OVERCOME AND UNAVOIDABLE BARBARISM: DISCIPLINE OF THE MACEDONIAN INFANTRY IN THE AGE OF PHILIP II AND ALEXANDER THE GREAT

Цель исследования заключается в анализе дисциплинированности македонской пехоты эпохи великих завоеваний IV в. до н.э. Задачами являются рассмотрение мероприятий Филиппа II, направленных на повышение дисциплины в македонской армии, определение их эффективности, выявление сути дисциплинарных проблем, характерных для фалангитов времен Филиппа и Александра. Исследование опиралось на всесторонний анализ античных письменных источников, сравнительно-исторический метод, метод контент-анализа. Определено, что традиционно для пешего ополчения царства Аргеадов, как и для аналогичного компонента вооруженных сил соседних «варварских» народов, была свойственна низкая дисциплинированность. Посредством интенсивных тренировок, введения системы поощрений и взысканий Филиппу II удалось привить македонским пехотинцам дисциплину, высокий уровень которой был продемонстрирован в войнах за господство на Балканском полуострове, а затем подтвержден в период Восточного похода Александра. Базисом дисциплинарных мотивов фалангитов следует считать выгоды от принадлежности к царской армии и сформировавшуюся корпоративную идентичность. Тем не менее, большое военное значение корпуса македонских пехотинцев и его сплоченность сделали возможными и массовые выступления, в ходе которых воины открыто протестовали против военно-стратегических и политико-административных решений монарха, не соответствующих интересам войска. The main aim of this research is the analysis of the Macedonian infantry discipline in the period of the great conquests of 4th century BC. The research objectives are the review of Philip’s II actions to improve the Macedonian army discipline, the determining their effectiveness, the identifying the essence of disciplinary problems which are connected with the phalangites of Phillips and Alexander’s times. A multi-faceted approach to the ancient narrative sources, methods of comparative historical analysis and content analysis have been used. It defends that traditionally for infantry militia of the Argead Kingdomas well as for a similar component of the neighboring barbarian societies’ armed forces the law discipline was typical. Through intensive training, the introduction of a system of rewards and penalties, Philip II managed to instill for the Macedonian infantry discipline which high level was demonstrated in wars of domination in Balkan Peninsula and confirmed during the Alexander's Asian expedition. The phalangites’disciplinary motives were based on benefits of belonging to the royal army and an established corporate identity. However, the great military importance of the Macedonian infantry and their unity made possible mass demonstrations, during which the military protested against the military–strategic and political–administrative decisions of the monarch, which did not correspond to the interests of the army.

Restorative Justice as Another Way of Dealing with Bullying in South African Schools

Bullying has long been a serious problem in schools across the globe, including in South Africa. The traditional methods of dealing with disciplinary problems, such as bullying in schools, have had limited success in terms of stemming the rise of this phenomenon. Out of concern about the growing problem of bullying in schools, some countries have turned to restorative justice as a solution. International research shows promising results of restorative justice approaches in terms of their impact on countering bullying among learners. This paper explores restorative justice as another way of dealing with bullying in South African schools.

School Based Action Research on Implemetation of Life Skill Education for Positive Behaviour Outcome

The research study titled “School Based Action Research on the implementation of Life Skills Education in schools”, broadly aimed to observe positive behavioral change in teachers and students through the implementation of Life Skills Education in schools. This is to be achieved by converging on a sub theme: “Can Life Skills Education address and deal with disciplinary issues in Tshangkha Central School”. The research is carried out at Tshangkha Central School, Trongsa with classes IX – XII students. This paper assesses whether life skills education can curb out the disciplinary problems in the school. It begins with a review of the literature on indiscipline; its types; causes; life skill education, and utilizes that literature to identify how ten core life skills could be applied to address and deal with disciplinary issues. Research methodology implored are questionnaire, applicability and transferability test, interview and school disciplinary records register. It is primarily a mixed method. After the analysis of the data there has been evidence of Life Skills Education (LSE) being successful in addressing and dealing with disciplinary issues in Tshangkha Central School (TCS).

The Role of Education and Schools in Crime Prevention among Child Offenders in Malaysia: Moving forward

Children subjected to suspensions and expulsions from schools are often more susceptible to truancy and anti-social behaviour. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are (a) to examine the adequacy of the existing legal framework in providing effective crime prevention measures in schools and whether the laws are meeting the international legal framework; and (b) to propose viable crime prevention measures that help address the disciplinary problems in schools. A qualitative study is undertaken to meet these objectives, and the findings from this study can help schools develop more holistic measures in addressing disciplinary cases of children in schools. Keywords: disciplinary cases; punishments, restorative justice; juvenile justice system. eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI:

Metode Reward and Punishment sebagai Basis Peningkatan Kedisiplinan Siswa Madrasah Diniyyah

Discipline character has a significant role in shaping the personality of students. In the context of learning, the discipline also has a relationship with the process of teaching and learning activities because it is one of the important factors that encourage student achievement. This paper discusses the form and implementation of reward and punishment that applies at Madrasah Diniyyah Al-Mahrusiyyah Putra as a way to shape the character of students' discipline and the basis for improving their learning achievement. The results of this study found that the forms of rewards given were various, including; gave several awards, prizes, and certificates of appreciation for students who passed the Nadzam festival, the best Nadzam class, exemplary students, and also given to other outstanding students. The forms of punishment given include giving punishments in the form of reprimands and advice, squatting, crossing for students who are late, giving red cards to students whose average test scores are low, giving punishments for a little physical contact, physical punishment for students who often do not get paid. In addition, breaking the rules and being undisciplined. The various forms of application of rewards and punishments that are given in stages according to the level and frequency of mistakes made show that disciplinary problems can be resolved properly and impact learning achievement because the process of teaching and learning activities becomes more optimal and orderly.

The concept of cultural systems: problems and prospects

The subject of research in this paper is a range of cross-disciplinary problems related to the concept of "cultural system". Examination is conducted on the existing culturological approaches towards the definition of cultural systems; the question is raised on the appropriateness of using this concept in analyzing the spheres of human activity that are not traditionally associated with the concept of “culture”. The author dwells on the mathematics, medicine and religion, proving the effectiveness of culturological research of these spheres of life as the cultural systems. The theoretical and methodological framework is based on the concept of systematicity of culture. This article employs the analytical, comparative, and semiotic methods. The following conclusions are made: 1) any cultural system, besides its specific components, includes the general cultural components that typical to all cultural systems that are part of the single complex  of “culture” and are not specific to its separate cultural systems; 2) the number of cultural systems determined within the culture largely depends on the research perspective, and is virtually limitless. The author’s special contribution, which also determines the scientific novelty of this article, lies in the proposed model of interaction of various cultural systems within a single culture.

Learner discipline in the post-corporal punishment era: What an experience!

Learner discipline is one of the bases of effective teaching and learning. If learners are not well disciplined, schools will not provide the best possible education. Therefore, it is important that good disciplinary measures and procedures be put in place in any school. In this article we investigate how learners in schools are currently being disciplined without violating their human rights. The nature and the causes of learners’ disciplinary problems are fundamental. A qualitative data-collection approach was employed in this research. Purposive non-probability sampling was used to select the participants for the study. Experienced educators from school disciplinary committees, Representative Councils of Learners (RCLs) and the school principals of 4 schools were interviewed. We found that the common causes of learners’ disciplinary problems varied from school to school. Furthermore, effective school management was found to be at the heart of learner discipline and the general academic performance of the school. We recommend that parents as first teachers should instill values and morals for their children to distinguish right from wrong.

Response to Violence

This chapter analyzes Józef Szerynski's awareness of the pathological situation that had prevailed in the Guard of the Labor Battalion, which formed the backbone of the Jewish Order Service. It highlights the first measures Szerynski undertook that were aimed at enforcing discipline among people who were not used to serving in a police organization. It also reviews the daily orders issued between November 1940 and January 1941 that reveal the disciplinary problems Szerynski had to face during this period. The chapter emphasizes how policemen had to be reminded of the need to maintain a proper appearance and to salute all senior officials, signaling obedience to authority. It discusses members of the Jewish Order Service that are still subject to the German judicial authorities in terms of criminal accountability.