannel

The injection flow rates of two liquid phases play a decisive role in the slug generation of the liquid-liquid slug flow. However, most injection flow rates so far have been constant. In order to investigate the effects of dynamic injection flow rates on the slug generation, including the slug size, separation distance and slug generation cycle time, a transient numerical model of a cross-junction square microchannel is established. The Volume of Fluid method is adopted to simulate the interface between two phases, i.e., butanol and water. The model is validated by experiments at a constant injection flow rate. Three different types of dynamic injection flow rates are applied for butanol, which are triangle, rectangular and sine wave flow rates. The dynamic injection flow rate cycles, which are related to the constant slug generation cycle time t0, are investigated. Results show that when the cycle of the disperse phase flow rate is larger than t0, the slug generation changes periodically, and the period is influenced by the cycle of the disperse phase flow rate. Among the three kinds of dynamic disperse flow rate, the rectangular wave influences the slug size most significantly, while the triangle wave influences the separation distance and the slug generation time more prominently.

scholarly journals Investigation of the transport characteristics of Pb(II) in sand-bone char columns

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 003685042110236
Author(s):  
Gang Li ◽  
Jinli Zhang ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
Tao Luo ◽  
Yu Xi
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Column Height ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Complexation Reaction ◽  
Bone Char ◽  
Inlet Flow ◽  
Inlet Flow Rate

Pb(II) leakage from batteries, dyes, construction materials, and gasoline threaten human health and environmental safety, and suitable adsorption materials are vitally important for Pb(II) removal. Bone char is an outstanding adsorbent material for water treatment, and the effectiveness in Pb(II) removing need to be verified. In this paper, the transport characteristics of Pb(II) in columns filled with a sand and bone char mixture were studied at the laboratory scale, and the influences of the initial concentration, column height, inlet flow rate, and competing ion Cu(II) on Pb(II) adsorption and transport were analyzed. The Thomas and Dose-Response models were used to predict the test results, and the mechanisms of Pb(II) adsorption on bone char were investigated. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of the bone char increased with increasing column height and decreased with increasing initial Pb(II) concentration, flow rate, and Cu(II) concentration. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 38.466 mg/g and the saturation rate was 95.8% at an initial Pb(II) concentration of 200 mg/L, inlet flow rate of 4 mL/min, and column height of 30 cm. In the competitive binary system, the higher the Cu(II) concentration was, the greater the decreases in the breakthrough and termination times, and the faster the decrease in the Pb(II) adsorption capacity of the bone char. The predicted results of the Dose-Response model agreed well with the experimental results and were significantly better than those of the Thomas model. The main mechanisms of Pb(II) adsorption on bone char include a surface complexation reaction and the decomposition-replacement-precipitation of calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA). Based on selectivity, sensitivity, and cost analyses, it can be concluded that bone char is a potential adsorbent for Pb(II)-containing wastewater treatment.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the impact of viscosity, injection volume, and injection flow rate on subcutaneous injection tolerance

2015 ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Schwarzenbach ◽  
Cecile Berteau ◽  
Orchidee Filipe-Santos ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Humberto Rojas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Injection Volume ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
The Impact

Research on the Removal Results of Hydrogen Sulfide of the Treatment of Coal Gasification Wastewater Biogas in the Anaerobic Biotrickling Filter

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 2000-2005
Author(s):  
Chun Yan Xu ◽  
Hong Jun Han
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Inlet Flow ◽  
H2s Removal ◽  
Outlet Concentration ◽  
Volume Load ◽  
Inlet Flow Rate

The uncertainty of operating parameters hinders the practical application of the biological desulfurization. To solve this problem, this study which was conducted in room temperature, pH around seven conditions, investigated the effects of the operating parameters on the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal performance in the biotrickling filter, including inlet H2S concentration, inlet flow rate or gas retention time, inlet volume load and circulating liquid spraying flux. The results showed that, the inlet H2S concentration should be controlled within 800mg/m3, 650mg/m3, 400mg/m3, 300mg/m3 respectively while the inlet flow rate was 150L/h, 200L/h, 250L/h, 300L/h, at those conditions, the outlet H2S concentrations were lower than 8mg/m3 and the H2S removal efficiencies were more than 98%. The optimum gas retention time was 12.37s, corresponding to the inlet flow rate of 200L/h, at this time, even if the inlet H2S concentration as high as 700mg/m3, the removal efficiency could be still more than 98%, the outlet concentration of H2S was only 13.1mg/m3. The maximum inlet volume load was 130g/(m3•h), in this condition, the outlet concentration of H2S could be controlled below 12mg/m3, the removal efficiency could above 98.4%.

A new method for prediction of the acoustic performance and design parameter sensitivity analysis of multi-chamber perforated resonators with an irregular cross-section

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Rong Guo ◽  
Zanzan Sun ◽  
Zhen Huang ◽  
Rui Luo
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Prediction ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
New Method ◽  
Frequency Noise ◽  
Acoustic Characteristics ◽  
Inlet Flow ◽  
Acoustic Performance ◽  
Inlet Flow Rate ◽  
Prediction Approach

Abstract Aiming at reducing the high-amplitude and wide-frequency noise in charged air intake system of the powertrain, this paper proposes a new method for predicting the acoustic characteristics of an irregular cross-section multi-chamber perforated resonator under flow conditions. By this method, the presence of three-dimensional sound waves and the effects of higher-order modes are considered, and the acoustic performance of the resonator can be evaluated through the computation of transmission loss. Moreover, by discretizing the cross-section of perforated resonator and extracting node information, this method can solve the acoustic characteristics of the perforated resonator with any cross-section. Based on the transfer matrix method, the quadrupole parameters of each chamber are obtained. Then the acoustic characteristics of the multi-chamber perforated resonator could be calculated. The theoretical prediction data and the experimental data have been compared and the results show good agreement within the entire frequency range, which verifies the accuracy of the theoretical prediction approach. Based on this prediction approach, the influence of section ratio, structure parameters and inlet flow rate on the acoustic characteristics of the resonator is explored. The results show that when the structural parameters change, the peak resonance frequency of the resonator will have a regular shift. With the increase of the inlet flow rate, the main frequency band of sound attenuation will decrease significantly. The theoretical method developed in this work can be used for the calculation and optimization of multi-chamber resonators in various applications.

scholarly journals Effect of Injection Flow Rate on Product Gas Quality in Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Based on Laboratory Scale Experiment: Development of Co-Axial UCG System

Energies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Hamanaka ◽  
Fa-qiang Su ◽  
Ken-ichi Itakura ◽  
Kazuhiro Takahashi ◽  
Jun-ichi Kodama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Coal Gasification ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Underground Coal Gasification ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
Product Gas ◽  
Scale Experiment

Flow Analysis of a Hydrocyclone Designed to High Oil Content Application

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Raposo ◽  
A. O. Nieckele
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Turbulence Models ◽  
Reynolds Stress Model ◽  
Tangential Component ◽  
Inlet Flow ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Inlet Flow Rate

Development of small size and weight separation equipment are crucial for the petroleum off-shore exploration. Since centrifugal fields are several times stronger than the gravity field, cyclonic separation has became very important as a unit process for compact gas-liquid, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid separation. The major difference between the various cyclones is their geometry. Cyclone optimization for different uses is, every year, less based on experiments and more based on mathematical models. In the present work, the flow field inside high oil content hydrocyclones is numerically obtained with FLUENT. The performance of two turbulence models, Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES), to predict the flow inside a high oil content hydrocyclone, is investigated by comparing the results with experimental data available in the literature. All models overpredicted the tangential component, especially at the reverse cone region. However, the prediction of the tangential turbulent fluctuations with LES was significant better than the RSM prediction. The influences of the inlet flow rate and hydrocyclone length in the flow were also evaluated. RSM model was able to foresee correctly, in agreement with experimental data, the correct tendency of pressure drop reduction with decreasing inlet flow rate and increasing length.

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