scholarly journals Deficit Irrigation Strategies for the Western U.S.

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1813-1825
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Trout ◽  
Terry A. Howell ◽  
Marshall J. English ◽  
Derrel L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
List Type ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Water Supplies

HighlightsDeficit irrigation may maximize net income when irrigation water supplies are limited or expensive.Water production functions are used with economic parameters to maximize net income with deficit irrigation.Net income may be insensitive to the amount of deficit irrigation if production costs are appropriate for anticipated yield.Deficit irrigation increases risk.Abstract. Competition for, regulation of, and depletion of water supplies in the western U.S. has resulted in reduced water available for irrigating crops. When the water supply is expensive or inadequate to meet full crop water requirements, deficit irrigation (DI) may maximize net income (NI) by reducing use of expensive water or irrigating more land with limited irrigation supplies. Managed DI entails rational planning and strategic water allocation to maximize NI when water supplies are constrained. Biophysical and economic relationships were used to develop NI models for DI and determine water allocation strategies that maximize NI under three types of water supply constraints. The analyses determined that potential benefits of DI are greatest when water is expensive, irrigation efficiency is low, the water supply is flexible, and rainfed production is not economically viable. When production costs are appropriate for anticipated yields, NI is less sensitive to DI planning decisions. Deficit irrigation will become more important as irrigation water supplies continue to decline in the future. Net income analysis can assist growers in making rational DI decisions. Keywords: Deficit irrigation, Economic analysis, Irrigation management, Net income, Optimization, Water productivity.

scholarly journals Field and Modeling Study on Manual and Automatic Irrigation Scheduling under Deficit Irrigation of Greenhouse Cucumber

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9819
Author(s):  
Abdelraouf R. E. ◽  
H. G. Ghanem ◽  
Najat A. Bukhari ◽  
Mohamed El-Zaidy
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Control ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Arid Zones

The primary goal of all those working in the field of sustainable water management, particularly in the arid and semi-arid zones, is to increase irrigation efficiency, reduce irrigation water losses, and improve water productivity for all crops. This study assessed the automatic irrigation scheduling and irrigation management on the growth, yield, and water productivity of cucumber under greenhouse conditions. A field experiment was conducted using cucumber grown in aplastic greenhouse during the winter of 2017/18 and 2018/19 at the research farm station of the National Research Centre (NRC), El-Noubaria Region, Behaira Governorate, Egypt. In a split-plot experiment, two different methods to control irrigation scheduling (manual control (MC) and automatic control (AC)) were used in the main plots and three deficit irrigation treatments (100% of full irrigation (FI), 80% of FI, and 60% of FI). Through the obtained results, it was found that the use of the automatic control of the irrigation schedule led to an improvement in the productivity and quality characteristics of the cucumber crop. Automatic irrigation control created healthy conditions for the plant roots located under the least water stress. This led to an increase in nitrogen uptake at the ages of 3, 5, 7, and 9 weeks after planting in addition to improving the total leaf area and the chlorophyll content of leaves, which consequently had a greater effect on increasing yield and water productivity of cucumber. Although the highest values of cucumber productivity were obtained with irrigation at 100% of FI, there were no significant differences between 100% FI and 80% of FI, therefore it is preferable to irrigate at 80% of FI, and this means saving 20% of irrigation water that can be used to irrigate other areas. The SALTMED model simulating all of the following evaluation criteria performed well for soil moisture content and N-uptake as well as the leaves area, the yield, and water productivity of cucumber for all treatments for the two growing seasons 2017/18 and 2018/19, with the overall R2 of 0.882, 0.903, 0.975, 0.907, and 0.933, respectively.

Lucerne yield, water productivity and persistence under variable and restricted irrigation strategies

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Rogers ◽  
A. R. Lawson ◽  
K. B. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) has the potential to be grown widely under water-limiting conditions in the dairy region of northern Victoria and southern New South Wales, Australia, possibly because of its greater water productivity and because irrigation management of lucerne can be more flexible compared with other forage species. A large-scale field experiment was conducted at Tatura in northern Victoria, over 5 years to determine the effects of limiting (deficit) and non-limiting irrigation management on the dry matter (DM) production, water productivity (irrigation and total water productivity) and stand density (or persistence) of lucerne. Nine irrigation treatments were imposed that included full irrigation, partial irrigation and no irrigation in either a single, or over consecutive, irrigation seasons. In the fifth year of the experiment, all plots received the full irrigation treatment to examine plant recovery from the previous irrigation treatments. In any one year, there was a linear relationship between DM production and total water supply (irrigation plus rainfall plus changes in soil water) such that DM production decreased as the total water supply – due to deficit irrigation – decreased. Over the 5 years, annual DM production ranged from 1.4 to 17.7 t DM ha–1 with the highest production occurring in plots that received full irrigation. Irrigation water productivity was inversely related to the amount of water used and was higher in the treatments that had only been partially irrigated for that year compared with the treatments that had been fully watered for that year. Total water productivity values were significantly lower only in the treatments that had not been irrigated for that year, and there was little difference between the treatments that were only partially watered during the year and the fully watered treatments (range 9.1–12.2 kg DM ha–1 mm–1 for Year 4). There was no significant reduction in plant density or plant persistence in those plots where deficit irrigation had been imposed. However, the high irrigation regime and poor drainage in the fully irrigated border-check plots significantly reduced plant density and allowed weed infestation in the fifth year of the experiment. These results suggest that, although lucerne DM production is directly related to total water use and may be significantly reduced in the irrigation regions of south-eastern Australia in seasons when water is restricted, the lucerne stand is able to fully recover once a full irrigation regime is resumed. This makes lucerne an ideal forage species for situations when water is limiting.

scholarly journals Optimization of Irrigation Water Depth under Water Limiting Condition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ismaeil Kamali ◽  
Hossein Ansari ◽  
Rouzbeh Nazari
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Limiting Condition ◽  
Optimum Water ◽  
Water Depths

Abstract Water productivity is a major challenge in all agricultural regions and despite the use of pressurized irrigation system, it has not increased as expected in Iran. In addition, in spite of water shortage in Iran, gardeners because of lack of knowledge in economic consequences do not welcome deficit irrigation and irrigation scheduling. To this end, optimization of irrigation water depth in an orange orchard was conducted for two irrigation scheduling methods (with and without 4 days irrigation frequency) under water and land limitations conditions by mathematical analysis of production and cost functions. Then, their effect on the net income by changing in water and fruit price was assessed. Production and cost functions were developed based on two scenarios of applied water including only irrigation water depth and irrigation water depth plus rainfall. According to results, when water is limiting, by using the optimum water depth (Ww), 26% of irrigation water use can be saved that causes only 3–4% decrease in the net income per unit of land and 16% increase in the net income per unit of irrigation water. In addition, when water limiting is serious, using 46% deficit irrigation (Wew) is more useful and resultes the highest water productivity, even though it causes 14–17% decrease in the net income per unit of land. However in water limiting condition, if land is not limiting, using Wew causes the maximum net income per unit of land even 50–60% more than full irrigation. Moreover, using the optimum water depths in water limitation conditions (Ww and Wew) increases the water productivity 26–47% relative to full irrigation. On the other side, the net income and the amount of optimum water depths are not sensitive to the price of water at the present value of water. However, they are highly sensitive to the price of fruit. Furthermore, having an irrigation schedule causes 27% increase in the net income per unit of land. According to positive effects of deficit irrigation and irrigation scheduling on the water productivity and the income, they are highly recommended for addressing water scarcity in Iran.

scholarly journals Maize Seedling Establishment, Grain Yield and Crop Water Productivity Response to Seed Priming and Irrigation Management in a Mediterranean Arid Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 756
Author(s):  
AbdAllah M. El-Sanatawy ◽  
Ahmed S. M. El-Kholy ◽  
Mohamed M. A. Ali ◽  
Mohamed F. Awad ◽  
Elsayed Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Crop Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Regimes

Water shortage is a major environmental stress that destructively impacts maize production, particularly in arid regions. Therefore, improving irrigation management and increasing productivity per unit of water applied are needed, especially under the rising temperature and precipitation fluctuations induced by climate change. Laboratory and field trials were carried out in the present study, which were aimed at assessing the possibility of promoting maize germination, growth, grain yield and crop water productivity (CWP) using seed priming under different irrigation regimes. Two seed priming treatments, i.e., hydro-priming and hardening versus unprimed seeds, were applied under four irrigation regimes, i.e., 120, 100, 80 and 60% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc). The obtained results indicated that increasing irrigation water from 100% up to 120% ETc did not significantly increase grain yield or contributing traits, while it decreased CWP. Deficit irrigation of 80 and 60% ETc gradually decreased grain yield and all attributed traits. Seed priming significantly ameliorated seedlings’ vigor as indicated by earlier germination, higher germination percentage, longer roots and shoots, and heavier fresh and dry weight than unprimed seeds with the superiority of hardening treatment. Additionally, under field conditions, seed priming significantly increased grain yield, yield contributing traits and CWP compared with unprimed treatment. Interestingly, the results reflect the role of seed priming, particularly hardening, in mitigating negative impacts of drought stress and enhancing maize growth, grain yield and attributed traits as well as CWP under deficit irrigation conditions. This was demonstrated by a significant increase in grain yield and CWP under moderate drought and severe drought conditions compared with unprimed treatment. These results highlight that efficient irrigation management and seed priming can increase maize yield and water productivity in arid environments.

scholarly journals High Nitrogen Fertilization Modulates Morpho-Physiological Responses, Yield, and Water Productivity of Lowland Rice under Deficit Irrigation

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1291
Author(s):  
Nasr M. Abdou ◽  
Mohamed A. Abdel-Razek ◽  
Shimaa A. Abd El-Mageed ◽  
Wael M. Semida ◽  
Ahmed A. A. Leilah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers

Sustainability of rice production under flooding conditions has been challenged by water shortage and food demand. Applying higher nitrogen fertilization could be a practical solution to alleviate the deleterious effects of water stress on lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in semi-arid conditions. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted during the summer of 2017 and 2018 seasons. These trials were conducted as split-split based on randomized complete blocks design with soil moisture regimes at three levels (120, 100 and 80% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), nitrogen fertilizers at two levels (N1—165 and N2—200 kg N ha−1) and three lowland Egyptian rice varieties [V1 (Giza178), V2 (Giza177) and V3 (Sakha104)] using three replications. For all varieties, growth (plant height, tillers No, effective tillers no), water status ((relative water content RWC, and membrane stability index, MSI), physiological responses (chlorophyll fluorescence, Relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), and yield were significantly increased with higher addition of nitrogen fertilizer under all water regimes. Variety V1 produced the highest grain yield compared to other varieties and the increases were 38% and 15% compared with V2 and V3, respectively. Increasing nitrogen up to 200 kg N ha−1 (N2) resulted in an increase in grain and straw yields by 12.7 and 18.2%, respectively, compared with N1. The highest irrigation water productivity (IWP) was recorded under I2 (0.89 kg m−3) compared to (0.83 kg m−3) and (0.82 kg m−3) for I1 and I3, respectively. Therefore, the new applied agro-management practice (deficit irrigation and higher nitrogen fertilizer) effectively saved irrigation water input by 50–60% when compared with the traditional cultivation method (flooding system). Hence, the new proposed innovative method for rice cultivation could be a promising strategy for enhancing the sustainability of rice production under water shortage conditions.

scholarly journals Can Sustained Deficit Irrigation Save Water and Meet the Quality Characteristics of Mango?

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Leontina Lipan ◽  
Aarón A. Carbonell-Pedro ◽  
Belén Cárceles Rodríguez ◽  
Víctor Hugo Durán-Zuazo ◽  
Dionisio Franco Tarifa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Peel Color

Mango is one of the most cultivated tropical fruits worldwide and one of few drought-tolerant plants. Thus, in this study the effect of a sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) strategy on mango yield and quality was assessed with the aim of reducing irrigation water in mango crop. A randomized block design with four treatments was developed: (i) full irrigation (FI), assuring the crop’s water needs, and three levels of SDI receiving 75%, 50%, and 33% of irrigation water (SDI75, SDI50, and SDI33). Yield, morphology, color, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), organic acids (OA), sugars, minerals, fiber, antioxidant activity (AA), and total phenolic content (TPC) were analyzed. The yield was reduced in SDI conditions (8%, 11%, and 20% for SDI75, SDI50, and SDI33, respectively), but the irrigation water productivity was higher in all SDI regimes. SDI significantly reduced the mango size, with SDI33 generating the smallest mangoes. Peel color significantly changed after 13 days of ripening, with SDI75 being the least ripe. The TA, AA, and citric acid were higher in SDI75, while the TPC and fiber increased in all SDI levels. Consequently, SDI reduced the mango size but increased the functionality of samples, without a severe detrimental effect on the yield.

scholarly journals Effect of cropping strategies on the irrigation water productivity of durum wheat

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Khaledian MR ◽  
Mailhol JC ◽  
P. Ruelle ◽  
C. Dejean
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Climatic Series ◽  
Irrigation Water Productivity

The importance of irrigation for durum wheat is often questionable because of possible spring rainfalls in the south-east of France. The cropping strategies i.e. plant density (PD), sowing date and irrigation management were analysed for improving irrigation water productivity (IWP). An experiment was carried out to calibrate and validate the PILOTE model. An adaptation of the potential harvest index to PD was implemented in PILOTE. The latter satisfactorily simulates different model outputs with coefficients of efficiency greater than 0.97. The model was employed for simulating the impact of cropping strategies on IWP for a long climatic series. According to model simulations, the necessity of irrigation is questionable under our conditions. IWP was notably lower under high PD than under low PD for the same sowing date. Under low PD and without irrigation it would be possible to obtain yield similar to that obtained under high PD with irrigation.

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