Nana Asma'u's Instruction and Poetry for Present-day American Muslimahs

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 153-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly Mack
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
Copy Editor ◽  
The Press ◽  
Related Text ◽  
Arabic Script

In 1995 I whined to Dave Henige about the difficulties involved in producing a 753-page volume of 383 pages of translated poetry (each including a work number, language of the original, source of the text, an historical introduction, and related text section) containing three orthographies, four languages, 947 footnotes, 241 pages of barely-arranged Arabic-script (but not all Arabic language) facsimiles, six maps, three glossaries, two works cited lists (published and unpublished), two appendices, and an index – all without a copy editor, and for a press demanding camera-ready copy from two novices an ocean apart who had access only to primitive email (remember CompuServe?) that would scramble poetic verse and jumble margins. When I finally took a breath, he smiled. Dave loves a challenge, and loves even more, passing one on. “Write about it,” he said. Suddenly I found myself signed up for the “Technical Problems in Preparing Text and Translations for Camera-Ready Copy” Historical Texts Panel at ASA's 1996 meetings. But that was not enough for Dave. He also expected an article, which I duly produced: “This Will (Not) Be Handled By the Press: Problems and Their Solution in Preparing Camera-Ready Copy for The Collected Works of Nana Asma'u, Daughter of Usman Dan Fodiyo 1793-1864” for History in Africa 25 (1998). In fact, it was Dave who rained on our anticipated title, “The Complete Works…,” dryly inquiring, “How can you be sure?” So it was “Collected Works…” instead.

scholarly journals Trends and Prospects of Development of the Legal Deposit System in Russia: Problems and Practice of Acquisition

2012 ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Tatyana V. Petrusenko ◽  
Irina A. Kiryanova ◽  
Irina V. Eudemiller
Keyword(s):  
Actual State ◽  
National Library ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Library Collection ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Press ◽  
National Archives ◽  
A Current

The problems connected with a current state and prospects of development of the legal deposit system are considered: completeness of legal deposit arrivals; growth of lacunas of the national library collection; technological and technical problems of relationship with national archives of the press and electronic editions; actual state and preservation of legal deposit collection of electronic editions on local carriers; need of improvement of the legal deposit legislation.

The Dominant American View of Freedoms of Press and Speech, in the Decade Leading Up to Ratification of the Federal Bill of Rights

2020 ◽  
pp. 303-336
Author(s):  
Wendell Bird
Keyword(s):  
First Amendment ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Freedom Of The Press ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Narrow View ◽  
The Press ◽  
Freedom Of Press ◽  
The World

In the 1780s in America, the advocates of broad understandings of freedom of press and freedom of speech continued to argue, as “Junius Wilkes” did in 1782, that “[i]f a printer is liable to prosecution and restraint, for publishing pieces on public measures, conceived libellous, the liberty of the press is annihilated and ruined. . . . The danger is precisely the same to liberty, in punishing a person after the performance appears to the world, as in preventing its publication in the first instance. The doctrine of libels, is of pernicious consequence to the freedom of the press.” Many other essays in the 1780s showed the dominance of an expansive understanding of freedoms of press and speech, as did the declarations of rights of nine states. That was the context in which the First Amendment was adopted and ratified in 1789–1791. These conclusions about the prevalent and dominant understanding after the mid-1760s are flatly contrary to the narrow view of freedoms of press and speech stated by Blackstone and Mansfield, and restated by the neo-Blackstonians, who claim that the narrow understanding was not only predominant but exclusive through the ratification of the First Amendment and onward until 1798. This book’s conclusions are based on far more original source material than the neo-Blackstonians’ conclusions.

Huroufiyah

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Shabout
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
The Political ◽  
Artistic Identity ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Islamic Civilization

The perception of the Arabic letter in art has gone through many changes from the Islamic civilization to the modern age. Following the political and socio-cultural changes of the 19th and 20th century, the Arabic script lost its sacredness. After decades of limited existence in traditional craft, the Arabic letter reappeared in modern Arab art around the middle of the 20th century on nationalistic bases. The Arabic language had acquired a high value during the age of colonialism as a symbol of national identity, a unifier; this value only grew stronger with time. The letter was also a signifier that aided twentieth-century Arab artists in their artistic identity crisis. A number of art groups—such as the Baghdad Group of Modern Art, formed in 1951—were established with their focus on a search for a local or national art style through ‘istilham al-turath,’ seeking inspiration from tradition. The Arabic letter became the means for connecting artists’ present with their past and allowing for the invention of tradition. Huroufiyah (Arabic for Letterism), a highly contested term initiated by a newspaper journalist, became a term popularly used to signify all experiments with the Arabic letter in the modern Arab art. Nevertheless, the term is surrounded by controversy in the contemporary Arab world and rejected by a number of scholars and artists. The term al-Madrassa al-Khattiya Fil-Fann (Calligraphic School of Art), has been alternatively proposed, expressing specifically a perceived continuation with Islamic calligraphy.

Automatic press-fit assembly of small precision interference fitting parts: armature of electro-hydraulic servo valve

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 986-998
Author(s):  
Xingyuan Wang ◽  
Zhifeng Lou ◽  
Xiaodong Wang ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Xiupeng Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Press Fit ◽  
Automatic Press ◽  
Assembly Accuracy ◽  
The Press ◽  
Methodological Guidelines

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design an automatic press-fit instrument to realize precision assembly and connection quality assessment of a small interference fitting parts, armature. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, an automatic press-fit instrument was developed for the technical problems of reliable clamping and positioning of the armature, automatic measurement and adjustment of the attitude and evaluation of the connection quality. To compensate for the installation error of the equipment, corresponding calibration method was proposed for each module of the instrument. Assembly strategies of axial displacement and perpendicularity were also proposed to ensure the assembly accuracy. A theoretical model was built to calculate the resistant force generated by the non-contact regions and then combined with the thick-walled cylinder theory to predict the press-fit curve. Findings The calibration method and assembly strategy proposed in this paper enable the press-fit instrument to achieve good alignment and assembly accuracy. A reasonable range of press-fit curve obtained from theoretical model can achieve the connection quality assessment. Practical implications This instrument has been used in an armature assembly project. The practical results show that this instrument can assemble the armature components with complex structures automatically, accurately, in high-efficiency and in high quality. Originality/value This paper provides a technical method to improve the assembly quality of small precision interference fitting parts and provides certain methodological guidelines for precision peg-in-hole assembly.

Reframing Vernacular Culture on Arabic Fault Lines: Bamba, Senghor, and Sembene's Translingual Legacies in French West Africa

PMLA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Damayanti Lienau
Keyword(s):  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
West African ◽  
French West Africa ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
Vernacular Culture ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
History Of ◽  
African Context ◽  
Sub Saharan

This PMLA cluster invites us to rethink questions of language, script, and literary traditions in a long-historical framework. Several other essays here address the inter-imperial dynamics accompanying the rise of Arabic from a localized dialect to a transregional language with a religious valence. My contribution considers the legacy of the Arabic language in the twentieth-century sub-Saharan West African context, in its contact with Senegalese vernaculars and with French as an imperial challenger. It further explores the broader implications of retracing the longue durée history of Arabic-script vernaculars for comparative work in postcolonial studies.

scholarly journals THE CONTINUATION OF THE ISLAMIC DISCOURSE OF THE EARLY XX CENTURY IN DAGHESTAN ARABIC SCRIPT WORKS OF THE SOVIET PERIOD

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Zaira B Ibragimova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Theological Schools ◽  
Arabic Script

The article provides a brief review of the Arabic script works of Daghestan theologians of the Soviet period. Generally, they present a continuation of the discourse, originated in Daghestan in the early 20th century. They deal with the topical issues that also apply to modern times: the ideology of Jadidism, Salafism and Wahhabism, the division into madhhabs, the issues of "falsehood", the payment of zakat and qafarat, conducting of mawlids, ijtihad, taqlid and others. Criticism of Wahhabism is presented in several Arabic-language works of the Sufi sheikh Muhammad al-Asali, written in the 20's of the 20th century. The 40-60’s work "al-Jawab al-sahih li-l-ah al-musallah” by Abd al-Hafeez al-Uhli condemns the activities of the Jadids and Wahhabis. The Arabic-language work of Muhammad al-Habshi "Makalat al-Valiyi Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Habshi li Masail al-arif Shuayb-afandi al-Baghini", written in the 60-70's of the XX century, is devoted to the problem of "falsehood". The ideas of the Daghestani adherents of Jadidism are revealed in the works of Abdurakhim al-Aimaki. These works present various views of Daghestani religious figures, representatives of various theological schools. Some of them refer to the so-called "late Soviet period", closest to modern times, when conflicts among believers became more acute and went beyond the theological polemics. The controversy that lasted throughout the twentieth century testifies to the existence of multi-polar opinions in the Muslim community.

Arabic Language and Literature

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Bamia
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
The Military

There is a general tendency to confuse Arab and Muslim identities. While the majority of Arabs are Muslim, most Muslims are not Arabs. There are also non-Muslim Arabs. The first Arab conquests aimed at spreading Islam caused the Arabs to settle outside the Arabian Peninsula, extending their control over the Levant, North Africa, Mesopotamia, and the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. The military conquests contributed to a gradual process of Arabization, even among non-Muslims. While all Muslims are required to pray in Arabic, they use their native languages to communicate among themselves, and to read and write. Some of those languages, Farsi, Urdu, and Pashtun, to cite only a few, are written in the Arabic script to this day. Two other languages, Swahili and Turkish (Ottoman), abandoned Arabic script, the former in the 20th century, with the advent of colonialism, and the latter in 1928, under Kemal Ataturk’s rule. The requirement for Muslims to pray in Arabic contributed to the safeguard of the language during the years of political turmoil, and under French colonialism in particular. An extreme example is Algeria, where Arabic was declared a foreign language, and it is thanks to the teaching offered in the zawiyas and the madrasas that Arabic survived in that country. This survey article examines the development of Arabic language and literature from pre-Islamic times, the Jahiliyya, to the contemporary period. It introduces the various literary genres of Arabic literature, including Francophone and Anglophone literatures written by Arab writers and the literature of the Mahjar. The area covered will be referred to as the Arab world, a more accurate name than the Middle East, which includes countries and cultures that are not Arabic. The Arab world consists of twenty countries, members of the Arab League established on March 22, 1945, and stretches over two continents, Africa and Asia. The literature of the Arab world will not be referred to as Islamic literature, as was the practice among some Orientalists. The approach to this coverage is historical, following Arabic literature and language in their trajectory throughout the Arab world, from the Jahiliyya, moving through the Islamic period, the Umayyads in Damascus, the Abbasids in Baghdad, the Umayyads in Andalusia, the Fatimids in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and ending in the contemporary period.

‘Like a donkey carrying books’

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad A. Badarneh
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Daily Newspaper ◽  
Metaphorical Language ◽  
Reader Responses ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
Reader Comments ◽  
Poetic Texts

Abstract This study aims to show how intertextuality is exploited as an impoliteness resource in online reader comments on the website of a London-based pan-Arab Arabic-language daily newspaper. Analysis of 140 reader responses containing impolite references shows that readers called upon and appropriated the language and imagery of impolite and culturally salient prior texts from four sources to perform impoliteness: traditional scriptures, historical texts, poetic texts, and popular proverbs. The use and reception of these impolite intertextualities rely on familiarity with the intertextual source in question. The creative recycling of privileged authoritative texts, use of metaphorical language, invoking of gender identity, and reproducing of particular ideologies played a pivotal role in performing this intertextual impoliteness. The perception of such intertextual impoliteness is crucially influenced by culture as a “general text” (Kristeva 1980) that adds to the complexity of impoliteness when analyzed within a culture-specific context.

The Allographic Use of Hebrew and Arabic in the Samaritan Manuscript Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Stefan Schorch
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Manuscript Culture ◽  
Arabic Translation ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Cursive Scripts

Abstract In the 10th/11th century, Arabic became both the vernacular and literary language of the Samaritan community, along with the two languages of the liturgy: Samaritan Hebrew and Samaritan Aramaic; Samaritan Neo Hebrew was also employed at this time mainly for the composition of religious poems. Together with the introduction of the Arabic language, the Samaritans started to use the Arabic script, along with the Samaritan Hebrew formal and cursive scripts. In comparison with the use of the Arabic script, the Samaritan Hebrew script served mostly for more sacred texts or was employed in order to mark certain textual passages with a higher degree of sacredness. Allography of Arabic in Samaritan Hebrew letters is attested in Samaritan manuscripts since the beginning of the 13th century, although it was introduced most probably at an earlier date. This allography is employed mainly for the Arabic translation of the Samaritan Torah, for the Arabic translations of prayers, and for Samaritan Hebrew or Samaritan Aramaic quotes in Arabic texts. The replacement of Arabic by Modern Israeli Hebrew as the primary vernacular among the Samaritans living in the State of Israel led to a revival of Samaritan Hebrew allography for Arabic texts in the 20th century, mainly in festival poems in Arabic language, which are performed at certain occasions, although not all congregants are still familiar with the Arabic language and script. A close analysis demonstrates that Samaritan Hebrew allography of Arabic is the result of an intense contact between two scribal cultures, both of which were well established amongst the Samaritans. The allographic use of the Samaritan Hebrew script for writing Arabic texts originally did not aim to make these texts more accessible to Samaritan readers, but rather was employed to mark Arabic texts as belonging to the realm of the sacred.

An Experimental Crank Press

1950 ◽  
Vol 163 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Seed ◽  
H. W. Swift
Keyword(s):  
Gear Wheel ◽  
Reduction Gear ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Industrial Practice ◽  
Single Action ◽  
Shear Plate ◽  
The Press ◽  
Air Cushion ◽  
The University

An account is given of the technical problems which arose in the design of an experimental single-action, double-sided crank press of tie-rod construction which has been built for use in the deep-drawing researches carried out in the University of Sheffield. This press was required to have a specified capacity of 20 tons during the second half of the down-stroke and 50 tons during the last inch of the down-stroke. To cover the drawing speeds of industrial practice, a variable speed of 5–60 strokes per min. and a variable stroke of 3–10 inches were specified, and to maintain a close control over the speed, the slowdown at any speed over the whole range was limited to 10 per cent. An air cushion and also an automatic means for stopping the press at top dead centre after each stroke and for interrupting the stroke at any prescribed point in order to obtain partially drawn pressings for examination and measurement were incorporated. Speed variations are obtained through a transmission system consisting of a substantially fixed speed electric motor with a fixed gear to the flywheel, and a variable gearbox between the flywheel and the main gears of the press. It is shown that, from the functional points of view this is the most satisfactory system of power supply and transmission for a variable speed press. Two safety devices are embodied in the press: a shear plate in the ram to protect the crankshaft and a shearing pin in the first reduction gear wheel to protect the gearing. The design of these devices is described in an Appendix.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document