Physical and Thermal Properties of Chia, Kañiwa, Triticale, and Farro Seeds as a Function of Moisture Content

Abstract.The knowledge of physical and thermal properties in cereals, grains, and oilseeds establishes an essential engineering tool for the design of equipment, storage structures, and processes. The physical properties and thermal properties for Chia, Kañiwa, Farro, and Triticale grains were investigated at three levels of moisture content: 10%, 15%, and 20% (d.b.). Physical properties included 1000-seed weight, dimensions, mean diameters, surface area, volume, sphericity, and aspect ratio. Results indicated 1000-seed weight increased linearly with moisture content from 2.0 to 3.5 g for chia, 2.5 to 4.0 g for kañiwa, 42.7 to 48.3 g for farro, and 51.0 to 53.7 g for triticale. The porosity for farro and triticale increased from 38.71% to 44.1%, 40.37% to 44.65%, respectively, as moisture increased. Angle of repose increased as moisture content increased, as did values of L, a*, and b* for all grains. Thermal properties of kañiwa, farro, and triticale showed high correlation to moisture content. A negative relationship was observed for the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity, while the thermal diffusivity had a positive linear increase trend with moisture content. This study showed that physical and thermal properties varied from grain to grain as a function of moisture content, and these data will be useful for future application development. Keywords: Chia, Farro, Grains, Kañiwa, Moisture, Physical properties, Thermal properties, Triticale.

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Processing of Wild Sunflower with Different Moisture Contents into Solid Bio Fuel

Journal of Energy Research and Reviews ◽

10.9734/jenrr/2021/v7i230185 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Fabie T. Dummapi ◽

Jacqueline I. Liniasan ◽

Marvin T. Valentin ◽

Milagros B. Onalan ◽

Leonardo D. Dumalhin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Properties ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Ignition Time ◽

Volume Density ◽

Ash Content ◽

Burning Time ◽

Wild Sunflower ◽

Average Mass ◽

Moisture Contents

Wild sunflower with moisture contents of 16%, 12% and 8% was densified without the addition of binding agent. The physical properties of the formed briquettes such as mass, dimensions, volume, density and shattering resistance were evaluated. Thermal properties like ignition time, burning time, ash content, and thermal fuel efficiency by means of boiling test were also evaluated. Wild Sunflower stems were gathered and shredded using locally fabricated biomass shredder available at the Research Office of Benguet State University, and were processed into the desired size and moisture contents. Right after the briquetting operation, the physical properties of the briquette were measured and then stored in a zip bag for 24 hours. After the storage, same measurement was conducted. Results show that the influence of moisture contents on the average mass, dimension, shattering resistance, volume and density was statistically insignificant. The wild sunflower with moisture content of 16% had the highest shattering resistance of 88.85%. Furthermore, the influence of moisture content on the thermal properties like ignition time, burning time and ash content are statistically insignificant. Among the moisture contents, the fastest ignition time of 43.75 sec with longest burning time was recorded under 12%. Ash content was also lowest at 12%.

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THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MALAYSIAN COHESIVE SOILS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v78.9623 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 78 (8-5) ◽

Author(s):

Adriana Amaludin ◽

Aminaton Marto ◽

Muhd. Hatta M. Satar ◽

Hassanel Amaludin ◽

Salinah Dullah

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Specific Heat ◽

Cohesive Soil ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Thermal Resistivity ◽

Soil Matrix ◽

Volumetric Specific Heat ◽

Shallow Geothermal Energy

The thermal properties of soils surrounding energy piles are required for the efficient and optimal design of shallow geothermal energy pile systems. In this study, the thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity and volumetric specific heat of two types of Malaysian cohesive soil were obtained through a series of laboratory experiments using a thermal needle probe. This study was conducted to determine the effect of moisture content on the thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity and volumetric specific heat values of the cohesive soil at a given value of soil density. For soils with low to medium moisture content, a linear increase in the thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity was observed as the moisture content gradually increased, while the thermal resistivity values of the soil had decreased. Meanwhile, for soils with high moisture content, the thermal conductivity was observed to have decreased, and a marked increase was seen in the thermal resistivity. This is due to the disruption of the thermal flow continuity in the soil matrix with the presence of moisture in the soil which adversely affects the thermal conductivity

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Influence of Moisture Content on the Thermal Properties of Concrete Containing Agricultural Waste Materials

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.677.241 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 677 ◽

pp. 241-245

Author(s):

Dana Koňáková ◽

Monika Čáchová ◽

Eva Vejmelková

Keyword(s):

Thermal Properties ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Thermal Characteristics ◽

Waste Materials ◽

Experimental Measurements ◽

Transport Parameters ◽

Cement Replacement ◽

Coir Pith

This article deals with concrete containing waste material originating in a coir fibres extraction from outer protective peel of a coconut. Coir pith is used as cement replacement in amount of 5% and 10%. The influence of moisture content on the thermal properties of studied concrete is determined by means of experimental measurements of basic physical properties, hygric transport parameters and thermal characteristics. From achieved results it can be concluded, that the higher amount of coir pith is used, the better values of thermal characteristics material show. But at the same time thermal characteristics are more influenced by moisture content.

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Some Physical Properties of Palmyrah Palm (Borassus flabellifer L.) Fruits

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2021/v40i2431498 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 18-25

Author(s):

P. C. Vengaiah ◽

S. Kaleemullah ◽

M. Madhava ◽

A. Mani ◽

B. Sreekanth

Keyword(s):

Aspect Ratio ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Mild Steel ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Static Friction ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

Average Mass ◽

The Individual

Some physical properties of palmyrah fruit were investigated in this study. The average values of major, medium, minor and geometric mean diameters of fresh whole palmyrah fruit were 11.54,10.45, 9.85 and 10.64 cm respectively at 47.34 % (w.b) moisture content whereas that of palmyrah nut were 8.59, 7.35, 4.99 and 6.79 cm respectively at 8% (w.b) moisture content. Sphericity, surface area and aspect ratio were found to be 91.94%, 359.17 cm2 and 0.90 for fruit and whereas that of nut were 79.19%, 145.16 cm2 and 0.86 respectively. The average mass of the individual palmyrah fruit and nut was 927.78 and 248.10 g whereas bulk density was 525.92 and 693.0 kg/m3 respectively. The coefficient of static friction on mild steel, glass and plywood surfaces were 0.27, 0.21 and 0.25 for palmyrah fruit and 0.36, 0.28 and 0.27 for nut respectively. The angle of repose of palmyrah fruit and nut were 30.77 and 44.03 respectively.

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Characterisation of Wood Particles Used in the Particleboard Production as a Function of Their Moisture Content

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma15010048 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

Dorota Dukarska ◽

Tomasz Rogoziński ◽

Petar Antov ◽

Lubos Kristak ◽

Jakub Kmieciak

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Compression Ratio ◽

Manufacturing Process ◽

Research Work ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

The Core ◽

Wood Particles

The properties of particleboards and the course of their manufacturing process depend on the characteristics of wood particles, their degree of fineness, geometry, and moisture content. This research work aims to investigate the physical properties of wood particles used in the particleboard production in dependence on their moisture content. Two types of particles currently used in the production of three-layer particleboards, i.e., microparticles (MP) for the outer layers of particleboards and particles for the core layers (PCL), were used in the study. The particles with a moisture content of 0.55%, 3.5%, 7%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were tested for their poured bulk density (ρp), tapped bulk density (ρt), compression ratio (k), angle of repose (αR), and slippery angle of repose (αs). It was found that irrespective of the fineness of the particles, an increase in their moisture content caused an increase in the angle of repose and slippery angle of repose and an increase in poured and tapped bulk density, while for PCL, the biggest changes in bulk density occurred in the range up to 15% of moisture content, and for MP in the range above 7% of moisture content, respectively. An increase in the moisture content of PCL in the range studied results in a significant increase in the compression ratio from 47.1% to 66.7%. The compression ratio of MP increases only up to 15% of their moisture content—a change of value from 47.1% to 58.7%.

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Determination of selected physical properties of Brachystegia eurycoma seeds

Research in Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.17221/14/2009-rae ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 55 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 165-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

M.C. Ndukwu

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Surface Area ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Solid Density ◽

Axial Dimension ◽

Design And Construction

The research looked at some selected physical properties of Brachystegia eurycoma, such as axial dimension, roundness, sphericity, surface area, bulk density, solid density, porosity, and volume which are essential in the design and construction of the processing and handling equipments of Brachystegia eurycoma. All the above physical properties measured showed some deviations from the average values which is typical of agricultural biomaterials. Solid density showed the highest deviation of 4.04 g/mm3 while the volume showed the least deviation of 0.01 mm3 when compared to those of other physical properties. The angle of repose increased with the increase in the moisture content with a coefficient of determination of 0.98.

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MOISTURE-DEPENDENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MEDICAL TINY SEEDS: PART A: FLIXWEED (DESCURAINIA SOPHIA L.)

Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities ◽

10.30825/5.ejpau.197.2021.24.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Amir Hossein Mirzabe ◽

◽

Ali Fadavi ◽

Ali Mansouri ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Surface Area ◽

Particle Density ◽

Arithmetic Mean ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

Projected Area ◽

Angle Of Friction ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Length Width

Knowledge of agricultural seeds’ physical properties has significant importance for machinery and processing equipment design. Physical properties of flixweed (Descur ainia sophia L.) seeds were determined as a function of moisture content. Several properties were studied in the moisture range from 5.28 to 17.53% dry basis. Also, probability distribution of seeds’ principal dimensions were modeled by Gamma, Generalized Extreme Value, Lognormal, and Weibull functions. With increasing moisture content from 5.28 to 17.53%, properties including; length, width, thickness, geometric and arithmetic mean diameter, sphericity, specific surface area, volume, and projected area showed no specific trend. In contrast, the surface area increased from 6×10-7 to 1×10-6 m2. The bulk and particle density decreased from 696.61 to 542.51 kg·m-3, and 1217.50 to 1189.02 kg·m-3, respectively. The porosity increased from 42.78 to 54.37%. The maximum external static angle of friction belonged to wood at all moisture content levels, followed by the iron and galvanized surfaces. At all moisture levels, the emptying angle of repose was more than the filling one.

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Effect of moisture content on physical properties of cashew nut of different varieties

Journal of Plantation Crops ◽

10.19071/jpc.2016.v44.i2.3105 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Shrikant Baslingappa Swami ◽

N.J. Thakor A.M. Gawai

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Surface Area ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

True Density ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Effect Of Moisture

The physical properties, viz., geometric diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume, bulk density, true density and angle of repose was measured for four cashew varieties viz., Vengurle 1, Vengurle 3, Vengurle 4 and Vengurle 7 at different moisture content (15 to 87% db). For Vengurle 1 as the moisture content increased, the physical properties i.e., geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 20.8 to 22.1 mm, 3485 to 4416 mm3, 1355 to 1540 mm2, 984 to 1030 kg m-3 and 32 to 37˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 74.2 to 71.4 per cent and 490 to 418 kg m-3 respectively. For Vengurle 3 geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 27.2 to 28.6 mm, 7912 to 9169 mm3, 2320 to 2567 mm2, 1020 to 1048 kg m-3 and 33 to 35.5˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 75.5 to 75.2 per cent and 531 to 470 kg m-3 respectively. For Vengurle 4 the geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 21.0 to 24.1mm, 3362 to 5113 mm3, 1391 to 1828 mm2, 970 to 1030 kg m-3 and 32.5 to 38˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 65.8 to 66.8 per cent, 517 to 462 kg m-3, respectively. For Vengurle 7 the geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 24.2 to 24.9 mm, 5102 to 5547 mm3, 1840 to 1941 mm2, 998 to 1045 kg m-3 and 33 to 38˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 65.4 to 65.8 per cent, 518 to 438 kg m-3, respectively.

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Moisture-dependent Physical and Thermal Properties of Sericea Lespedeza Seeds

Applied Engineering in Agriculture ◽

10.13031/aea.13228 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 389-397

Author(s):

Ajit K Mahapatra ◽

Daniel E Ekefre ◽

Hema L Degala ◽

Somashekhar M Punnuri ◽

Thomas H Terrill

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Specific Heat ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

Sericea Lespedeza ◽

Mean Diameter

Abstract. The bioactivity of Sericea lespedeza (SL) condensed tannins, including suppression of gastrointestinal nematodes, has contributed to a surge in interest of use of this plant in livestock production systems worldwide. Physical and thermal properties of SL seeds (AU Grazer™ and Serala cultivars) were determined as a function of moisture content for a moisture range from 8.57% to 26.53%, wet basis. The length, width, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, surface area, volume, and 1000 seed mass of both the seeds increased as the moisture content increased. Bulk density and unit density decreased as the moisture content increased. The sphericity of SL seeds decreased with increasing moisture content. Serala seeds were characterized by a higher aspect ratio than AU Grazer™. The angle of repose of SL seeds increased, while the compressibility index decreased in the moisture range. For color, the L* values of SL seeds decreased while the a* values increased with the increase in moisture content. A decrease in the b* values was insignificant. The thermal conductivity and specific heat of SL seeds decreased, whereas, thermal diffusivity increased as the moisture content of SL seeds increased. Serala seeds were characterized by higher values of thermal conductivity and volumetric specific heat than AU Grazer™. Keywords: Engineering properties, Moisture content, Physical properties, Seeds, Thermal properties.

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Physical Properties of Naked Oat Seeds (Avena nuda L.)

International Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijfe-2012-0016 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 339-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Guang-yue Ren ◽

Ping Yao ◽

Nan Fu ◽

Dong Li ◽

Yubin Lan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Static Friction ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

Naked Oat ◽

Oat Seeds ◽

Avena Nuda ◽

Length Width ◽

Content Range

Abstract Some physical properties of the naked oat seeds were determined as a function of moisture content ranging from 9.56 to 18.07% (wet basis, w.b.). Seed length, width, thickness, and geometric mean diameter were increased from 7.89 to 8.81 mm, 2.32 to 3.09 mm, 1.85 to 2.77 mm, and 3.24 to 4.22 mm, respectively, with the increase of moisture content. The bulk and true densities of the seed samples were decreased from 682.1 to 533.1 kg/m3 and from 1,280.6 to 1,162.8 kg/m3, respectively. The average static friction coefficients of the seeds on the surfaces of plywood, stainless steel, and polypropylene knitted bags were increased from 0.403 to 0.674, from 0.371 to 0.496, and from 0.562 to 0.765, respectively, when the moisture content of these samples were increased from 9.56 to 18.07% (w.b.). The static angle of repose varied from 24.38° to 39.17° in the moisture content range.

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