Definitions of terms relating to reactions of polymers and to functional polymeric materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2003)

2004 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 889-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Horie ◽  
Máximo Barón ◽  
R. B. Fox ◽  
J. He ◽  
M. Hess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Functional Polymers ◽  
Polymer Systems ◽  
The Third ◽  
Polymer Reactions

The document defines the terms most commonly encountered in the field of polymer reactions and functional polymers. The scope has been limited to terms that are specific to polymer systems. The document is organized into three sections. The first defines the terms relating to reactions of polymers. Names of individual chemical reactions are omitted from the document, even in cases where the reactions are important in the field of polymer reactions. The second section defines the terms relating to polymer reactants and reactive polymeric materials. The third section defines the terms describing functional polymeric materials.

scholarly journals Polymer substrates for flexible photovoltaic cells application in personal electronic system

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Znajdek ◽  
M. Sibiński ◽  
A. Strąkowska ◽  
Z. Lisik
Keyword(s):  
Photovoltaic Cells ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Electronic Systems ◽  
Flexible Substrates ◽  
Polyimide Films ◽  
Polymer Substrates ◽  
The Third ◽  
Visible Light Range ◽  
High Elasticity

The article presents an overview of polymeric materials for flexible substrates in photovoltaic (PV) structures that could be used as power supply in the personal electronic systems. Four types of polymers have been elected for testing. The first two are the most specialized and heat resistant polyimide films. The third material is transparent polyethylene terephthalate film from the group of polyesters which was proposed as a cheap and commercially available substrate for the technology of photovoltaic cells in a superstrate configuration. The last selected polymeric material is a polysiloxane, which meets the criteria of high elasticity, is temperature resistant and it is also characterized by relatively high transparency in the visible light range. For the most promising of these materials additional studies were performed in order to select those of them which represent the best optical, mechanical and temperature parameters according to their usage for flexible substrates in solar cells.

Chemical Reactions of the Third Order

1928 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1748-1750 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. E. Germann
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Third Order ◽  
The Third

Chemorheology of Thermosets

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Dae Han
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Polymer System ◽  
Cure Kinetics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Polymer Systems ◽  
Reactive Polymer ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Kinetics Of

Thermosets (e.g., unsaturated polyester, epoxy, urethane) are small molecules containing functional groups, which undergo chemical reactions (commonly referred to as “cure”) in the presence of an initiator(s) or a catalyst(s). In a broader sense, thermosets can be regarded as being parts of reactive polymer systems, which include pairs of polymers (e.g., blends of maleated polyolefin and nylon 6, as presented in Chapter 11) that undergo chemical reactions during compounding, and mixtures of an elastomer and a vulcanizing agent that undergo cross-link reactions (commonly referred to as vulcanization) at an elevated temperature. The subject of investigating the rheological behavior of reactive polymer systems is referred to as “chemorheology.” Since chemorheology is such a very broad field of investigation, one must specify the polymer system under consideration, classifying as chemorheology of thermosets, chemorheology of reactive polymer blends, chemorheology of elastomer vulcanization, and so on. In this chapter, for a number of reasons we restrict our presentation to the chemorheology of thermosets only. These reasons include (1) the limited space available here, meaning that it is not possible to present the chemorheology of every reactive polymer system, (2) thermosets play a very important role in polymer processing from an industrial point of view, and (3) the presentation of the chemorheology of thermosets in this chapter lays the foundation for the presentation of processing of thermosets in Chapters 11–13 of Volume 2. In the 1970s and 1980s, considerable amounts of effort were spent on investigating the chemorheology of thermosets. There are many experimental techniques that have been used to investigate the cure kinetics of thermosets: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dielectric measurements, and rheokinetic measurements. There are monographs (Kock 1977; May 1983; Turi 1981) and a comprehensive review article (Halley and Mackay 1996) on the subject. A better understanding of the chemorheology of thermosets requires an understanding of the kinetics of chemical reactions during cure. It can then easily be surmised that an understanding of the chemorheology of thermosets is much more complex than the rheology of thermoplastics presented in Chapter 6 through Chapter 12.

Definition of terms related to polymer blends, composites, and multiphase polymeric materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2004)

2004 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 1985-2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Work ◽  
K. Horie ◽  
M. Hess ◽  
R. F. T. Stepto
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Multicomponent Mixtures ◽  
Polymer Mixtures ◽  
The Third ◽  
Phase Domain ◽  
Definition Of

The document defines the terms most commonly encountered in the field of polymer blends and composites. The scope has been limited to mixtures in which the components differ in chemical composition or molar mass and in which the continuous phase is polymeric. Incidental thermodynamic descriptions are mainly limited to binary mixtures although, in principle, they could be generalized to multicomponent mixtures.The document is organized into three sections. The first defines terms basic to the description of polymer mixtures. The second defines terms commonly encountered in descriptions of phase domain behavior of polymer mixtures. The third defines terms commonly encountered in the descriptions of the morphologies of phase-separated polymer mixtures.

scholarly journals Ionic Liquids as Floatation Media for Cryo-Ultramicrotomy of Soft Polymeric Materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1554-1557
Author(s):  
Paul Kim ◽  
Emeric David ◽  
Louis Raboin ◽  
Alexander E. Ribbe ◽  
Thomas P. Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Solidification Temperature ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Polymer Systems ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Soft Polymer ◽  
Molecular Solvents

AbstractIonic liquids (ILs) and their mixtures with low molecular solvents present ideal properties for use as flotation liquids in cryo-ultramicrotomy. With control of Tg and η by co-solvent addition, flat, ultra-thin sections are reliably floated onto transmission electron microscopy grids even at temperatures as low as −100°C. Even more, the liquids and their mixtures are stable in the microtome trough for several hours because of low vapor pressure and low solidification temperature. Compared to established flotation media for soft polymer systems, the time and skill needed for cryo-ultramicrotomy are significantly reduced. Although just a handful of ILs are discussed and a good general choice identified, if different liquid characteristics are needed for a particular sample, thousands of additional ILs will perform similarly, giving this new approach enormous flexibility.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Functional Polymers Containing Coumarin Chromophores

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Ines Cazin ◽  
Elisabeth Rossegger ◽  
Gema Guedes de la Cruz ◽  
Thomas Griesser ◽  
Sandra Schlögl
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Networks ◽  
Cycloaddition Reaction ◽  
Functional Polymers ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Polymer Systems ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Photochemical Properties ◽  
Application Fields ◽  
Macromolecular Architecture

Natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives have gained increased attention in the design of functional polymers and polymer networks due to their unique optical, biological, and photochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview over recent developments in macromolecular architecture and mainly covers examples from the literature published from 2004 to 2020. Along with a discussion on coumarin and its photochemical properties, we focus on polymers containing coumarin as a nonreactive moiety as well as polymer systems exploiting the dimerization and/or reversible nature of the [2πs + 2πs] cycloaddition reaction. Coumarin moieties undergo a reversible [2πs + 2πs] cycloaddition reaction upon irradiation with specific wavelengths in the UV region, which is applied to impart intrinsic healability, shape-memory, and reversible properties into polymers. In addition, coumarin chromophores are able to dimerize under the exposure to direct sunlight, which is a promising route for the synthesis and cross-linking of polymer systems under “green” and environment-friendly conditions. Along with the chemistry and design of coumarin functional polymers, we highlight various future application fields of coumarin containing polymers involving tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, soft robotics, or 4D printing applications.

scholarly journals Flame-Retardant Systems Based on Chitosan and Its Derivatives: State of the Art and Perspectives

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 4046
Author(s):  
Giulio Malucelli
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Flame Retardance ◽  
Interesting Application ◽  
Polymer Systems ◽  
Recent Advances

During the last decade, the utilization of chitin, and in par0ticular its deacetylated form, i.e., chitosan, for flame retardant purposes, has represented quite a novel and interesting application, very far from the established uses of this bio-sourced material. In this context, chitosan is a carbon source that can be successfully exploited, often in combination with intumescent products, in order to provide different polymer systems (namely, bulky materials, fabrics and foams) with high flame retardant (FR) features. Besides, this specific use of chitosan in flame retardance is well suited to a green and sustainable approach. This review aims to summarize the recent advances concerning the utilization of chitosan as a key component in the design of efficient flame retardant systems for different polymeric materials.

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