scholarly journals The state-individual relationship during COVID-19 pandemic – from the human rights point of view

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
Iwona Florek
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Since the outbreak of the Covid-19 epidemic in November 2019 in Wuhan (China) countries experience negative impact of the coronavirus actions on their health care systems. Therefore different administrative regulations are imposed to flatten the disease curve, to ensure fluent and undisturbed work of health units. The goal of the article is to get a closer look at practical aspects of legal and administrative regulations that are imposed in different countries to prevent the spread of coronavirus and analyse them in the context of human rights restrictions. It is difficult, if not impossible, the give a simple answer whether or which restraints are needed. Therefore, the author aims at drawing attention on the slight borderline where the restrictions are necessary for the sake of health and where are they exaggeration of public authority’s power over individuals. The novum of the article is a look at the state-individual relationship according to the concept of W. Osiatyński in the situation of the Covid-19 epidemic. The research method used by the author is the analysis of the relationship between the state and the individual in terms of human rights, taking into account the provisions of law. The practical assessment of the implementation of the protection of individual rights was illustrated by the most recent press reports, both Polish and international.

scholarly journals Framing the Shades of Sustainability in Health Care: Pitfalls and Perspectives from Western EU Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elio Borgonovi ◽  
Paola Adinolfi ◽  
Rocco Palumbo ◽  
Gabriella Piscopo
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Organizations ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Health Care Environment ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Sustainability is momentous for the appropriate functioning of health care systems. In fact, health and sustainability are two strictly related values, which could not be separately sought. While studies discussing the contextualization of this issue with respect to the distinguishing attributes of health care systems are rapidly blooming, there is still little agreement about what is ultimately meant by sustainability in the health care arena. On the one hand, attention is primarily focused on the proper use of available financial resources; on the other hand, people engagement and empowerment are gradually arising as a crucial step to enhance the viability of the health care system. This paper tries to identify, from a conceptual point of view inspired by the European integrative movement, the different shades of sustainability in health care and proposes a recipe to strengthen the long-term viability of health care organizations. The balanced mix of financial, economic, political, and social sustainability is compelling to increase the ability of health care organizations to create meaningful value for the population served. However, the focus on a single dimension of sustainability is thought to engender several side effects, which compromise the capability of health care organizations to guarantee health gains at the individual and collective levels. From this standpoint, further conceptual and practical developments are envisioned, paving the way for a full-fledged understanding of sustainability in the health care environment.

Abortion Rights as Human Rights

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 765-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Rebouché
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Health Law ◽  
Abortion Rights ◽  
Abortion Laws ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Universal Values ◽  
Abortion Access ◽  
The Relationship

This essay maps how human rights have helped advance abortion rights, and it explores the relationship between human rights discourses and abortion access in jurisdictions with under-resourced health systems. The first part describes the incorporation of abortion rights in international human rights documents and in the opinions and reports of human rights bodies. The second part discusses why courts increasingly cite human rights texts in national opinions, noting courts’ invocation of universal values, consensus on limited abortion permission, and state duties to protect women’s rights. The third part examines on-the-ground obstacles to implementing court judgments and national abortion laws. This essay argues that human rights reasoning, rooted in claims to universalism and modernity, may minimize the problems that follow legal change, particularly in places with weak health-care infrastructures. The conclusion considers public health law research that keeps in view the differences among countries’ health-care systems.

Basic Income as a Human Right?

2019 ◽  
pp. 541-552
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Hemel
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Global Commons ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter suggests a human rights–based justification for national basic income schemes, contrasting it with justifications based on welfarist principles or notions of entitlement to a share of the global commons. Starting from the premise that a state is a collective enterprise that generates a surplus, it contends that any human being who is an “obedient” member of that state has a right to some share of the surplus. That right—which arises from the relationship between the individual and the state, and is independent of need—could justify the entitlement to a basic income. Such income should be provided in cash, not in kind, because the latter risks depriving the individual of the enjoyment of his share of the surplus—in effect, forcing him to forfeit or transfer it to others if he does not use the public goods or services provided by the state.

Organizing a diabetes service

2011 ◽  
pp. 2005-2011
Author(s):  
Stephen C. L. Gough
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Care Need ◽  
Delivery Of Care ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

The increasing worldwide incidence and prevalence of diabetes is placing substantial pressures on health care systems and economies. As a consequence individuals involved in the care of people with diabetes are looking at services currently being provided and examining ways in which care can be organized in the most cost-effective manner. Whilst the degree to which diabetes care is delivered differs from country to country, similar fundamental questions are being asked by those involved in the delivery of care, including: What are we currently providing? What do we need to provide? What are we able to provide? Although the answers to these questions are quite different not just between countries but often within specific localities within a country, the ultimate aim is the same: to provide the best possible care to as many people with diabetes as possible. The global diversity of diabetes health care need is enormous and while the solutions will be equally diverse, the approach to the development of a diabetes service will, for many organizations, be similar. The main focus of this chapter is based upon the model or the strategic approach developed in the UK, but many of the individual component parts are present in most health care settings.

Computerisation of hospitals and community areas

1994 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
N. Martini
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Information Management ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
Technology And Culture ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Scientific Documentation ◽  
The Relationship

The application of modern computerised technologies to hospitals and communities represents one of the most critical points for Medicine and Health Care Systems in different countries. The benefits but also the limits of this impact bring up the basic question of the relationship between technology and culture. In order to analyse this relationship the drug has been assumed as “indicator” in the different phases of scientific documentation and information, management of expenditure and clinical research.

A Review of Data on the U.S. Health Sector Fall 2002

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-192
Author(s):  
Ida Hellander
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Health Care Information ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Care Information ◽  
Care Health ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

This report presents information on the state of U.S. health care in mid-2002. It provides data on the uninsured and underinsured and their difficulties in finding health care; the increasing costs of care; health, social, and economic inequalities; and the role of corporate money in health care. Information is also presented on mental health care, the hospital and pharmaceutical industries, Medicare HMOs, and the state of nursing. The author then provides updates on Congressional activity and the results of polls on matters of health, and some data on health care systems elsewhere in the world.

How health care regionalisation in Italy is widening the North–South gap

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Toth
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
The South ◽  
Hospital System ◽  
The North ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Italian National Health Service ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
System 2 ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe Italian National Health Service began experimenting with a significant regionalisation process during the 1990s. The purpose of this article is to assess the effects that this regionalisation process is having on the rift between the north and the south of the country. Has the gap between the health care systems of the northern and southern regions been increasing or decreasing during the 1999–2009 decade? Three indicators will be utilised to answer this question: (1) the level of satisfaction expressed by the citizens towards the regional hospital system; (2) the mobility of the patients among regions; (3) the health care deficit accumulated by the individual regions. On the basis of these three indicators, there is evidence to conclude that, during the decade under study, the gap between the North and the South, already significant, has increased further.

Personal responsibility for health: the impact of digitalisation

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-258
Author(s):  
Andrea Martani ◽  
Georg Starke
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Gerald Dworkin ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Fostering the personal responsibility of patients is often considered a potential remedy for the problem of resource allocation in health care systems. In political and ethical debates, systems of rewards and punishments based on personal responsibility have proved very divisive. However, regardless of the controversies it has sparked, the implementation of personal responsibility in concrete policies has always encountered the problem of practical enforceability, i.e.how causally relevant behaviour can be tracked, allowing policies of this kind to be applied in a fine-grained, economically viable and accurate fashion. In this paper, we show how this hurdle can be seemingly overcome with the advent of digitalisation in health and delineate the potential impact of digitalisation on personal responsibility for health. We discuss how digitalisation – by datafying health and making patients transparent – promises to close the loophole of practical enforceability by allowing to trace health-related lifestyle choices of individuals as well as their exposure to avoidable risk factors. Digitalisation in health care thereby reinforces what Gerald Dworkin has called the causal aspect of personal responsibility and strengthens the implicit syllogism that – since exposure to risk factors happens at the individual level – responsibility for health should be ascribed to the individual. We conclude by addressing the limitations of this approach and suggest that there are other ways in which the potential of digitalisation can help with the allocation of resources in health care.

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