scholarly journals Gradient in cytoplasmic pressure in germline cells controls overlying epithelial cell morphogenesis

PLoS Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. e3000940
Author(s):  
Laurie-Anne Lamiré ◽  
Pascale Milani ◽  
Gaël Runel ◽  
Annamaria Kiss ◽  
Leticia Arias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Nurse Cell ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Cell Morphogenesis ◽  
Germline Cells

It is unknown how growth in one tissue impacts morphogenesis in a neighboring tissue. To address this, we used the Drosophila ovarian follicle, in which a cluster of 15 nurse cells and a posteriorly located oocyte are surrounded by a layer of epithelial cells. It is known that as the nurse cells grow, the overlying epithelial cells flatten in a wave that begins in the anterior. Here, we demonstrate that an anterior to posterior gradient of decreasing cytoplasmic pressure is present across the nurse cells and that this gradient acts through TGFβ to control both the triggering and the progression of the wave of epithelial cell flattening. Our data indicate that intrinsic nurse cell growth is important to control proper nurse cell pressure. Finally, we reveal that nurse cell pressure and subsequent TGFβ activity in the stretched cells combine to increase follicle elongation in the anterior, which is crucial for allowing nurse cell growth and pressure control. More generally, our results reveal that during development, inner cytoplasmic pressure in individual cells has an important role in shaping their neighbors.

scholarly journals Gradient in cytoplasmic pressure in the germline cells controls overlying epithelial cell morphogenesis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie-Anne Lamiré ◽  
Pascale Milani ◽  
Gaël Runel ◽  
Annamaria Kiss ◽  
Leticia Arias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Nurse Cell ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Cell Morphogenesis ◽  
Cell Shape Change

AbstractIt is unknown how growth in one tissue impacts morphogenesis in a neighboring tissue. To address this, we used the Drosophila ovarian follicle, where a cluster of 15 nurse cells and a posteriorly located oocyte are surrounded by a layer of epithelial cells. It is known that as the nurse cells grow, the overlying epithelial cells flatten in a wave that begins in the anterior. Here, we demonstrate that an anterior to posterior gradient of decreasing cytoplasmic pressure is present across the nurse cells and that this gradient acts through TGFß to control both the triggering and the progression of the wave of epithelial cell flattening. Our data indicate that intrinsic nurse cell growth is important to control proper nurse cell pressure. Finally, we reveal that nurse cell pressure and subsequent TGFß activity in the StC combine to increase follicle elongation in the anterior, which is crucial for allowing nurse cell growth and pressure control. More generally, our results reveal that during development, inner cytoplasmic pressure in individual cells has an important role in shaping their neighbors.Impact StatementCell shape change depends on extrinsic forces exerted by cytoplasmic pressure in neighbouring cells.

Electron Microscopic Study of the Epithelium of the Seminal Vesicle of Aging Rats

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 138-139
Author(s):  
V. F. Allison ◽  
G. C. Fink ◽  
G. W. Cearley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Epithelial Layer ◽  
Epithelial Hyperplasia ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Aging Rats ◽  
Pseudostratified Epithelium

It is well known that epithelial hyperplasia (benign hypertrophy) is common in the aging prostate of dogs and man. In contrast, little evidence is available for abnormal epithelial cell growth in seminal vesicles of aging animals. Recently, enlarged seminal vesicles were reported in senescent mice, however, that enlargement resulted from increased storage of secretion in the lumen and occurred concomitant to epithelial hypoplasia in that species.The present study is concerned with electron microscopic observations of changes occurring in the pseudostratified epithelium of the seminal vescles of aging rats. Special attention is given to certain non-epithelial cells which have entered the epithelial layer.

Induction of endothelin-1 synthesis by IL-2 and its modulation of rat intestinal epithelial cell growth

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (3) ◽  
pp. G556-G563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeharu Shigematsu ◽  
Soichiro Miura ◽  
Masahiko Hirokawa ◽  
Ryota Hokari ◽  
Hajime Higuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Proliferative Response ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial

Endothelin (ET), a vasoconstrictive peptide, is known to have a variety of biological actions. Although ET is released by vascular endothelial cells, other cell populations also have been reported to synthesize and release ET. In this study, we examined whether ET is synthesized by intestinal epithelial cells and whether it affects induction of epithelial cell proliferation by interleukin-2 (IL-2). Subconfluent monolayers of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6 and IEC-18) were maintained in serum-free medium before addition of rat IL-2. Both IEC-6 and IEC-18 cells released ET-1 into the medium under unstimulated conditions, as determined by a sandwich ELISA. IL-2 significantly enhanced ET-1 release in a time-dependent manner. ET-3 was not detectable in the culture media of either cell line. Expression of ET-1 and ET-3 mRNA in epithelial cells was assessed by competitive PCR. Both cell lines were shown to express ET-1 mRNA, but no ET-3 mRNA was detected. IL-2 treatment enhanced ET-1 mRNA expression by both IEC-6 and IEC-18 cells. Both cell lines also expressed mRNA for ETA and ETB receptor subtypes. When cell proliferation was assessed, exogenous ET-1 induced a slight proliferative response in both types of cells that was consistent and significant at low ET-1 concentrations; cell growth was inhibited at a higher concentration (10−7M). IL-2 produced a significant proliferative response in both cell lines. However, the addition of ET-1 (10−7 M) to culture media attenuated the IL-2-induced increase in cell proliferation. ETA-receptor antagonists significantly enhanced cellular proliferation, suggesting involvement of the ETA receptor in modulation of IL-2-induced intestinal epithelial cell growth.

scholarly journals Rap1, AF6 and Pak4 cooperate with Par3 to promote ZA assembly and remodeling in the fly photoreceptor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhian F. Walther ◽  
Mubarik Burki ◽  
Noelia Pinal ◽  
Clare Rogerson ◽  
Franck Pichaud
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Small Gtpase ◽  
Actin Binding ◽  
Cell Morphogenesis ◽  
Recruitment And Retention ◽  
Actin Binding Protein ◽  
P21 Activated Kinase ◽  
Fly Photoreceptor

AbstractThe epithelial Zonula adherens (ZA) is a main adhesion compartment that enables organogenesis by allowing epithelial cells to assemble into sheets. How ZA assembly is regulated during epithelial cell morphogenesis is not fully understood. We show that during ZA morphogenesis, the function of the small GTPase Rap1 and the F-actin binding protein AF6/Cno are both linked to that of the P21-activated kinase Pak4/Mbt. We find that Rap1 and Mbt regulate each other’s localization at the ZA and cooperate in promoting ECadherin stabilization. During this process Cno regulates the recruitment of Baz at the ZA, a process that is also regulated by Arm phosphorylation by Mbt. Altogether, we propose that Rap1, Cno and Mbt regulate ZA morphogenesis by coordinating ECadherin stabilization and Baz recruitment and retention. In addition, our work uncovers a new link between two main oncogenes, Rap1 and Pak4/Mbt, in a model developing epithelial cell.

Overexpression of the integrin-linked kinase mesenchymally transforms mammary epithelial cells

2001 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 1125-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Somasiri ◽  
A. Howarth ◽  
D. Goswami ◽  
S. Dedhar ◽  
C.D. Roskelley
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cell ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Cell Morphogenesis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Integrin Linked Kinase ◽  
E Cadherin ◽  
Cell Cell

Signals generated by the interaction of (β)1 integrins with laminin in the basement membrane contribute to mammary epithelial cell morphogenesis and differentiation. The integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is one of the signaling moieties that associates with the cytoplasmic domain of (β)1 integrin subunits with some specificity. Forced expression of a dominant negative, kinase-dead form of ILK subtly altered mouse mammary epithelial cell morphogenesis but it did not prevent differentiative milk protein expression. In contrast, forced overexpression of wild-type ILK strongly inhibited both morphogenesis and differentiation. Overexpression of wild-type ILK also caused the cells to lose the cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin, become invasive, reorganize cortical actin into cytoplasmic stress fibers, and switch from an epithelial cytokeratin to a mesenchymal vimentin intermediate filament phenotype. Forced expression of E-cadherin in the latter mesenchymal cells rescued epithelial cytokeratin expression and it partially restored the ability of the cells to differentiate and undergo morphogenesis. These data demonstrate that ILK, which responds to interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix, induces a mesenchymal transformation in mammary epithelial cells, at least in part, by disrupting cell-cell junctions.

Evaluating an in vitro culture system of bovine uterine and oviduct epithelial cells for subsequent embryo co-culture

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK Thibodeaux ◽  
MW Myers ◽  
LL Goodeaux ◽  
Y Menezo ◽  
JD Roussel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Oviduct Epithelial Cells

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of culture medium and incubation temperature on bovine uterine and oviduct epithelial cell growth, so that the most efficient combination could then be used to develop a co-culture system for bovine embryos. In the first experiment, uterine and oviduct epithelial cells at either the second or third subpassage were incubated for 8 days at 37 degrees C with 5% CO2 in Tissue Culture Medium-199, CMRL-1066, Minimal Essential Medium, Menezo's B2 or Ham's F-12 medium. In addition to plotting growth curves of cell populations, the cell cycle was monitored for 8 days by flow cytometry. Uterine and oviduct epithelial cells incubated in CMRL-1066 exhibited the highest growth rates during the 8-day culture period. However, there were no differences in cell cycle analysis among treatment groups during the incubation period. In the second experiment, CMRL-1066 medium was used to evaluate growth and proliferation of uterine and oviduct epithelial cells incubated at 37 degrees C or 39 degrees C; temperature had no significant effect on growth rates or proliferation rates for either uterine or oviduct cells during the 8-day incubation. In the third experiment, the more promising culture media for epithelial cell culture studies were chosen for in vitro maturation and subsequent in vitro fertilization (IVF) of bovine oocytes. Early cleavage-stage embryos produced by IVF procedures were subsequently cultured in vitro for 7 days in medium alone or with oviduct epithelial cells. In this study, the culture medium did not influence fertilization or cleavage rates. However, more embryos co-cultured with oviduct epithelial cells were considered viable after 7 days of incubation compared with embryos incubated in medium alone. These results indicate that various incubation conditions can influence the growth of bovine uterine and oviduct epithelial cells in vitro. However, in spite of changes in cell growth patterns, there does not appear to be a change in their embryotropic capabilities in vitro.

scholarly journals KSA Antigen Ep-CAM Mediates Cell–Cell Adhesion of Pancreatic Epithelial Cells: Morphoregulatory Roles in Pancreatic Islet Development

1998 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
pp. 1519-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Cirulli ◽  
L. Crisa ◽  
G.M. Beattie ◽  
M.I. Mally ◽  
A.D. Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Pancreatic Islet ◽  
Pancreatic Cell ◽  
Cell Clusters ◽  
Endocrine Differentiation ◽  
Cell Cell

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are important mediators of cell–cell interactions and regulate cell fate determination by influencing growth, differentiation, and organization within tissues. The human pancarcinoma antigen KSA is a glycoprotein of 40 kD originally identified as a marker of rapidly proliferating tumors of epithelial origin. Interestingly, most normal epithelia also express this antigen, although at lower levels, suggesting that a dynamic regulation of KSA may occur during cell growth and differentiation. Recently, evidence has been provided that this glycoprotein may function as an epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM). Here, we report that Ep-CAM exhibits the features of a morphoregulatory molecule involved in the development of human pancreatic islets. We demonstrate that Ep-CAM expression is targeted to the lateral domain of epithelial cells of the human fetal pancreas, and that it mediates calcium-independent cell–cell adhesion. Quantitative confocal immunofluorescence in fetal pancreata identified the highest levels of Ep-CAM expression in developing islet-like cell clusters budding from the ductal epithelium, a cell compartment thought to comprise endocrine progenitors. A surprisingly reversed pattern was observed in the human adult pancreas, displaying low levels of Ep-CAM in islet cells and high levels in ducts. We further demonstrate that culture conditions promoting epithelial cell growth induce upregulation of Ep-CAM, whereas endocrine differentiation of fetal pancreatic epithelial cells, transplanted in nude mice, is associated with a downregulation of Ep-CAM expression. In addition, a blockade of Ep-CAM function by KS1/4 mAb induced insulin and glucagon gene transcription and translation in fetal pancreatic cell clusters. These results indicate that developmentally regulated expression and function of Ep-CAM play a morphoregulatory role in pancreatic islet ontogeny.

scholarly journals Acidified Pepsin Promotes Laryngeal Precancerosis by Upregulating H+/K+-ATPase and Activating Mitophagy in Laryngeal Epithelial Cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke-Jia Cheng ◽  
Qiong Xu ◽  
Zhi-Mei Li ◽  
Shui-Hong Zhou ◽  
Yang-Yang Bao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ◽  
Upper Aerodigestive Tract ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Laryngeal Mucosa

Abstract Background: Although laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) has been implicated in various upper aerodigestive tract and laryngeal diseases, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the role of gastric acidified pepsin in laryngeal precancerosis. Results: Acidified pepsin (pH=3) enhanced the growth and survival of mouse laryngeal epithelial cells in vitro and promoted laryngeal mucosal thickening and laryngeal epithelial cell growth in vivo. Furthermore, acidified pepsin promoted autophagy/mitophagy induction, accompanied by a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine abolished the ability of acidified pepsin to promote mitophagy and cell growth in laryngeal epithelial cells. Additionally, chloroquine promoted cell apoptosis and further reduced MMP in laryngeal epithelial cells treated with acidified pepsin. The expression levels of pepsin and H+/K+-ATPase α and β subunits in 31 human laryngeal mucosa specimens were 51.6%, 48.4%, and 48.4%, respectively. Importantly, the pepsin level was correlated with the H+/K+-ATPase β subunit level. H+/K+-ATPase upregulation in laryngeal epithelial cells in response to acidified pepsin was essential for the mitophagy-promoting effect of acidified pepsin. H+/K+-ATPase knockout or inhibition further reduced MMP in the presence of acidified pepsin. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that in an acidic environment, pepsin promotes laryngeal epithelial cell growth and survival by upregulating H+/K+-ATPase and activating mitophagy, potentially leading to laryngeal precancerosis.

scholarly journals Nectin proteins are expressed at early stages of nephrogenesis and play a role in renal epithelial cell morphogenesis

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (3) ◽  
pp. F564-F574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Brakeman ◽  
Kathleen D. Liu ◽  
Kazuya Shimizu ◽  
Yoshimi Takai ◽  
Keith E. Mostov
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Mdck Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Cell Morphogenesis ◽  
Renal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Normal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Three Dimensional Culture

Development of the nephron requires conversion of the metanephric mesenchyme into tubular epithelial structures with specifically organized intercellular junctions. The nectin proteins are a family of transmembrane proteins that dimerize to form intercellular junctional complexes between epithelial cells. In this study, we demonstrate that nectin junctions appear during the earliest stages of epithelial cell morphogenesis in the murine nephron concurrently with the transition of mesenchymal cells into epithelial cells. We have defined the role of nectin during epithelial cell morphogenesis by studying nectin in a three-dimensional culture of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In a three-dimensional culture of MDCK cells grown in purified type 1 collagen, expression of a dominant negative form of nectin causes disruption of the formation of cell polarity and disruption of tight junction (TJ) formation, as measured by zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) localization. In MDCK cells cultured in Matrigel, exogenous expression of nectin-1 causes disruption of normal epithelial cell cyst formation and decreased apoptosis. These data demonstrate that nectins play an important role in normal epithelial cell morphogenesis and may play a role in mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition during nephrogenesis by providing an antiapoptotic signal and promoting the formation of TJs and cell polarity.

scholarly journals Fusion of Drosophila oocytes with specified germline sister cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zehra Ali-Murthy ◽  
Richard D. Fetter ◽  
Thomas B. Kornberg
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Nurse Cell ◽  
Drosophila Species ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Egg Chambers ◽  
Germline Cells ◽  
Egg Chamber ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Sister Cells

ABSTRACTIn many animals, oocytes develop together with sister germline cells that pass products to the developing oocyte. In Drosophila, fifteen sister germline (nurse) cells in each egg chamber are known to apoptose by stage 12-13, but we discovered that two specific nurse cells that are juxtaposed to the oocyte are eliminated precociously at stage 10B. These nurse cells fuse with the oocyte and their nuclei extrude through an opening that forms in the oocyte. These nuclei extinguish in the ooplasm, and at stage 11, egg chambers have thirteen nucleated nurse cells and the plasma membrane of the oocyte is mostly restored. In infrequent egg chambers in which nurse cells are not eliminated, oocytes do not develop normally and are not fertilized. Precocious elimination is common to other Drosophila species. We conclude that nurse cells are distinguished by position and identity, and that nurse cell dissolution proceeds in two stages.

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