scholarly journals Need for establishing integrated programs to monitor endocrine active compounds

2003 ◽  
Vol 75 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 2435-2444 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Segner
Keyword(s):  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Integrated Monitoring ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
Effect Monitoring ◽  
Integrated Programs ◽  
Basic Biology ◽  
Current Monitoring

Environmental monitoring programs on endocrine active compounds (EACs) have been used to document the level of exposure and to assess the possible association to the occurrence of developmental and reproductive disorders in wildlife. The establishment of causal links between exposure and effect data, however, was found to be difficult due to, for example, the presence of confounding factors or limited understanding of EAC mechanisms and interactions, but also because of conceptual and methodological limitations of current monitoring strategies. In order to provide plausibility of an EAC etiology for a developmental or reproductive alteration in a wildlife population, integrated monitoring programs are needed that will use a combination of complementary approaches: methods for a targeted search for suspected EACs in an environmental mixture, analysis of internal EAC doses instead of external EAC concentrations, utilization of mechanism-based end-points in bioanalytical and effect monitoring, investigation of the basic biology and physiology of wildlife sentinel species, laboratory replication of field effects, as well as consideration of epidemiological and weight-of-evidence criteria in the design and data evaluation of monitoring programs.

scholarly journals Optimizing Trap Characteristics to Monitor the Leaffooted Bug Leptoglossus zonatus (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in Orchards

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 358
Author(s):  
Houston Wilson ◽  
Jessica Maccaro ◽  
Kent Daane
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Surface Texture ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Economic Thresholds ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
Yellow Traps ◽  
Current Monitoring

The leaffooted bug, Leptoglossus zonatus (Heteroptera: Coreidae), has become a key pest of almonds, pistachios, and pomegranates in California. Adults and nymphs directly feed on nuts and fruits, which reduces crop yield and quality and can facilitate pathogen infections. Current monitoring strategies require growers to actively sample the tree canopy, with no economic thresholds being developed for this pest. To improve monitoring of L. zonatus, a three-year study was conducted to identify an optimal trap. A hanging cross-vane panel trap was identified as the best trap type in Year 1, and subsequent work in Years 1–3 focused on refining its use by modifying surface texture and color. Results indicated that coating trap surfaces with the lubricant fluon improved trap catching ability, and adults were most frequently recovered in yellow traps. A hanging cross-vane panel trap with these features could serve as the basis for the development of a new monitoring system for this pest in orchards, which could be improved further if semiochemical lures will be developed.

Monitoring Threatened Species and Ecological Communities

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Biodiversity Monitoring ◽  
Management Effectiveness ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Current Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Activity

Monitoring is integral to all aspects of policy and management for threatened biodiversity. It is fundamental to assessing the conservation status and trends of listed species and ecological communities. Monitoring data can be used to diagnose the causes of decline, to measure management effectiveness and to report on investment. It is also a valuable public engagement tool. Yet in Australia, monitoring threatened biodiversity is not always optimally managed. Monitoring Threatened Species and Ecological Communities aims to improve the standard of monitoring for Australia's threatened biodiversity. It gathers insights from some of the most experienced managers and scientists involved with monitoring programs for threatened species and ecological communities in Australia, and evaluates current monitoring programs, establishing a baseline against which the quality of future monitoring activity can be managed. Case studies provide examples of practical pathways to improve the quality of biodiversity monitoring, and guidelines to improve future programs are proposed. This book will benefit scientists, conservation managers, policy makers and those with an interest in threatened species monitoring and management. Joint recipient of the 2018 Whitley Certificate of Commendation for Conservation Zoology

scholarly journals Challenges and Benefits of Approaches Used to Integrate Regional Monitoring Programs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Arciszewski ◽  
D. R. Roberts ◽  
K. R. Munkittrick ◽  
G. J. Scrimgeour
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Oil Sands ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Discussion Paper ◽  
Integrated Monitoring ◽  
Regional Monitoring ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Northern Alberta ◽  
Combining Information

Although challenging to develop and operate, some degree of integrated monitoring is often necessary, especially at regional scales, to address the complex questions of environmental management and regulation. The concept of integration is well-understood, but its practice across programs and studies can be diverse suggesting a broader examination of the existing general approaches is needed. From the literature, we suggest integration of monitoring can occur across three study components: interpretation, analysis, and design. Design can be further subdivided into partial and full integration. Respectively combining information, data, and designs, we further define these types of integration and describe their general benefits and challenges, such as strength of inference. We further use the Oil Sands Monitoring program in northern Alberta as an example to clarify the practices common among integrated monitoring programs. The goal of the discussion paper is to familiarize readers with the diverse practices of integrated monitoring to further clarify the various configurations used to achieve the wider goals of a program.

scholarly journals Review and reassessment of hazards owing to volcano–glacier interactions in Colombia

2007 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 128-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Huggel ◽  
Jorge Luis Ceballos ◽  
Bernardo Pulgarĺn ◽  
Jair Ramírez ◽  
Jean-Claude Thouret
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Debris Flows ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Explosive Activity ◽  
Integrated Monitoring ◽  
Cordillera Central ◽  
Interaction Processes ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
Downstream Communities ◽  
Scientific Attention

AbstractThe Cordillera Central in Colombia hosts four important glacier-clad volcanoes, namely Nevado del Ruiz, Nevado de Santa Isabel, Nevado del Tolima and Nevado del Huila. Public and scientific attention has been focused on volcano–glacier hazards in Colombia and worldwide by the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz/Armero catastrophe, the world’s largest volcano–glacier disaster. Important volcanological and glaciological studies were undertaken after 1985. However, recent decades have brought strong changes in ice mass extent, volume and structure as a result of atmospheric warming. Population has grown and with it the sizes of numerous communities located around the volcanoes. This study reviews and reassesses the current conditions of and changes in the glaciers, the interaction processes between ice and volcanic activity and the resulting hazards. Results show a considerable hazard potential from Nevados del Ruiz, Tolima and Huila. Explosive activity within environments of snow and ice as well as non-eruption-related mass movements induced by unstable slopes, or steep and fractured glaciers, can produce avalanches that are likely to be transformed into highly mobile debris flows. Such events can have severe consequences for the downstream communities. Integrated monitoring strategies are therefore essential for early detection of emerging activity that may result in hazardous volcano–ice interaction. Corresponding efforts are currently being strengthened within the framework of international programmes.

Optimization of Cupric Chloride Subtractive Etching for Cu High Density Interconnects

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
pp. 000640-000646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Lambert ◽  
Goutham Issac ◽  
Ashish Salunke ◽  
Luwen Lu ◽  
Oliver Chyan
Keyword(s):  
Etch Rate ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Cupric Chloride ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Engineering Controls ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Current Monitoring ◽  
Etch Profile

Abstract The continuously increasing demand for innovation in the miniaturization of microelectronics has driven the need for ever more precise fabrication strategies for device packaging, especially for printed circuit boards (PCBs). Subtractive copper etching is a fundamental step in this processes, requiring very precise control of etch rate and etch profile. Cu etching baths are typically monitored with several parameters including oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity, and specific gravity. However, the etch rate and etch profile can be difficult to control even under strict engineering controls of those monitoring parameters. The mechanism of acidic cupric chloride etching, regeneration and recovery is complex, and the current monitoring strategies can have difficulty controlling the complex interlocking chemical equilibria. We report that thin-film UV-Vis spectroscopy has the capability to effectively monitor the complex changes to the etch bath. UV-Vis also reveals various underlying mechanism reasons for etch bath behavior and illuminates the roles of H+ and Cl− to the etch bath while also providing a means to monitor the Cl−. Furthermore, UV-Vis can be utilized to improve current monitoring strategies, as it can identify and predict etching behavior that the current standard methodologies may have difficulty predicting.

Degradation and detection of fox (Vulpes vulpes) scats in Tasmania: evidence from field trials

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Brown ◽  
D. S. L. Ramsey ◽  
R. Gaffney
Keyword(s):  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Dna Testing ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Linear Features ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
Degradation Rates

Context The Tasmanian Government is attempting to eradicate foxes from Tasmania and carnivore-scat surveys using humans and dogs combined with DNA testing are the main methods of detection. Understanding the rate that scats degrade is a key component for estimating the power of monitoring for detecting cryptic predators and will contribute to a broader understanding of the use of scat monitoring for informing eradication programs. Aims To estimate the degradation rate of fox scats and derive an estimate of the abundance of scats available to observers monitoring for fox presence. Methods In total, 486 fresh fox scats were placed at nine sites within three bioregions in Tasmania and left to degrade for up to 126 days. Scats were observed periodically by both humans and dogs to determine when they became unrecognisable and/or undetectable. Key results Recognition of scats by humans declined faster in summer than in winter and did not vary systematically among bioregions. Median survival times of scats were 19 days in summer and 26 days in winter. Recognition of scats by dogs was higher in summer than in winter, with dogs recognising scats past the time they became unrecognisable to humans. Using estimates of scat degradation derived from human observers, the equilibrium abundance of detectable scats within a fox home range was estimated to be 179–243 scats. However, the abundance of detectable scats on linear features subject to monitoring was estimated to be 10–15 scats. Conclusions Using our estimate of the abundance of scats on linear features, the current distribution of fox scats detected in Tasmania may not be as anomalous as has been suggested by others. However, fox detection from scats will be highly dependent on deposition patterns and distribution of scats on linear features and this should be critically reassessed in Tasmania. Implications Fox scats are not expected to exhibit systematic regional differences in degradation rates that might have an impact on monitoring strategies. Estimates of the abundance of scats detectable by observers are critical for assessing the effectiveness of scat-monitoring programs. We advocate that a rigorous assessment of future scat-monitoring programs in Tasmania be undertaken to determine their power to detect foxes.

Ultrastructural analysis of “Sensory” surface nerve endings and “putative” neurotransmitter sites in Schistosoma mansoni Miracidia

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 962-963
Author(s):  
Betty Ruth Jones ◽  
Steve Chi-Tang Pan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Snail Host ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Basic Biology

INTRODUCTION: Schistosomiasis has been described as “one of the most devastating diseases of mankind, second only to malaria in its deleterious effects on the social and economic development of populations in many warm areas of the world.” The disease is worldwide and is probably spreading faster and becoming more intense than the overall research efforts designed to provide the basis for countering it. Moreover, there are indications that the development of water resources and the demands for increasing cultivation and food in developing countries may prevent adequate control of the disease and thus the number of infections are increasing.Our knowledge of the basic biology of the parasites causing the disease is far from adequate. Such knowledge is essential if we are to develop a rational approach to the effective control of human schistosomiasis. The miracidium is the first infective stage in the complex life cycle of schistosomes. The future of the entire life cycle depends on the capacity and ability of this organism to locate and enter a suitable snail host for further development, Little is known about the nervous system of the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni and of other trematodes. Studies indicate that miracidia contain a well developed and complex nervous system that may aid the larvae in locating and entering a susceptible snail host (Wilson, 1970; Brooker, 1972; Chernin, 1974; Pan, 1980; Mehlhorn, 1988; and Jones, 1987-1988).

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