Intellectual disability in twentieth-century Ghana

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
Jane Abraham ◽  
Auberon Jaleel Odoom
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Disabled Persons ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Spiritual Beliefs ◽  
British Colony ◽  
History Of ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
First Time

This chapter recounts, for the first time, the twentieth-century history of intellectual disability in Ghana. the first sub-Saharan British colony to achieve independence in 1957. It outlines the stark clash between the relative recently introduced beliefs of Western individuality and the long-standing beliefs of a more community-based society. In traditional rural Ghanaian society, the mildly or moderately intellectually disabled persons could integrate with relative ease into a labour-intensive agricultural economy, where literacy was not at a premium. For the severely or profoundly disabled person, life was less predictable. Seclusion or even infanticide could arise from both spiritual beliefs about the influence of evil forces or punishment from the gods, and the view that such an individual might not be fully human. Additional factors were economic concerns about families bearing the load of an unproductive person, allocating precious financial resources to the education of a person seen as unlikely to benefit from it, and anxieties about employment and marriageability. Current life stories indicate how some people with intellectual disabilities in Ghana are learning to manage and resist these cultural complexities and assert their own humanity.

Intellectual disability in Hong Kong: then and now

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Phyllis King Shui Wong
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Special Administrative Region ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Self Advocacy ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
British Colony ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities

This chapter explores policy and practice in Hong Kong, and their impact on people with intellectual disabilities and their families. From a historical perspective, this development has consisted of three phases. Hong Kong, the world’s most populated area, remained a British colony until 1997, when it became a special administrative region of the People’s Republic of China. Early service provision began in the 1970s. This was followed by a so-called ‘golden period’ in the 1990s when it seemed that a new age of rights and family- and self-advocacy was dawning. From around the end of the twentieth century a worrying period of minimal progress and stagnation has threatened to submerge earlier gains. Life-stories reflect this trajectory from defiance and struggle in the early days, through the euphoria of progress and change, to the present state of anxiety as victory seems to appear in danger of receding.

Paradoxical lives: intellectual disability policy and practice in twentieth-century Australia

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Lee-Ann Monk
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Disability Policy ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Policy History ◽  
History Of ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Broad Outline

This chapter uses the history of Kew Cottages, (1887-2008), the first purpose-built institution for people with intellectual disabilities in Australia, as a lens through which to explore the history of Australian intellectual disability policy and practice. Influenced by international thinking, the broad outline of Australia’s policy history follows a similar pattern to other western countries. In the first decades of the twentieth century, in an atmosphere of anxiety about the ‘menace of the feeble-minded’, policy emphasised institutional segregation. In its last decades, policies of normalisation and deinstitutionalisation promised to return people with intellectual disabilities to the community. Yet the life stories of the Cottages’ residents recounted here reveal that in the nexus between policy and practice, the lives of people with intellectual disabilities could prove paradoxical.

Marry Me?

Love, Inc. ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 83-112
Author(s):  
Laurie Essig
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
The Real ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Real Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Diamond Ring

Getting engaged now requires more emotional and financial resources than ever before. Here Essig traces the history of engagements from the birth of companionate marriages in the nineteenth century to the invention of rituals like the bended knee and fetish items like the diamond ring in the early twentieth century. But the real change happened at the beginning of the twenty-first century, as engagements became “spectacular,” requiring not just highly staged events but also highly produced videos and images that could then be disseminated to the larger world.

Tito's Secret Empire

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Klinger ◽  
Denis Kuljis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
First Time

This groundbreaking biography of Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia presents many startling new revelations, among them his role as an international revolutionary leader and his relationship with Winston Churchill. It highlights his early years as a Comintern operative, the context for his later politics as a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). The authors argue that in the 1940s, between the dissolution of the Comintern and the rise of NAM, Tito's influence and ambition were far wider than has been understood, extending to Italy, France, Greece and Spain via the international communist networks established during the Spanish Civil War. The book discloses for the first time the connection between Tito's expulsion from the Cominform and the Rome assassination attempt on the Italian Communist Party leader, Palmiro Togliatti — the man who had plotted to overthrow Tito. The book offers a pivotal contribution to our understanding of Tito as a figure of real, rather than imagined, global significance. The book will reward those who are interested in the history of international Communism, the Cold War and the Non-Aligned Movement, or in Tito the man — one of the most significant leaders of the twentieth century.

Intellectual Disability in the Twentieth Century

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities

This book provides a transnational perspective on intellectual disability in the twentieth century with contributions from distinguished authors in 14 countries across 5 continents. Each chapter outlines policies and practice from the featured nation. Life stories illustrate their impact on people with intellectual disabilities and their families. The book brings together accounts of how intellectual disability was viewed, managed and experienced in countries across the globe. It examines the origins and nature of contemporary attitudes, policy and practice; and sheds light on the challenges of implementing the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCPRD).

Is There a Center to American Religious History?

2002 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Vance Trollinger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious History ◽  
American Religious History ◽  
The Past ◽  
American Protestantism ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Martin Marty

Over the past few years I have been dealing with a narrow version of this question, as it has applied to the history of Protestantism in the twentieth century. In our book, Re-Forming the Center: American Protestantism, 1900 to the Present, Douglas Jacobsen and I argued that the two-party model of Protestantism in the United States—conservative vs. liberal, fundamentalist vs. modernist, and so on—does not take into account the remarkable complexity and diversity of the Protestant religious experience in America, and in some sense presents distorted picture of that reality. There were scholars—including Martin Marty, who generously contributed a dissenting essay to our volume—who felt that we had overstated our brief against the two-party paradigm. More relevant for our purposes this evening, there were a number of reviewers who agreed with our critique of the two-party paradigm, but who also expressed disappointment that we provided only the barest outlines of a new or better metaphor or model to explain twentieth-century American Protestantism. While I had not gone into this project thinking that we would end the day with a new interpretive paradigm, I certainly was not surprised by this critique. The very first time I gave a paper on some of our preliminary findings, there was a scholar of U.S. religious history in the audience who squirmed throughout the entirety of my remarks; when I finished, before I had the chance to ask for questions, she blurted out: “I find your argument pretty convincing, but if you can't give me a new model to replace the old one, how am I supposed to teach my course on the history of American Protestantism?” Well, we broaden the topic from Protestantism in the United States to religion in the United States, it would seem that, in many ways, this is the issue we are addressing this evening.

scholarly journals ‘Speaking Kleinian’: Susan Isaacs as Ursula Wise and the Inter-War Popularisation of Psychoanalysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Shapira
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Medical History ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Melanie Klein ◽  
Popular Discourse ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Child Caregivers ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

How did the complex concepts of psychoanalysis become popular in early twentieth-century Britain? This article examines the contribution of educator and psychoanalyst Susan Isaacs (1885–1948) to this process, as well as her role as a female expert in the intellectual and medical history of this period. Isaacs was one of the most influential British psychologists of the inter-war era, yet historical research on her work is still limited. The article focuses on her writing as ‘Ursula Wise’, answering the questions of parents and nursery nurses in the popular journalNursery World, from 1929 to 1936. Researched in depth for the first time, Isaacs’ important magazine columns reveal that her writing was instrumental in disseminating the work of psychoanalyst Melanie Klein in Britain. Moreover, Isaacs’ powerful rebuttals to behaviourist, disciplinarian parenting methods helped shift the focus of caregivers to the child’s perspective, encouraging them to acknowledge children as independent subjects and future democratic citizens. Like other early psychoanalysts, Isaacs was not an elitist; she was in fact committed to disseminating her ideas as broadly as possible. Isaacs taught British parents and child caregivers to ‘speak Kleinian’, translating Klein’s intellectual ideas into ordinary language and thus enabling their swift integration into popular discourse.

scholarly journals The documentary heritage of the ZUNR as a means of deepening relations between the Vatican and Ukraine

2013 ◽  
pp. 273-278
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Velykochyy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

The twentieth century in the history of the Ukrainian people was one of the most significant, ambiguous and contradictory. This concerns, first of all, the definition of the strategic vector of the national-state progress of Ukrainians, which at the beginning of the last century, for the first time in almost 350 years of its unsustainable existence, was threatened by the desire to be the master on their own land, the desire to unite in a single congregation's family.

scholarly journals Iconic Faces of Ukrainian Television (50-70s of the Twentith Century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-232
Author(s):  
Svitlana Kotliar ◽  
Vitalii Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Television Broadcasting ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the research is to analyze the first steps of the television formation in Ukraine, to determine the factors of the television influence's growth on the viewer audience. The research methodology consists of the following methods: historical – analysis of sources about the first steps and development of television in Ukraine in the 50–the 70s of the twentieth century; theoretical – the factors’ study of the increasing television influence on the audience. The scientific novelty of the research is the investigation of the main stages of the television space development of Ukraine in the first decades from the beginning of regular broadcasting, as well as the works of researchers of the history of Ukrainian television, have been thoroughly analyzed, the facts about the first announcers of UT have been systematized for the first time. Conclusions. In the course of the article, we proved that the technical and technological development of television in Ukraine, the growth of its influence on viewers, would have been impossible without prominent figures, representatives of various television professions who took part in the process of organizing and providing television broadcasting. The audience saw some of them on the screens, but many iconic names remained behind the scenes. The task of researchers is to identify the personas and roles of all pioneers and to preserve these names for history, for future generations.

Who is the author of Neria (1992) – and is it a Zimbabwean masterpiece or a neo-colonial enterprise?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-302
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Piotrowska
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Tsitsi Dangarembga ◽  
Development Fund ◽  
White American ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Feminist Film ◽  
The Media ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
First Time

This article focuses on the Zimbabwean film Neria (1992), arguably one of the most important films in the history of sub-Saharan Africa. Directed by the Black Zimbabwean Godwin Mawuru, it was the first feminist film in Zimbabwe and in the region, highlighting the plight of women who become the property of their brothers-in-law after their husbands die. The article addresses the issues of the origins of the story and the authorship of the screenplay. On the final reel of the film, the story credit names the accomplished Zimbabwean female novelist, Tsitsi Dangarembga; while the screenplay credit names Louise Riber. Riber served as the film’s White American editor and co-producer who, with her husband John Riber, managed the Media for Development Fund in Zimbabwe. The key question of this article is simple: who wrote the screenplay for Neria? Through the physical and metaphorical journey of this research, we discover that the story is based on the personal experiences of Anna Mawuru, the director’s mother. This is the first time that this fact has surfaced. As such, this article also offers some reflections on issues of adaption/translation, particularly in the context of postcolonial collaborations.

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