scholarly journals Variation in Tensile Properties of Single Vascular Bundles in Moso Bamboo

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-251
Author(s):  
Lili Shang ◽  
Xing'e Liu ◽  
Zehui Jiang ◽  
Genlin Tian ◽  
Shumin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Moso Bamboo ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Fibrous Sheath ◽  
Bamboo Culm ◽  
Functionally Graded Composite ◽  
Bundle Structure

Abstract Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), an apt example of an anisotropic, functionally graded composite material, is the most important commercial bamboo species of China. This species has excellent mechanical properties due to its unique vascular bundle structure. This article examines the variation in mechanical properties of single vascular bundles with respect to their location within a bamboo culm. The mechanical exfoliation method was used to prepare the single vascular bundle. This study found that moso bamboo has superior stiffness and strength. Additionally, the variation in properties was large in the radial direction but minimal in longitudinal direction. The large variation in mechanical properties of vascular bundles can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the fibrous sheath and parenchyma rather than to changes in fibrous sheath properties. This study provides a basis for the structure application for moso bamboo.

scholarly journals A novel method for measuring mechanical properties of vascular bundles in moso bamboo

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 562-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Shang ◽  
Zhengjun Sun ◽  
Xing’e Liu ◽  
Zehui Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Moso Bamboo ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Novel Method

scholarly journals Localization of Peroxidase in Grapes using Nitrocellulose Blotting of Freezing/Thawing Fruits

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio A. Calderón ◽  
Jose M. Zapata ◽  
Romualdo Muñoz ◽  
A. Ros Barceló
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Histochemical Localization ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Bundle Structure

A technique has been developed to study the histochemical localization of peroxidase in Vitis vinifera by blotting freezing/thawing tissue sections on nitrocellulose membranes. After being stained with 4-methoxy- α -naphthol and H2O2, peroxidase-mediated reaction products in mature `Gamay' grapes were seen principally in the skin and, to a lesser extent, the pericarp, where discrete areas of reaction products were located in the vascular bundles. However, for immature `Gamay' and `Grenache' grapes, peroxidase activity in the skin was low and similar to that found in the pericarp. With this technique, fruit vascular bundle structure was preserved. The reliability of the technique in the histochemical localization of peroxidase in grapes was confirmed by fractionation and determining the peroxidase activity in the various tissues.

Free Vibration Analysis of Multilayered Functionally Graded Composite Cylinder

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Kargarnovin ◽  
M. Hashemi
Keyword(s):  
Free Vibration ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Free Vibration Analysis ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Composite Cylinder ◽  
Shape Functions ◽  
Functionally Graded Composite

Free vibration of multilayered composite cylinder which volume fraction of fiber varies according to power law in longitudinal direction has been studied. Rule of mixture model and reverse of that are employed to represent elastic properties of this fibrous functionally graded composite. Strain-displacement relations employed are based on Reissner-Naghdi-Berry’s shell theory. The displacement finite element model of the governing equations of motion is derived by writing weak form of them. The Lagrangian shape functions for in-plane displacements and Hermitian shape functions for displacement in normal direction to the surface of mid-plane are utilized by defining a conformal quadrilateral element. The results show that by appropriate grading material properties of fiber in longitudinal direction the natural frequencies can be increased in comparison with traditional composite in which volume fraction of fiber does not vary.

scholarly journals Effects of Morphological and Anatomical Characteristics of Banana Crown Vascular Bundles on Cutting Mechanical Properties Using Multiple Imaging Methods

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1199
Author(s):  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Haijun Yang ◽  
Heng Xie ◽  
Jieli Duan ◽  
Mohui Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Transition Region ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Cutting Energy ◽  
Multiple Imaging ◽  
Central Stalk ◽  
X Ray Computed

To obtain the appropriate mechanized cutting region for banana dehanding, the methods of X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), Paraffin-embedded tissue section, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were adopted to observe the morphological and anatomical characteristics of vascular bundles of the banana crown. The results indicated that the crown can be divided into three regions, viz., the central stalk–crown transition region (CSCTR), the crown expansion region (CER), and the crown–finger transition region (CFTR). According to the obtained characteristics, the cutting mechanical properties are found to be affected by the relative angle between the vascular bundle and cutter (RAVBC) and the vascular bundle density. In CSCTR, due to the opposite change of RAVBC and density, the cutting mechanical properties become unstable and the cutting energy decreases gradually from 4.30 J to 2.57 J. While in CER, the cutting mechanical properties tend to be stable, and the cutting energy varies in a small range (2.83–2.92 J), owing to the small changes of RAVBC and density. When the vascular bundles cross from the CER to CFTR, the cutting energy increases with the increase of RAVBC and density, which varies from 3.37 to 4.84 J. Accordingly, the appropriate cutting region for dehanding, which can reduce the energy consumption and improve the cutting efficiency, is ascertained to be between CSCTR and CER.

Experimental Study on the Tensile Properties of Bamboo Related to its Distribution of Vascular Bundles

2012 ◽  
Vol 517 ◽  
pp. 112-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Sheng Huang ◽  
Ai Ping Zhou ◽  
Hai Tao Li ◽  
Yi Su ◽  
Guo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Outer Side ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Bamboo Culm ◽  
Natural Composite

Considering bamboo as a 2-phase natural composite made up of vascular bundles (reinforcement or fiber) and matrixes (ground tissues) on the scale of micromechanics. By test of bamboo specimens and analysis of microscopic images of their cross sections, the distribution of vascular bundles along the axial and radial of bamboo culm were investigated. The relations between tensile properties of bamboo and its distribution of vascular bundles were studied. The results show that the vascular bundles are graded distributing along the radius of bamboo culm. The volume fraction of vascular bundles is larger near the outside, and attenuates rapidly to about 40 percent of that at the location away from outer side about 1/3 thickness of bamboo culm, and than slowly reduces to 0 near the inner side of culm. In axial direction, the volume fraction of vascular bundles in the bottom culm is smaller than that in the middle culm where the volume fraction is less variation, and reaches the largest value at the top culm. The tensile moduli and strength of bamboo are linearly related to the volume fraction of vascular bundles. The tensile moduli and the strength of vascular bundle are largely grater than that of matrix. The stiffness and the strength of bamboo are mainly offered by vascular bundles.

scholarly journals Anatomy of the Windmill Palm (Trachycarpus fortunei) and Its Application Potential

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiawei Zhu ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Chuangui Wang ◽  
Hankun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Indentation Modulus ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Fibrous Sheath ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tissue Proportion

The windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl.) is widely distributed and is an important potential source of lignocellulosic materials. The lack of knowledge on the anatomy of the windmill palm has led to its inefficient use. In this paper, the diversity in vascular bundle types, shape, surface, and tissue proportions in the leaf sheaths and stems were studied with digital microscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Simultaneously, fiber dimensions, fiber surfaces, cell wall ultrastructure, and micromechanics were studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a nanoindenter. There is diversity among vascular bundles in stems and leaf sheaths. All vascular bundles in the stems are type B (circular vascular tissue (VT) at the edge of the fibrous sheath (FS)) while the leaf sheath vascular bundles mostly belong to type C (aliform (VT) at the center of the (FS), with the wings of the (VT) extending to the edge of the vascular bundles). In addition, variation among the vascular bundle area and tissue proportion in the radial direction of the stems and different layers of the leaf sheaths is also significant. Microscopically, the fibers in the stem are much wider and longer than that in the leaf sheath. The secondary walls of stem fibers are triple layered while those in the leaf sheath are double layered. The indentation modulus and hardness of the cell wall of leaf sheath fibers are higher than that of the stem. An independent sample t-test also showed a significant difference between stems and leaf sheaths. All this indicates that windmill palm stems and leaf sheaths are two different materials and have different application prospects.

scholarly journals Correlation of the Areal Number Density of Vascular Bundles with the Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Wood (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Rattana Choowang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis Jacq

Currently most of oil palm trunks in Thailand are left on the field to rot or are burnt in the field, not utilized as lumber. To promote such value-added uses, the objective of this study was to characterize the levels and variation within oil palm trunks of their key mechanical properties. In addition, the vascular bundle population was assessed, because this structural characteristic affected density and mechanical properties. The key ones being here were modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and hardness. The 25 years old oil palm trunks were selected from a palm plantation in Surat Thani Province, in southern Thailand. The trees were cut down at 500 mm above ground, cut into dices, then sawn into small pieces in radial direction. Vascular bundle populations and basic densities were determined. Oil palm lumber was sawn from the logs between wood dices, and their mechanical properties were determined. The results indicated that the vascular bundle population density gradually decreased towards the central axis of trunks, and the population density positively correlated with basic density and mechanical properties. This was because the main component of a vascular bundle has fibers with thick cell walls. The data obtained may help select or create products that match the properties of oil palm wood (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), or contributed to the sorting of wood raw material based on, for example, machine vision.

Developing a hybrid Al–SiC-graphite functionally graded composite material for optimum composition and mechanical properties

2020 ◽  
pp. 140625
Author(s):  
Meet Jaydeepkumar Oza ◽  
Karl Günter Schell ◽  
Ethel Claudia Bucharsky ◽  
Tapas Laha ◽  
Siddhartha Roy
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Composite Material ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Optimum Composition ◽  
Functionally Graded Composite

scholarly journals Nitrogen Supply Regulates Vascular Bundle Structure and Matter Transport Characteristics of Spring Maize Under High Plant Density

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Ren ◽  
Ying Jiang ◽  
Ming Zhao ◽  
Hua Qi ◽  
Congfeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Filling Rate ◽  
N Application ◽  
Grain Filling Rate ◽  
Spring Maize ◽  
Matter Transport ◽  
Grain Filling Stage ◽  
Bundle Structure

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer application greatly enhances grain yield by improving dry matter accumulation and grain filling in spring maize. However, how N application rates regulate the vascular bundle structure, matter transport and grain filling of spring maize under a high planting density has been poorly understood thus far. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between grain filling, vascular bundle structure and matter transport efficiency (MTE) of spring maize in the field. Zhongdan909 (ZD909) was used as the experimental material in a 2-year field experiment from 2015 to 2016, and it was grown under different N levels (0, 150, and 300 kg N ha–1) applied to the grain-filling stage of plots with planting densities of 67,500 plants ha–1 (ND) and 90,000 plants ha–1 (HD). Nitrogen application significantly optimized the structure of the big and small vascular bundles. In particular, there was an increase in the total number of small vascular bundles in the peduncle and cob of the ear system, i.e., increases of 51.8% and 25.7%, respectively, and the proportions of small vascular bundles to the total number of vascular bundles in the peduncle and cob were significantly increased. The root bleeding sap and MTE of maize were significantly increased by N application under both ND and HD, as indicated by the significant increase in the rate of 13C-photosynthate allocation to grain and amount of postsilking dry matter at maturity. Moreover, N application greatly improved the mean grain-filling rate (Gmean) under ND and HD by 30.0% and 36.1%, respectively, and the grain-filling rate increased, leading to a distinct improvement in the grain sink at the grain-filling stage. We concluded that nitrogen application significantly optimized the vascular bundle structure of the ear system, increased the MTE and improved photosynthate distribution to the grain, ultimately enhancing the filling rate and grain yield.

Structural integrity and mechanical properties of the functionally graded material based on 316L/IN718 processed by DED technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 811 ◽  
pp. 141038
Author(s):  
Daniel Melzer ◽  
Jan Džugan ◽  
Martina Koukolíková ◽  
Sylwia Rzepa ◽  
Jaroslav Vavřík
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Functionally Graded Material ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Graded Material
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