scholarly journals Agarwood formation in Aquilaria beccariana and Aquilaria microcarpa in response to inoculation of newly isolated fungi from Brunei Darussalam

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
YUMNI HAZIQAH MOHAMMAD ◽  
Pooja Shivanand ◽  
Faizah Metali ◽  
Hussein Taha ◽  
NUR BAZILAH AFIFAH MATUSSIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induction Treatment ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Artificial Induction ◽  
Short Time

Abstract. Mohammad YH, Shivanand P, Metali F, Taha H, Matussin NBA, Abdul-Halim AMA, Mohaimin AZ. 2021. Agarwood formation in Aquilaria beccariana and Aquilaria microcarpa in response to inoculation of newly isolated fungi from Brunei Darussalam. Biodiversitas 22: 4131-4138. Aquilaria is an important agarwood-producing tree, but naturally occurring agarwood is rare. Artificial induction method is the most commonly used to produce agarwood in a short time. Out of the 21 species of Aquilaria, Brunei Darussalam houses two species that produce high quality agarwood, namely Aquilaria beccariana and A. microcarpa. The aims of this study are to artificially induce agarwood formation using eight different induction treatments: six fungal inoculant treatments with two control treatments, and to isolate and identify fungal strains from naturally infected agarwood tree using DNA barcoding. Agarwood formation was observed at four different time intervals i.e. 1, 3, 6 and 9 months of post-inoculation. Results exhibited that the area and the total length of discoloration zone were significantly greater at 6 and 9 months of incubation period. Induction treatment did not significantly affect the area and the total length of discoloration. FTIR analysis revealed that two aromatic compounds (C – H and C – C stretching) were detected at the wavelength ranges of 3000 – 2800 cm-1, and 1500 – 1400 cm-1 respectively, and OH group was detected at 3600 – 3400 cm-1.  Nine fungal strains from Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor and Trichosporon were isolated and identified from a naturally infected agarwood, and the last two fungi (Mucor and Trichosporon) were never been previously reported.

Proposal of PV Output Estimate Method in Short Time Intervals

2016 ◽  
Vol 136 (12) ◽  
pp. 891-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuhiro Matsuda ◽  
Kazuhiro Misawa ◽  
Hirotaka Takahashi ◽  
Kenta Furukawa ◽  
Satoshi Uemura
Keyword(s):  
Time Intervals ◽  
Estimate Method ◽  
Short Time

EVALUATION OF SHORT TIME INTERVALS IN NORMAL AGING AND LATE-LIFE DEPRESSIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-69
Author(s):  
Elena Yu. Balashova ◽  
◽  
Lika I. Mikeladze ◽  
Elena K. Kozlova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Life ◽  
Normal Aging ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Short Time

scholarly journals Protection of Citrus Rootstocks Against Phytophthora spp. with a Hypovirulent Isolate of Phytophthora nicotianae

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 958-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Colburn ◽  
J. H. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Fibrous Roots ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Phytophthora root rot of citrus in Florida is caused by Phytophthora nicotianae and P. palmivora. A naturally occurring isolate of P. nicotianae (Pn117) was characterized as hypovirulent on citrus roots. Pn117 infected and colonized fibrous roots, but caused significantly less disease than the virulent isolates P. nicotianae Pn198 and P. palmivora Pp99. Coincident inoculation of rootstock seedlings of Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata) or Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata) with the hypovirulent Pn117 and the virulent isolates Pn198 and Pp99 did not reduce the severity of disease caused by the virulent Phytophthora spp. When either rootstock was inoculated with the hypovirulent Pn117 for 3 days prior to inoculation with virulent isolates, preinoculated seedlings had significantly less disease and greater root weight compared with seedlings inoculated with the virulent isolates alone. Recovery of the different colony types of Phytophthora spp. from roots of sweet orange (C. sinensis) or Swingle citrumelo was evaluated on semiselective medium after sequential inoculations with the hypovirulent Pn117 and virulent Pp99. Pn117 was isolated from roots at the same level as the Pp99 at 3 days post inoculation. Preinoculation of Pn117 for 3 days followed by inoculation with Pp99 resulted in greater recovery of the hypovirulent isolate and lower recovery of the virulent compared with coincident inoculation.

scholarly journals Neural Network Approach for Global Solar Irradiance Prediction at Extremely Short-Time-Intervals Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1213
Author(s):  
Ahmed Aljanad ◽  
Nadia M. L. Tan ◽  
Vassilios G. Agelidis ◽  
Hussain Shareef
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Backpropagation Neural Networks ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Short Time

Hourly global solar irradiance (GSR) data are required for sizing, planning, and modeling of solar photovoltaic farms. However, operating and controlling such farms exposed to varying environmental conditions, such as fast passing clouds, necessitates GSR data to be available for very short time intervals. Classical backpropagation neural networks do not perform satisfactorily when predicting parameters within short intervals. This paper proposes a hybrid backpropagation neural networks based on particle swarm optimization. The particle swarm algorithm is used as an optimization algorithm within the backpropagation neural networks to optimize the number of hidden layers and neurons used and its learning rate. The proposed model can be used as a reliable model in predicting changes in the solar irradiance during short time interval in tropical regions such as Malaysia and other regions. Actual global solar irradiance data of 5-s and 1-min intervals, recorded by weather stations, are applied to train and test the proposed algorithm. Moreover, to ensure the adaptability and robustness of the proposed technique, two different cases are evaluated using 1-day and 3-days profiles, for two different time intervals of 1-min and 5-s each. A set of statistical error indices have been introduced to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. From the results obtained, the 3-days profile’s performance evaluation of the BPNN-PSO are 1.7078 of RMSE, 0.7537 of MAE, 0.0292 of MSE, and 31.4348 of MAPE (%), at 5-s time interval, where the obtained results of 1-min interval are 0.6566 of RMSE, 0.2754 of MAE, 0.0043 of MSE, and 1.4732 of MAPE (%). The results revealed that proposed model outperformed the standalone backpropagation neural networks method in predicting global solar irradiance values for extremely short-time intervals. In addition to that, the proposed model exhibited high level of predictability compared to other existing models.

scholarly journals Optimal Perturbations of an Oceanic Vortex Lens

Fluids ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Meunier ◽  
Claire Ménesguen ◽  
Xavier Carton ◽  
Sylvie Le Gentil ◽  
Richard Schopp
Keyword(s):  
Normal Mode ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
Azimuthal Wave ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Short Time

The stability properties of a vortex lens are studied in the quasi geostrophic (QG) framework using the generalized stability theory. Optimal perturbations are obtained using a tangent linear QG model and its adjoint. Their fine-scale spatial structures are studied in details. Growth rates of optimal perturbations are shown to be extremely sensitive to the time interval of optimization: The most unstable perturbations are found for time intervals of about 3 days, while the growth rates continuously decrease towards the most unstable normal mode, which is reached after about 170 days. The horizontal structure of the optimal perturbations consists of an intense counter-shear spiralling. It is also extremely sensitive to time interval: for short time intervals, the optimal perturbations are made of a broad spectrum of high azimuthal wave numbers. As the time interval increases, only low azimuthal wave numbers are found. The vertical structures of optimal perturbations exhibit strong layering associated with high vertical wave numbers whatever the time interval. However, the latter parameter plays an important role in the width of the vertical spectrum of the perturbation: short time interval perturbations have a narrow vertical spectrum while long time interval perturbations show a broad range of vertical scales. Optimal perturbations were set as initial perturbations of the vortex lens in a fully non linear QG model. It appears that for short time intervals, the perturbations decay after an initial transient growth, while for longer time intervals, the optimal perturbation keeps on growing, quickly leading to a non-linear regime or exciting lower azimuthal modes, consistent with normal mode instability. Very long time intervals simply behave like the most unstable normal mode. The possible impact of optimal perturbations on layering is also discussed.

scholarly journals Breeding Strategies to Improve Miscanthus as a Sustainable Source of Biomass for Bioenergy and Biorenewable Products

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Clifton-Brown ◽  
Kai-Uwe Schwarz ◽  
Danny Awty-Carroll ◽  
Antonella Iurato ◽  
Heike Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Commercial Expansion

Miscanthus, a C4 perennial grass native to Eastern Asia, is being bred to provide biomass for bioenergy and biorenewable products. Commercial expansion with the clonal hybrid M. × giganteus is limited by low multiplication rates, high establishment costs and drought sensitivity. These limitations can be overcome by breeding more resilient Miscanthus hybrids propagated by seed. Naturally occurring fast growing indigenous Miscanthus species are found in diverse environments across Eastern Asia. The natural diversity provides for plant breeders, the genetic resources to improve yield, quality, and resilience for a wide range of climates and adverse abiotic stresses. The challenge for Miscanthus breeding is to harness the diversity through selections of outstanding wild types, parents, and progenies over a short time frame to deploy hybrids that make a significant contribution to a world less dependent on fossil resources. Here are described the strategies taken by the Miscanthus breeding programme at Aberystwyth, UK and its partners. The programme built up one of the largest Miscanthus germplasm collections outside Asia. We describe the initial strategies to exploit the available genetic diversity to develop varieties. We illustrate the success of combining diverse Miscanthus germplasm and the selection criteria applied across different environments to identify promising hybrids and to develop these into commercial varieties. We discuss the potential for molecular selections to streamline the breeding process.

An Automatic Paperless Velocity Measuring and Recording System

2014 ◽  
Vol 889-890 ◽  
pp. 745-748
Author(s):  
Jian Sheng Cao ◽  
Wan Jun Zhang ◽  
Xin Hua Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Optical Pulse ◽  
Electric Pulse ◽  
Automatic Monitoring ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Stream Flows ◽  
Fluid Flow Velocity ◽  
Photoelectric Sensor ◽  
Velocity Measuring ◽  
Short Time

Automatic monitoring of hydrologic properties such as water velocity at short-time intervals is critical for understanding watershed eco-hydrological processes. This can also be used to study the laws of stream flows and interactions ecological process. The advent of modern electronic technology (and the near-perfection of especially sensor and data collection technologies), has made it possible to use automatic monitoring systems to continuously measure hydrologic properties at short-time intervals. This paper introduces one such paperless flow velocity measuring/recoding system. The system uses a photoelectric sensor that is mainly comprised of photoelectric velocity sensor and pulse recorder. The system uses propellers (with reflective panels and photoemission cells) to transform flow velocities into optical pulse signals. It also uses photosensitive tubes to transform optical pulse signals into electric pulse signals. The electric pulse counts (generated in unit time) are recorded via pulse recorders. This therefore accomplishes automatic monitoring and continuous recording of fluid flow velocity.

Counseling Parents of Children With Behavior Problems: The Use of Extinction and Time-Out Techniques

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Drabman ◽  
Greg Jarvie
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Inappropriate Behavior ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Alternative Behavior ◽  
Home Setting ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Behavior Response ◽  
Disciplinary Problems ◽  
The Family ◽  
Selection Of

The pediatrician is the professional most frequently sought out for advice concerning disciplinary problems with children in the home. Behavioral psychologists have advocated the use of contingent ignoring and time-out procedures to help reduce problem behaviors; however, practicing pediatricians have found that these two procedures are often not successful. In fact, sometimes the two procedures seem to exacerbate inappropriate behavior. This paper documents the difficulties found in using the ignoring and/or time-out procedures in the home setting. Potential pitfalls in the use of ignoring, including not specifying the target behavior, not taking a baseline, inadvertently, intermittently reinforcing the inappropriate behavior, response bursts, spontaneous recovery, and not reinforcing an appropriate alternative behavior, are described. In addition, several pitfalls in the use of the time-out procedure, including selection of isolation area, inappropriate selection of time intervals, interference from others in the family, and escape attempts on the part of the child are discussed. For each potential problem a remedy is suggested.

scholarly journals The Toxic Effect of Manganese on the Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Rat Brains

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Yousefi Babadi ◽  
Leila Sadeghi ◽  
Kobra Shirani ◽  
Ali Akbar Malekirad ◽  
Mohammad Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Chronic Dose ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Chronic Doses ◽  
Dose Dependent

Manganese (Mn) is a naturally occurring element and an essential nutrient for humans and animals. However, exposure to high levels of Mn may cause neurotoxic effects. Accumulation of manganese damages central nervous system and causes Parkinson’s disease-like syndrome called manganism. Mn neurotoxicity has been suggested to involve an imbalance between the DAergic and cholinergic systems. The pathological mechanisms associated with Mn neurotoxicity are poorly understood, but several reports have established it is mediated by changing of AChE activity that resulted in oxidative stress. Therefore we focused the effect of Mn in AChE activity in the rat’s brain by MnCl2injection intraperitoneally and analyzed their brains after time intervals. This study used different acute doses in short time course and different chronic doses at different exposing time to investigate which of them (exposing dose or time) is more important in Mn toxic effect. Results showed toxic effect of Mn is highly dose dependent and AChE activity in presence of chronic dose in 8 weeks reaches acute dose in only 2 days.

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