The Fiscal Contract: States, Taxes, and Public Services

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 530-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Timmons

Using data from approximately ninety countries, the author shows that the more a state taxes the rich as a percentage of GDP, the more it protects property rights; and the more it taxes the poor, the more it provides basic public services. There is no evidence that states gouge the rich to benefit the poor or vice versa, contrary to state-capture theories. Nor is there any evidence that taxes and spending are unrelated, contrary to state-autonomy models. Instead, states operate much like fiscal contracts, with groups getting what they pay for.

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (126) ◽  
pp. 103-125
Author(s):  
Michael Frein

The article discusses the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as an instrument for the globalisation of intellectual property rights. It focuses on the provisions of TRIPs Art 27.3 (b), which contains global rules for the patenting of life, and the question of access to medicines for the poor in developing countries. By analysing the underlying economic and political interests of the industrial countries and multinational corporations, which have formed the provisions of the TRIPs- Agreement, it is argued that higher standards in intellectual property rights, especially patents, advantage the rich and disadvantage the poor. Therefore there is an urgent need to change the TRIPs-Agreement in line with the interests and in favour of developing countries. The article shows that there are several suggestions for the current negotiations made not only by NGOs, but also by governments of developing countries.


1978 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Hodgart
Keyword(s):  
The Poor ◽  

It must also be confessed, that, wherever we depart from this equality, we rob the poor of more satisfaction than we add to the rich, and that the slight gratification of a frivolous variety, in one individual, frequently costs more than bread to many families, and even provinces (D. Hume, An enquiry concerning the principles of morals).


2019 ◽  
pp. 158-170
Author(s):  
Jerome Roos

This chapter takes a closer look at the outcomes of the Mexican debt crisis and the consequences of the reduced state autonomy at the heart of the crisis of the 1980s. The first section considers the brief period of tension between Mexican policymakers and their foreign lenders, and discusses Argentina as a counterfactual case in which a democratically elected government came to power that was strongly opposed to debt repayment. The second part of the chapter considers the final resolution of the Mexican debt crisis through the Brady debt restructuring deal of 1989–1990, which, far from constituting a coercive default, was actually undertaken at the initiative of the Wall Street banks with their own interests firmly in mind. Finally, the chapter considers the unequal distribution of adjustment costs inside Mexico as a direct consequence of the creditors' power to shape the outcome of the crisis in their favor.


Author(s):  
Dian Adi Perdana

Abstrak Realisasi zakat fitrah selalu berjalan di bulan Ramadhan setiap tahun, yang hal ini merupakan kewajiban serorang muslim tanpa memandang agama, suku dan ras dari mana dia berasal. Zakat menjadi salah satu pondasi Islam yang tercantum dalam Rukun Islam yakni ketiga, yang dengan ini tanpa terkecuali wajib dilaksanakan dengan aturan dan syariat yang telah ditentukan dalam Islam. Zakat fitrah menjadi penolong bagi mereka yang tergolong dalam 8 asnaf, sebagai sumber kebahagiaan dalam menyambut hari raya Idul Fitri. Indonesia sebagai negara berpenduduk muslim terbesar di dunia telah menjadi contoh dalam mengimplementasikan pengelolaan zakat fitrah sebagai upaya dalam pengentasan kemiskinan dan pembatas antara si kaya dan si miskin, sehingga setiap orang dapat merasakan rejeki yang telah dititipkan walau melalui orang lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran fenomena pengelolaan zakat di desa Molalahu, Kecamatan Pulubala, Kabupaten Gorontalo yang dilaksanakan di masa pandemi covid-19 ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan melihat fakta-fakta sosial, dengan menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data yakni observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Data yang telah diperoleh, kemudian dianalisa agar dapat disajikan berupa kesimpulan yang optimal. Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa di desa Molalahu terdapat pengelolaan yang tidak terinduk di pemerintah desa dan didapati perbedaan pendistribusian zakat fitrah ke pada mustahik di salah satu dusun. Kata Kunci: Fenomena Sosial, Manajemen, Zakat Fitrah Abstract The realization of zakat fitrah always runs in the month of Ramadan every year, which is the obligation of a Muslim regardless of religion, ethnicity and race where he comes from. Zakat is one of the Islamic foundations listed in the three pillars of Islam, which hereby, without exception, must be carried out according to the rules and sharia prescribed in Islam. Zakat fitrah is a helper for those who belong to the 8 asnaf, as a source of happiness in welcoming Eid al-Fitr. Indonesia as the country with the largest Muslim population in the world has become an example in implementing the management of zakat fitrah as an effort to alleviate poverty and limit the rich and the poor, so that everyone can feel the fortune that has been deposited even though through other people. This study aims to describe the phenomenon of zakat management in Molalahu Village, Pulubala District, Gorontalo Regency which was carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research uses descriptive qualitative method by looking at social facts, using data collection techniques namely observation, interviews and documentation. The data that has been obtained are then analyzed so that they can be presented in the form of optimal conclusions. The results of this study show that in the village of Molalahu there is management that is not registered in the village government and there is a difference in the distribution of zakat fitrah to mustahik in one of the hamlets. Keywords: Social Phenomenon, Management, Zakat Fitrah


2005 ◽  
pp. 4-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sonin

In unequal societies, the rich may benefit from shaping economic institutions in their favor. This paper analyzes the dynamics of institutional subversion by focusing on public protection of property rights. If this institution functions imperfectly, agents have incentives to invest in private protection of property rights. The ability to maintain private protection systems makes the rich natural opponents of public protection of property rights and precludes grass-roots demand to drive the development of the market-friendly institution. The economy becomes stuck in a bad equilibrium with low growth rates, high inequality of income, and wide-spread rent-seeking. The Russian oligarchs of the 1990s, who controlled large stakes of newly privatized property, provide motivation for this paper.


2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. i-iii

In this election year, 2004, people are grappling with the various forces that make up these United States. What forces encourage inclusion and which exclusion? Who is to be included and who excluded? Is this to be a country with wide discrepancies between the rich and the poor? Is this to be a country where public education is poorly funded and a good education depends upon private resources? Are we going to forget that discrimination on the basis of gender, race, ethnic origin, and economic status still exists and needs to be perpetually, vigilantly addressed? There is a deep division in the country over the proper and fair use of our resources that constitutes concern in all our citizens


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Moh. Ah. Subhan ZA

The main problem of social life in the community is about how to make the allocation and distribution of income well. Inequality and poverty basically arise not because of the difference of anyone’s strength and weakness in getting livelihood, but because of inappropriate distribution mechanism. With the result that wealth treasure just turns on the rich wealthy, which is in turn, results in the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.Therefore, a discussion on distribution becomes main focus of theory of Islamic economics. Moreover, the discussion of the distribution is not only related to economic issues, but also social and political aspects. On the other side, the economic vision of Islam gives priority to the guarantee of the fulfillment of a better life. Islam emphasizes distributive justice and encloses, in its system, a program for the redistribution of wealth and prosperity, so that each individual is guaranteed with a respectable and friendly standard of living. Islam recognizes private property rights, but the private property rights must be properly distributed. The personal property is used for self and family livelihood, for investment of the working capital, so that it can provide job opportunities for others, for help of the others through zakat, infaq, and shodaqoh. In this way, the wealth not only rotates on the rich, bringing on gap in social life.The problem of wealth distribution is closely related to the welfare of society. Therefore, the state has a duty to regulate the distribution of income in order that the distribution can be fair and reaches appropriate target. The state could at least attempt it by optimizing the role of BAZ (Badan Amil Zakat) and LAZ (Lembaga Amil Zakat) which has all this time been slack. If BAZ and LAZ can be optimized, author believes that inequality and poverty over time will vanish. This is because the majority of Indonesia's population is Muslim.


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 183-193
Author(s):  
Laura Rodríguez Galán

Resumen: el presente artículo muestra una visión sobre la complejidad de la traducción en el ámbito judicial con respecto al uso de glosarios terminológicos. En el marco de la Justicia es habitual que los traductores e intérpretes judiciales tengan que enfrentarse a toda clase de retos profesionales, por lo que han de estar lo suficientemente preparados, y los glosarios de terminología específica son un recurso de enorme utilidad que facilita la tarea traductora al servir de puente de comunicación entre los intermediarios de la Justicia y los ciudadanos que solicitan sus servicios (demandas, procesos judiciales, apelaciones, etc.), ya sea por vía escrita (traducción de documentos) u oral (interpretación de discursos). La principal hipótesis de la que partimos es la urgente necesidad de crear estos recursos específicos para los traductores e intérpretes que trabajan en el seno de la Justicia, y cuya carencia no hace sino incrementar las dificultades que, sin duda, estos profesionales poseen a la hora de realizar sus tareas de traducción, dada la escasa disponibilidad de tiempo para que puedan elaborar sus propios glosarios terminológicos de consulta. Con este estudio lo que se pretende es mostrar tanto las ventajas como las dificultades de la elaboración de glosarios. Por último, los resultados obtenidos confirman nuestra hipótesis de las ventajas que tiene el hecho de disponer de glosarios terminológicos específicos para el área jurídico-judicial que, sin lugar a dudas, facilitan las tareas de traducción en este ámbito de la Traducción e Interpretación en los Servicios Públicos.Abstract: the present paper shows a vision about the complexity of translation in judicial field concerning the use of terminological glossaries. In the context of Justice, it is common for judicial translators and interpreters to deal with all kinds of professional challenges. So, they must be sufficiently prepared. Glossaries of specific terminology are a resource very useful that facilitates translator’s task, by serving as a bridge of communication between intermediaries of Justice and citizens who request their services (appeals, court proceedings, lawsuits, etc.), either written (translation of documents) or oral (interpreting of speeches). The main starting hypothesis is the urgent need to create these specific resources for interpreters and translators working within the Justice, and whose lack only increases the difficulties that these professionals have, undoubtedly, when the time to perform their translation tasks, given the poor availability of time to produce their own terminological glossaries of consultation. With this study, to show advantages and difficulties of developing glossaries, that is the intention. Finally, results confirm our hypothesis of advantages to have available specific terminological glossaries in Legal-Judicial area which, undoubtedly, facilitate translation tasks in this context of Public Services Interpreting and Translation. 


Author(s):  
David Wendell Moller
Keyword(s):  
The Poor ◽  

Why are kings without pity for their subjects? Because they count on never being common human beings. Why are the rich so hard toward the poor? It is because they have no fear of being poor. . . .—Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile; or, On Education1In Shakespeare’s ...


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