The Allographic Use of Hebrew and Arabic in the Samaritan Manuscript Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Stefan Schorch
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Manuscript Culture ◽  
Arabic Translation ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Cursive Scripts

Abstract In the 10th/11th century, Arabic became both the vernacular and literary language of the Samaritan community, along with the two languages of the liturgy: Samaritan Hebrew and Samaritan Aramaic; Samaritan Neo Hebrew was also employed at this time mainly for the composition of religious poems. Together with the introduction of the Arabic language, the Samaritans started to use the Arabic script, along with the Samaritan Hebrew formal and cursive scripts. In comparison with the use of the Arabic script, the Samaritan Hebrew script served mostly for more sacred texts or was employed in order to mark certain textual passages with a higher degree of sacredness. Allography of Arabic in Samaritan Hebrew letters is attested in Samaritan manuscripts since the beginning of the 13th century, although it was introduced most probably at an earlier date. This allography is employed mainly for the Arabic translation of the Samaritan Torah, for the Arabic translations of prayers, and for Samaritan Hebrew or Samaritan Aramaic quotes in Arabic texts. The replacement of Arabic by Modern Israeli Hebrew as the primary vernacular among the Samaritans living in the State of Israel led to a revival of Samaritan Hebrew allography for Arabic texts in the 20th century, mainly in festival poems in Arabic language, which are performed at certain occasions, although not all congregants are still familiar with the Arabic language and script. A close analysis demonstrates that Samaritan Hebrew allography of Arabic is the result of an intense contact between two scribal cultures, both of which were well established amongst the Samaritans. The allographic use of the Samaritan Hebrew script for writing Arabic texts originally did not aim to make these texts more accessible to Samaritan readers, but rather was employed to mark Arabic texts as belonging to the realm of the sacred.

Huroufiyah

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Shabout
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
The Political ◽  
Artistic Identity ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Islamic Civilization

The perception of the Arabic letter in art has gone through many changes from the Islamic civilization to the modern age. Following the political and socio-cultural changes of the 19th and 20th century, the Arabic script lost its sacredness. After decades of limited existence in traditional craft, the Arabic letter reappeared in modern Arab art around the middle of the 20th century on nationalistic bases. The Arabic language had acquired a high value during the age of colonialism as a symbol of national identity, a unifier; this value only grew stronger with time. The letter was also a signifier that aided twentieth-century Arab artists in their artistic identity crisis. A number of art groups—such as the Baghdad Group of Modern Art, formed in 1951—were established with their focus on a search for a local or national art style through ‘istilham al-turath,’ seeking inspiration from tradition. The Arabic letter became the means for connecting artists’ present with their past and allowing for the invention of tradition. Huroufiyah (Arabic for Letterism), a highly contested term initiated by a newspaper journalist, became a term popularly used to signify all experiments with the Arabic letter in the modern Arab art. Nevertheless, the term is surrounded by controversy in the contemporary Arab world and rejected by a number of scholars and artists. The term al-Madrassa al-Khattiya Fil-Fann (Calligraphic School of Art), has been alternatively proposed, expressing specifically a perceived continuation with Islamic calligraphy.

scholarly journals THE CONTINUATION OF THE ISLAMIC DISCOURSE OF THE EARLY XX CENTURY IN DAGHESTAN ARABIC SCRIPT WORKS OF THE SOVIET PERIOD

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Zaira B Ibragimova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Theological Schools ◽  
Arabic Script

The article provides a brief review of the Arabic script works of Daghestan theologians of the Soviet period. Generally, they present a continuation of the discourse, originated in Daghestan in the early 20th century. They deal with the topical issues that also apply to modern times: the ideology of Jadidism, Salafism and Wahhabism, the division into madhhabs, the issues of "falsehood", the payment of zakat and qafarat, conducting of mawlids, ijtihad, taqlid and others. Criticism of Wahhabism is presented in several Arabic-language works of the Sufi sheikh Muhammad al-Asali, written in the 20's of the 20th century. The 40-60’s work "al-Jawab al-sahih li-l-ah al-musallah” by Abd al-Hafeez al-Uhli condemns the activities of the Jadids and Wahhabis. The Arabic-language work of Muhammad al-Habshi "Makalat al-Valiyi Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Habshi li Masail al-arif Shuayb-afandi al-Baghini", written in the 60-70's of the XX century, is devoted to the problem of "falsehood". The ideas of the Daghestani adherents of Jadidism are revealed in the works of Abdurakhim al-Aimaki. These works present various views of Daghestani religious figures, representatives of various theological schools. Some of them refer to the so-called "late Soviet period", closest to modern times, when conflicts among believers became more acute and went beyond the theological polemics. The controversy that lasted throughout the twentieth century testifies to the existence of multi-polar opinions in the Muslim community.

scholarly journals FORMS OF FUNCTIONING OF THE OPTATIVE MOOD IN THE TEXTS OF TATAR-LANGUAGE ARABIC SCRIPT PERIODICAL PRESS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
Бахтияр Кимович Миннуллин
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
National Language ◽  
Genetic Identification ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Linguistic Description ◽  
Arabic Script

Настоящая статья является попыткой научного исследования вопросов функционирования элементов грамматической системы старотатарского письменного литературного языка начала ХХ века. В работе выявлены и проанализированы грамматические формы, участвующие в реализации желательного наклонения глаголов, функционирующих в текстах органов татароязычной арабографической периодической печати межреволюционного периода 1905-1917 гг.Научное изучение текстов периодической печати рассматриваемого периода является актуальным, так как именно в текстах газет и журналов, наряду с текстами художественных произведений, происходило развитие старотатарского письменного литературного языка и его дальнейшее преобразование в национальный язык татарского народа.В качестве фактического материала были использованы морфологические показатели, зафиксированные в текстах газет «Борхане таракки» и «Кояш». В ходе исследования текстов газет нами был применены методы лингвистического описания, генетического отождествления установленных фактов, а также методы сравнительно-исторического и сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа.В результате исследования мы обнаружили, что в изученных текстах для реализации желательного наклонения употребляется ряд синтетических и аналитических форм. Наиболее употребительной является синтетическая форма на -aj, -yj. В текстах газеты «Борхане таракки», в отличие от текстов газеты «Кояш», реализация первого лица множественного числа желательного наклонения происходит посредством традиционной общетюркской грамматической формы на -lym/-lem. This article examines the functioning of the grammatical system of the Old Tatar written literary language of the beginning of the 20th century. The article identifies and analyzes the grammatical forms involved in the implementation of the Optative Mood of the verbs that function in the texts of the Tatar-language Arabic script periodical press of 1905-1917.The scientific study of the texts of the periodical press is relevant. In the texts of newspapers and magazines, along with the literary texts, there was a development of the Old Tatar written literary language and its transformation into the national language of the Tatars.Morphological indicators recorded in the texts of the newspapers “Borkhane Tarakki” and “Koyash” were used as factual material. During the scientific development, the author applied the methods of linguistic description, genetic identification of facts, the methods of comparative and comparative historical analysis.As a result of the research, the author has identified that a number of synthetic and analytical forms of the Optative Mood are used in the studied texts. The most common is the synthetic -aj, -yj form. In the texts of the “Borkhane Tarakki”, in contrast to the texts of the “Koyash”, the traditional general- Turkic grammatical -lym/-lem form is used.

Translating the Scribe: Lithographic Print and Vernacularization in Colonial India, 1857–1915

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 281-300
Author(s):  
Amanda Lanzillo
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
North India ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Book Production ◽  
Manuscript Culture ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
Literary Cultures ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Focusing on the lithographic print revolution in North India, this article analyses the role played by scribes working in Perso-Arabic script in the consolidation of late nineteenth-century vernacular literary cultures. In South Asia, the rise of lithographic printing for Perso-Arabic script languages and the slow shift from classical Persian to vernacular Urdu as a literary register took place roughly contemporaneously. This article interrogates the positionality of scribes within these transitions. Because print in North India relied on lithography, not movable type, scribes remained an important part of book production on the Indian subcontinent through the early twentieth century. It analyses the education and models of employment of late nineteenth-century scribes. New scribal classes emerged during the transition to print and vernacular literary culture, in part due to the intervention of lithographic publishers into scribal education. The patronage of Urdu-language scribal manuals by lithographic printers reveals that scribal education in Urdu was directly informed by the demands of the print economy. Ultimately, using an analysis of scribal manuals, the article contributes to our knowledge of the social positioning of book producers in South Asia and demonstrates the vitality of certain practices associated with manuscript culture in the era of print.

A Short Modern History of Studying Sacrobosco’s De sphaera

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Alin Constantin Corfu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern History ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
University Of Paris ◽  
The University

"A Short Modern History of Studying Sacrobosco’s De sphaera. The treatise generally known as De sphaera offered at the beginning of the 13th century a general image of the structure of the cosmos. In this paper I’m first trying to present a triple stake with which this treaty of Johannes de Sacrobosco (c. 1195 - c. 1256). This effort is intended to draw a context upon the treaty on which I will present in the second part of this paper namely, a short modern history of studying this treaty starting from the beginning of the 20th century up to this day. The first stake consists in the well-known episode of translation of the XI-XII centuries in the Latin milieu of the Greek and Arabic treaties. The treatise De sphaera taking over, assimilating and comparing some of the new translations of the texts dedicated to astronomy. The second Consists in the fact that Sacrobosco`s work can be considered a response to a need of renewal of the curriculum dedicated to astronomy at the University of Paris. And the third consists in the novelty and the need to use the De sphaera treatise in the Parisian University’s curriculum of the 13th century. Keywords: astronomy, translation, university, 13th Century, Sacrobosco, Paris, curriculum"

Forensic Pluralism and the Dead Body in Early 20th-Century China

2021 ◽  
pp. 192536212110025
Author(s):  
Daniel Asen
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Forensic Medicine ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Forensic Practice ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
Examination Methods ◽  
Death Investigation

Modern forensic medicine was introduced into China during the first decades of the 20th century. The members of China’s first generation of medicolegal experts were soon advocating that medical expertise play a greater role in police and judicial officials’ investigations of suspicious death and homicide cases. While forensic reform in China had parallels with developments in other contemporary societies in which physicians were pushing for a greater role in the law, this process unfolded in China in unique ways, against the backdrop of an older tradition of forensic science that had developed under the Qing dynasty (1644-1911). Central to this tradition was the Records on the Washing Away of Wrongs, a handbook of forensic practice that was written in the 13th century and saw numerous editions and expansions over subsequent centuries. Death investigation in early 20th-century China was defined by “forensic pluralism,” a situation in which the different body examination methods and standards of forensic proof associated with the Washing Away of Wrongs and modern forensic medicine were both accepted by officialdom and society. This article untangles the complexities of forensic practice during this period through the rather unexceptional exchange over a case of suspected drowning that occurred between local officials in Hebei province and Lin Ji (1897-1951), director of the Beiping University Medical School Institute of Legal Medicine. This case reveals the different regimes of forensic knowledge and practice that were used in China during this period as well as the sites at which they interacted.

A Melkite Arabic literary lingua franca from the second half of the first millennium

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Blau
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Arabic Dialects ◽  
Modern Arabic ◽  
Classical Arabic ◽  
The Ideal

After the Islamic conquest, the Greek Orthodox, so-called Melkite ( = Royalist), church fairly early adopted Arabic as its literary language. Their intellectual centres in Syria/Palestine were Jerusalem, along with the monaster ies of Mar Sabas and Mar Chariton in Judea, Edessa and Damascus. A great many Arabic manuscripts stemming from the first millennium, some of them dated, copied at the monastery of Mar Chariton and especially at that of Mar Saba, have been discovered in the monastery of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai, the only monastery that has not been pillaged and set on fire by the bedouin. These manuscripts are of great importance for the history of the Arabic language. Because Christians were less devoted to the ideal of the ‘arabiyya than their Muslim contemporaries, their writings contain a great many devi ations from classical Arabic, thus enabling us to reconstruct early Neo-Arabic, the predecessor of the modern Arabic dialects, and bridge a gap of over one thousand years in the history of the Arabic language.

The Ismaili Tradition in Iran: 13th Century to the Present

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Beben
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
To Receive

The Ismailis are a minority community of Shiʿi Muslims that first emerged in the 8th century. Iran has hosted one of the largest Ismaili communities since the earliest years of the movement and from 1095 to 1841 it served as the home of the Nizārī Ismaili imams. In 1256 the Ismaili headquarters at the fortress of Alamūt in northern Iran was captured by the Mongols and the Imam Rukn al-Dīn Khūrshāh was arrested and executed, opening a perilous new chapter in the history of the Ismailis in Iran. Generations of observers believed that the Ismailis had perished entirely in the course of the Mongol conquests. Beginning in the 19th century, research on the Ismailis began to slowly reveal the myriad ways in which they survived and even flourished in Iran and elsewhere into the post-Mongol era. However, scholarship on the Iranian Ismailis down to the early 20th century remained almost entirely dependent on non-Ismaili sources that were generally quite hostile toward their subject. The discovery of many previously unknown Ismaili texts beginning in the early 20th century offered prospects for a richer and more complete understanding of the tradition’s historical development. Yet despite this, the Ismaili tradition in the post-Mongol era continues to receive only a fraction of the scholarly attention given to earlier periods, and a number of sources produced by Ismaili communities in this period remain unexplored, offering valuable opportunities for future research.

Rīgas humānistu laikmets latviešu romānistu tēlojumā

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Ojārs Lāms
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Historical Novel ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Cultural Boundaries ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Traveling Circus

In the broad tradition of the Latvian historical novel, which has flourished in recent decades, the authors have a strong tendency to focus either on ancient history up to the 13th century or on events important to the Latvian nation in the 19th and 20th centuries. Writers are less interested in the era of humanism in the 16th and 17th centuries when the Latvian nation is still sprouting in the ground. However, these centuries have been crucial in defining the region’s geopolitical affiliation and cultural boundaries. From a broader diachronic view at Latvian novels, it can be stated that a number of Latvian writers, starting from the beginning of the 20th century, have tried to give a textual life to the humanist era in Livonia with various approaches to the historical novel thus creating a special set of texts to be called the Livonian text. Within the framework of this article, the view on the Livonian text consists of a review of 8 novels that have been written over more than a hundred years. They are not all texts on the subject but form a compact and representative sample in terms of theme, stylistics, and genre features. These texts are Andrievs Niedra’s (1871–1942) novel “When the Moon Wears Out” (Kad mēness dilst, 1902), Rutku Tēvs’s (1886–1961) “Rebellious Riga” (Dumpīgā Rīga, 1930) and “Mūksala Brothers” (Mūksalas brāļi, 1934), Astrīda Beināre’s (1937–2016) “Our Lady of Riga Monastery” (Rīgas Dievmātes klosteris, 1993), Aivars Kļavis’s (1953) tetralogy “Beyond the Gate” (Viņpus vārtiem), which consists of the novels “Jester of Adiaminde” (Adiamindes āksts, 2005), “Riga Humpback” (Rīgas kuprītis, 2007), “Ridiculed Soldier” (Piesmietais karavīrs, 2009), “Captives of the Traveling Circus” (Ceļojošā cirka gūstekņi, 2012).

scholarly journals A-4 Analytical Study Exegeses of “Alfiyya Ibn-E-Malik”

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-49
Author(s):  
Asiya Bibi ◽  
Kaleem Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Religious Schools ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Rare Book ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Language And Literature

This research deals with an Analytical Study Exegeses of “Alfiyya of Ibn Malik”. The Alfiyya of Ibn Malik   is a rare book of Arabic grammar written by Ibn Malik in the 13th century. Ibn Malik was a great man, he was well versed in Arabic language and literature and Arabic grammar. He wrote works in the field of Arabic grammar, philology, Arabic metrics, Qira'at and Hadith. He left behind a number of scientific works, some in the form of prose, and other in the form of "educational poetry". Alfiyya is his by far the most important work, which made his famous and preserved memory of him to this day. Due to his overall contribution to the grammar of the Arabic language,  The importance of Alfiyya of Ibn Malik can be gauged from this Along with the Ajārūmīya, the Alfiya was one of the first books to be memorized by students in religious schools after the Qur'an. Alfiyya of Ibn Malik has been included in madrassas for many years. Alfiyya of Ibn Malik was memorized in some madrassas in today’s۔ Alfiyya has been Part of the syllabus in madrassas for many years. Many Exegeses on Alfiyya of Ibn Malik have been written. These explanations have been reviewed in the following discussions.

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