Granular Fertilizer Mass Flow Measurement and Vehicle Experiments Based on Microwave Doppler Method

HighlightsA microwave Doppler-based fertilizer mass flow measurement system was developed.The measurement system was applied in vehicle experiments.Power spectra of mass flow signal and vibration signal were obtained and analyzed.Interference suppression algorithm based on CA-CFAR reduced vibration interference.Fertilizer mass flow measurement accuracy was improved by interference suppression.Abstract. The fertilizer mass flow measurement system is typically installed on the fertilizer applicator. However, vehicle vibrations are inevitable during field operation of fertilizing equipment, and can interfere with mass flow signals, thereby affecting the accuracy of mass flow measurements. In this article, a mass flow measurement system based on the microwave Doppler method was introduced. The dominant frequency (fdot) related to fertilizer velocity and the power spectral density (PSD) related to fertilizer concentration were obtained from the Doppler signal of the granular fertilizer processed using fast Fourier transform. The product of fdot and PSD is defined as the sensor output value (SOV). The relationship between SOV, PSD, and fertilizer mass flow (FMF) was studied under vehicle conditions. The linear regression models of 22-8-10 (MOP) high-nitrogen poly-?-glutamic acid fertilizer were established using the least squares method, and the vibration signals were measured. Based on analysis of the power spectra of the mass flow and vibration signals, an interference suppression algorithm based on cell average constant false alarm rate (CA-CFAR) was presented to reduce vibration interference. To verify the performance of the novel vibration interference reduction algorithm, vehicle experiments were conducted at different tractor velocities. The results show that mass flow measurements ranged from 1300 to 3000 g min-1. It was found that using only the PSD related to concentration for flow measurement gave better measurement accuracy compared with SOV, and relative errors of the system were within 8.1%. Correlation between the PSD and FMF improved with interference suppression algorithm based on CA-CFAR. The determination coefficient increased from 0.01 to 0.92, 0.97 to 0.99, and 0.96 to 0.98 at three different tractor velocities, respectively. From the results, it was evident that the algorithm effectively eliminated vibration interference signals in vehicle conditions. In future work, the conditions of the soil will be considered and the performance of the mass flow measurement system will be tested in the field. Keywords: Fertilizer mass flow, Microwave Doppler radar, Tractor vibration, Vehicle experiment, Vibration interference suppression.

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Review of Critical Flowmeters for Gas Flow Measurements

Journal of Basic Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.3658664 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 84 (4) ◽

pp. 447-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

B. T. Arnberg

Keyword(s):

Mass Flow ◽

Flow Measurement ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Flow Measurements ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Real Gas ◽

Discharge Coefficients ◽

Critical Nozzles ◽

Mass Flow Rates ◽

Flow Functions

Critical flowmeters for accurately measuring the mass flow rates of nonreacting real gases were reviewed. Discussions were presented on theoretical flow functions, on parameters for correlating discharge coefficients, and on the importance of real gas properties. The performance characteristics of critical nozzles and orifices of several designs were reviewed. Approaches were discussed to problems which must be researched before the fullest potential of this type of flow measurement can be realized.

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Accurate Field Compressor Inlet Flow Measurement System

Volume 6: Ceramics; Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Education; Manufacturing Materials and Metallurgy ◽

10.1115/gt2019-91955 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Joshua McConkey ◽

Richard H. Bunce ◽

Heiko Claussen

Keyword(s):

Pressure Drop ◽

Gas Turbine ◽

Mass Flow ◽

Measurement System ◽

Flow Measurement ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Flow Meters ◽

Air Mass ◽

Safety Margins ◽

Compressor Inlet

Abstract Understanding the amount of air that enters a gas turbine is important for calculating their performance and efficiency. Flow meters are almost never used to measure that flow in production engines. Typical flow meters are impractical because the air flow into the compressor is very large, up to 1400 lbs/s (635 kg/s) or 1,000,000 ft3/min (28,300 m3/min), and typically an intentional pressure drop is involved in the measurement. This pressure drop negatively impacts the performance of the engine. If inlet air mass flow were known accurately without negatively impacting the engine performance, then engines could be run more efficiently. Currently, inlet mass flow is typically inferred, rather than measured. This leads to increased safety margins which require engines to be run more conservatively, i.e., at lower power. This paper describes a novel, inexpensive, and accurate air mass flow measurement system with negligible impact on engine performance.

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Modeling and Simulation of Mass Flow Measurement Process by TDLAS

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.1032 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 631-632 ◽

pp. 1032-1036

Author(s):

Xin Zhou ◽

Guang Yu Wang ◽

Dong Sheng Qu

Keyword(s):

Modeling And Simulation ◽

Diode Laser ◽

Absorption Spectroscopy ◽

Mass Flow ◽

Flow Measurement ◽

Measurement Accuracy ◽

Calculated Data ◽

Tunable Diode Laser ◽

Laser Absorption ◽

Diode Laser Absorption

Based on the mass flow measurement by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), the process of air flow measurement was modeled and simulated. Using the Gridgen software, we drew the model inlet grid. And we used fluid calculation program to calculate gas condition in the inlet model. Under the set conditions, we got the mass flow of the model. Compared the mass flow which is measured by the TDLAS technology with the calculated data, we can obtain the measurement accuracy of TDLAS.

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Soot Mass Flow Measurement System Using Triboelectricity and Ultrasonic

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5304 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 383-390 ◽

pp. 5304-5308

Author(s):

Yan Jun Zhao ◽

Xuan Zhao ◽

Shu Sheng Yue

Keyword(s):

Numerical Simulation ◽

Mass Flow ◽

Measurement System ◽

Flow Measurement ◽

Ultrasonic Method ◽

Gas Velocity ◽

Electrostatic Induction ◽

Soot Mass ◽

On Line ◽

Line Measure

A new method, triboelectricity and ultrasonic, for the soot mass flow measurement is developed. The direct rod-shaped sensor is used to measuring the triboelectricity charge and the ring sensor is used to measuring the electrostatic induction charge. The pure-triboelectricity can be figured out and the pure-triboelectricity is eliminated the influence of the electrostatic induction. Through the numerical simulation, the proportion between the electrostatic induction charge and the electrostatic induction charge is presented. The gas flowrate is measured by the ultrasonic. The soot mass flow can be figured out through the pure-triboelectricity and the gas velocity. Additionally, the sample calibration equipment based on the pure-triboelectricity and ultrasonic method is also introduced. Experimental results show the method can on-line measure the soot mass flow.

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INSTANTANEOUS FUEL MASS FLOW MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR USE IN VERIFICATION OF LOCOMOTIVE EMISSIONS

10.33915/etd.3781 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Adam Wayne James

Keyword(s):

Mass Flow ◽

Measurement System ◽

Flow Measurement ◽

Fuel Mass ◽

Design And Implementation

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Soot Mass Flow Measurement System Using Triboelectricity and Ultrasonic

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.2629 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 433-440 ◽

pp. 2629-2634 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yan Jun Zhao ◽

Xuan Zhao ◽

Shu Sheng Yue

Keyword(s):

Numerical Simulation ◽

Mass Flow ◽

Measurement System ◽

Flow Measurement ◽

Ultrasonic Method ◽

Gas Velocity ◽

Electrostatic Induction ◽

Soot Mass ◽

On Line ◽

Line Measure

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Structured methods for improving flow measurement accuracy in pipelines

Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika ◽

10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-5-30-35 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 30-35

Author(s):

Gurami N. Akhobadze

Keyword(s):

Flow Measurement ◽

Measurement Accuracy ◽

Directional Coupler ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Scattered Wave ◽

Orthogonal Polarization ◽

Flow Sensors ◽

Information Signal ◽

Mass Flows ◽

Processing Device

In the age of digital transformation of production processes in industry and science the development and design of intelligent flow sensors for granular and liquid substances transferring through pipelines becomes more important. With this in view new approaches for improving the accuracy of microwave flowmeters are proposed. Taking into account the characteristics ofelectromagnetic waves propagating through a pipeline, a wave scattered by inhomogeneities of the controlled medium is analyzed. Features of the transformation of the polarized scattered wave limiting the geometric dimensions of the pipeline and optimizing the values of the useful scattered signal are revealed. Expediency of collection of the information signal with orthogonal polarization of the scattered wave and through a directional coupler is substantiated. The method of estimating the measurement accuracy with reference to the signal-to-noise ratio at the input of the processing device is given. The research results can be used in cryogenic machine engineering to measure volume and mass flows of liquid cryogenic products.

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Investigation of the influence of the flow structure on the accuracy of flow measurement before a hydrometric structure in an open channel

Melioration and Water Management ◽

10.32962/0235-2524-2019-5-41-44 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 41-44

Author(s):

Anatoly Kusher

Keyword(s):

Velocity Profile ◽

Flow Velocity ◽

Water Flow ◽

Flow Measurement ◽

Water Discharge ◽

Critical Depth ◽

Flow Measurements ◽

Study Results ◽

Flow Velocity Profile ◽

Upstream Flow

The reliability of water flow measurement in irrigational canals depends on the measurement method and design features of the flow-measuring structure and the upstream flow velocity profile. The flow velocity profile is a function of the channel geometry and wall roughness. The article presents the study results of the influence of the upstream flow velocity profile on the discharge measurement accuracy. For this, the physical and numerical modeling of two structures was carried out: a critical depth flume and a hydrometric overfall in a rectangular channel. According to the data of numerical simulation of the critical depth flume with a uniform and parabolic (1/7) velocity profile in the upstream channel, the values of water discharge differ very little from the experimental values in the laboratory model with a similar geometry (δ < 2 %). In contrast to the critical depth flume, a change in the velocity profile only due to an increase in the height of the bottom roughness by 3 mm causes a decrease of the overfall discharge coefficient by 4…5 %. According to the results of the numerical and physical modeling, it was found that an increase of backwater by hydrometric structure reduces the influence of the upstream flow velocity profile and increases the reliability of water flow measurements.

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Swirl–nozzle interaction experiment: quasi-steady model-based analysis

Experiments in Fluids ◽

10.1007/s00348-021-03271-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 62 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Lionel Hirschberg ◽

Friedrich Bake ◽

Karsten Knobloch ◽

Angelo Rudolphi ◽

Sebastian Kruck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Flow Rate ◽

Mass Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Acoustic Pressure ◽

Quantitative Information ◽

Acoustic Response ◽

Flow Measurements ◽

Flow Rate Change ◽

Interaction Experiment ◽

Swirl Stabilized Combustion

AbstractMeasurements of sound due to swirl–nozzle interaction are presented. In the experiment a swirl structure was generated by means of unsteady tangential injection into a steady swirl-free flow upstream from a choked convergent–divergent nozzle. Ingestion of swirl by the choked nozzle caused a mass-flow rate change, which resulted in a downstream-measured acoustic response. The downstream acoustic pressure was found to remain negative as long as the swirl is maintained and reflections from the open downstream pipe termination do not interfere. The amplitude of this initial acoustic response was found to be proportional to the square of the tangential mass-flow rate used to generate swirl. When the tangential injection valve was closed, the mass-flow rate through the nozzle increased, resulting in an increase of the downstream acoustic pressure. This increase in signal was compared to the prediction of an empirical quasi-steady model, constructed from steady-state flow measurements. As the opening time of the valve was varied, the signal due to swirl evacuation showed an initial overshoot with respect to quasi-steady behavior, after which it gradually decayed to quasi-steady behavior for tangential injection times long compared to the convection time in the pipe upstream of the nozzle. This demonstrates that the acoustic signal can be used to obtain quantitative information concerning the time dependence of the swirl in the system. This could be useful for understanding the dynamics of flow in engines with swirl-stabilized combustion. Graphic abstract

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