scholarly journals Effect of early oxygen therapy and antiviral treatment on disease progression in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study of medical charts in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. e0009051
Author(s):  
Lu Long ◽  
Liang Wu ◽  
Lang Chen ◽  
Daixing Zhou ◽  
Hongyu Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Lower Mortality ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Fatal Illness ◽  
Critical Patients

Background Until now, no antiviral treatment has been proven to be effective for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The timing of oxygen therapy was considered to have a great influence on the symptomatic relief of hypoxemia and seeking medical intervention, especially in situations with insufficient medical resources, but the evidence on the timing of oxygen therapy is limited. Methods and findings Medical charts review was carried out to collect the data of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection confirmed in Tongji hospital, Wuhan from 30th December 2019 to 8th March 2020. In this study, the appropriate timing of oxygen therapy and risk factors associated with severe and fatal illness were identified and the effectiveness of antivirus on disease progression was assessed. Among 1362 patients, the prevalence of hypoxia symptoms was significantly higher in those patients with severe and fatal illness than in those with less severe disease. The onset of hypoxia symptoms was most common in the second to third week after symptom onset, and patients with critical and fatal illness experienced these symptoms earlier than those with mild and severe illness. In multivariable analyses, the risk of death increased significantly when oxygen therapy was started more than 2 days after hypoxia symptoms onset among critical patients (OR, 1.92; 95%CI, 1.20 to 3.10). Compared to the critically ill patients without IFN-a, the patients who were treated with IFN-a had a lower mortality (OR, 0.60; 95%CI, 0.39 to 0.91). Conclusions Early initiation of oxygen therapy was associated with lower mortality among critical patients. This study highlighted the importance of early oxygen therapy after the onset of hypoxia symptoms. Our results also lend support to potentially beneficial effects of IFNα on critical illness.

scholarly journals Maximum chest CT score is associated with progression to severe illness in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study from Wuhan, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianwei Xiao ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Yuanliang Xie ◽  
Zengfa Huang ◽  
Yi Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Radiological Feature ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Health Crisis

Abstract Background The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a world-wide health crisis. Limited information is available regarding which patients will experience more severe disease symptoms. We evaluated hospitalized patients who were initially diagnosed with moderate COVID-19 for clinical parameters and radiological feature that showed an association with progression to severe/critical symptoms. Methods This study, a retrospective single-center study at the Central Hospital of Wuhan, enrolled 243 patients with confirmed COVID­19 pneumonia. Forty of these patients progressed from moderate to severe/critical symptoms during follow up. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological data were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between moderate- and severe/critical-type symptoms. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify the risk factors associated with symptom progression. Results Patients with severe/critical symptoms were older (p < 0.001) and more often male (p = 0.046). A combination of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and high maximum chest computed tomography (CT) score was associated with disease progression. Maximum CT score (> 11) had the greatest predictive value for disease progression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.861 (95% confidence interval: 0.811–0.902). Conclusions Maximum CT score and COPD were associated with patient deterioration. Maximum CT score (> 11) was associated with severe illness.

scholarly journals Is coagulation-protein consumption upon admission linked to COVID-19 severity and mortality?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fancisco C. Ceballos ◽  
Pablo Ryan ◽  
Rafael Blancas GOMEZ-CASERO ◽  
Erick Joan VIDAL-ALCANTARA ◽  
Maria MARTIN-VICENTE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Survival Models ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Factor Xii ◽  
Factor Xi ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Coagulation Proteins

The link between coagulation system disorders and COVID-19 has not yet been fully elucidated. With the aim of evaluating the association of several coagulation proteins with COVID-19 severity and mortality, we performed a cross-sectional study in 134 patients classified according to the highest disease severity reached during the disease. We found higher levels of antithrombin, prothrombin, factor XI, factor XII and factor XIII in asymptomatic/mild and moderate COVID-19 patients than healthy individuals. Interestingly, decreased levels of antithrombin, factor XI, XII and XIII were observed in those patients who eventually developed severe illness. Additionally, survival models showed us that patients with lower levels of these coagulation proteins had an increased risk of death. In conclusion, COVID-19 provokes early increments of some specific coagulation proteins in most patients. However, lower levels of these proteins at diagnosis might 'paradoxically' imply a higher risk of progression to severe disease and COVID-19-related mortality.

scholarly journals #37: Description of Moderate-Severe Cases of COVID-19 in Pediatric Cancer at the Unidad Nacional de Oncologia Pediatrica, Guatemala

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S19-S19
Author(s):  
Susana María Godoy Escobar ◽  
Thelma Beatriz Velásquez Herrera ◽  
Roy Enrique Rosado ◽  
Alicia Chang Cojulun ◽  
Mario Augusto Melgar Toledo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induction Therapy ◽  
Pediatric Cancer ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Initial Symptom ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Pediatric Cancer Patients ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Guatemala reported the first confirmed SARS-CoV-2 case on March 13th 2020. Up to now, more than 140,000 confirmed cases have been documented, with 8% of them being &lt;20 years-old. The impact of COVID-19 in pediatric cancer in not well known, even though pediatric oncological institutions did some initial recommendations, this new disease still represents a challenge in this population. The objective of the report is to describe the moderate-severe cases of COVID-19 in pediatric cancer during the first 8 months of the pandemic in the Unidad Nacional de Oncologia Pediatrica (UNOP). Methods This is a descriptive, prospective report of pediatric cancer patients &lt;20 years-old and SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by nasopharyngeal swab with PCR technique at UNOP from May to December 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 test was performed to all patients who developed symptoms of infection or as screening in patients who were admitted to UNOP regardless of symptoms. Information about sex, age, primary oncological diagnosis, confirmed coinfections and treatment received at time of COVID-19 was collected. Moderate illness was considered if the patient required supplemental oxygen and severe illness if admitted to Intensive Care Unit -ICU- secondary to COVID-19. Results Two hundred one patients with pediatric cancer with the SARS-CoV-2 infection were confirmed. Sixty four percent were male (n=128), median of age was 9.5 years (5-m to 18-y). The primary oncologic diagnosis was leukemia 65% (n=129), and other solid tumors 35% (n=72), 5% (n=10) of patients were in palliative care. In leukemia patients, 40% were receiving induction therapy (n=51), 25% consolidation (n=32), and 19% maintenance (n=25). The most common initial symptom was fever in 32% (n=64) and 33% were asymptomatic (n=67). Twenty two percent developed moderate disease (n=44) and 13% severe disease (n=26). A total of 13 patients died during COVID-19 period (6%) and 7 of them died receiving active treatment (3%). The risk of developing moderate-severe disease was not higher in leukemia patients compared to patients with other tumors who were receiving intense chemotherapy (OR=0.7), but there might be a higher risk of death (OR=1.41). In patients with leukemia, the risk of developing moderate-severe disease was higher for patients receiving induction therapy compared with those in consolidation (OR=6.7) or maintenance (OR=3.04). Mortality risk seems to be higher in patients with leukemia during induction therapy (OR=1.94). Confirmed coinfections correlated with higher risk of severe illness (OR=1.95) and death during the COVID-19 period (OR=5.2). Conclusions The mortality due to COVID-19 in pediatric cancer is low and could be related to coinfections or intensive chemotherapy. Important limitation of our report is the lack of analysis of underlying clinical conditions in moderate-severe disease (neutropenia or other comorbidities), factors that could have an impact on our data analysis.

scholarly journals Are Reduced Levels of Coagulation Proteins Upon Admission Linked to COVID-19 Severity and Mortality?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco C. Ceballos ◽  
Pablo Ryan ◽  
Rafael Blancas ◽  
María Martin-Vicente ◽  
Erick Joan Vidal-Alcántara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Survival Models ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Factor Xii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Coagulation Proteins

Background: The link between coagulation system disorders and COVID-19 has not yet been fully elucidated.Aim: Evaluating the association of non-previously reported coagulation proteins with COVID-19 severity and mortality.Design: Cross-sectional study of 134 COVID-19 patients recruited at admission and classified according to the highest COVID-19 severity reached (asymptomatic/mild, moderate, or severe) and 16 healthy control individuals.Methods: Coagulation proteins levels (antithrombin, prothrombin, factor_XI, factor_XII, and factor_XIII) and CRP were measured in plasma by the ProcartaPlex Panel (Invitrogen) multiplex immunoassay upon diagnosis.Results: We found higher levels of antithrombin, prothrombin, factor XI, factor XII, and factor XIII in asymptomatic/mild and moderate COVID-19 patients compared to healthy individuals. Interestingly, decreased levels of antithrombin and factors XI, XII, and XIII were observed in those patients who eventually developed severe illness. Additionally, survival models showed us that patients with lower levels of these coagulation proteins had an increased risk of death.Conclusion: COVID-19 provokes early increments of some specific coagulation proteins in most patients. However, lower levels of these proteins at diagnosis might “paradoxically” imply a higher risk of progression to severe disease and COVID-19-related mortality.

scholarly journals Maximum chest CT score is associated with progression to severe illness in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study from Wuhan, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianwei Xiao ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Yuanliang Xie ◽  
Zengfa Huang ◽  
Yi Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Radiological Feature ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Health Crisis

Abstract Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a world-wide health crisis. Limited information is available regarding which patients will experience more severe disease symptoms. We evaluated hospitalized patients who were initially diagnosed with moderate COVID-19 for clinical parameters and radiological feature that showed an association with progression to severe/critical symptoms. Methods: This study, a retrospective single-center study at the Central Hospital of Wuhan, enrolled 243 patients with confirmed COVID­19 pneumonia. Forty of these patients progressed from moderate to severe/critical symptoms during follow up. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological data were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between moderate- and severe/critical-type symptoms. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify the risk factors associated with symptom progression.Results: Patients with severe/critical symptoms were older (p<0.001) and more often male (p=0.046). A combination of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and high maximum chest computed tomography (CT) score was associated with disease progression. Maximum CT score (>11) had the greatest predictive value for disease progression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.861 (95% confidence interval: 0.811-0.902).Conclusions: Maximum CT score and COPD were associated with patient deterioration. Maximum CT score (>11) was associated with severe illness.

scholarly journals Maximum chest CT score is associated with progression to severe illness in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study from Wuhan, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianwei Xiao ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Yuanliang Xie ◽  
Zengfa Huang ◽  
Yi Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Radiological Feature ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Health Crisis

Abstract Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a world-wide health crisis. Limited information is available regarding which patients will experience more severe disease symptoms. We evaluated hospitalized patients who were initially diagnosed with moderate COVID-19 for clinical parameters and radiological feature that showed an association with progression to severe/critical symptoms.Methods: This study, a retrospective single-center study at the Central Hospital of Wuhan, enrolled 243 patients with confirmed COVID­19 pneumonia. Forty of these patients progressed from moderate to severe/critical symptoms during follow up. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological data were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between moderate- and severe/critical-type symptoms. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify the risk factors associated with symptom progression.Results: Patients with severe/critical symptoms were older (p<0.001) and more often male (p=0.046). A combination of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and high maximum chest computed tomography (CT) score was associated with disease progression. Maximum CT score (>11) had the greatest predictive value for disease progression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.861 (95% confidence interval: 0.811-0.902).Conclusions: Maximum CT score and COPD were associated with patient deterioration. Maximum CT score (>11) was associated with severe illness.

scholarly journals Obesity is Associated with Poor Covid-19 Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Wei Shan Hoong ◽  
Ikram Hussain ◽  
Veeraraghavan Meyyur Aravamudan ◽  
Ei Ei Phyu ◽  
Jaime Hui Xian Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Obesity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Composite Outcome ◽  
Unfavourable Outcome ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractOur aim was to assess the association between obesity and the risk of unfavourable outcomes (composite of severe disease and mortality) in inpatients with COVID-19. We conducted a systematic search of databases between December 2019 and 28th June 2020. Studies were included if they reported or allowed estimation of an odds ratio (OR) for unfavourable outcome in obese compared to non-obese patients hospitalised for COVID-19. Twenty cohort studies of 28 355 hospitalised patients with COVID-19 infection were included. Meta-analysis estimated a pooled OR of 2.02 (1.41–2.89, p<0.001) for an unfavourable outcome in obese versus non-obese patients when adjusted for age, sex and co-morbidities. When unadjusted for confounders, the OR for unfavourable outcomes was 1.25 (CI 1.07–1.45, p=0.005). An increased adjusted OR was also seen for death (OR 1.51; CI 1.13–2.21, p=0.006) and severe illness (OR 2.26; CI 1.47–3.48, p<0.001). Compared to a normal BMI, the risk of an unfavourable outcome was increased even in overweight patients, with severe obesity having an escalated risk.Obesity is independently associated with an unfavourable outcome of COVID-19 illness, with obese patients having twice the risk of a composite outcome of severe disease or mortality, and a 50% increased risk of death.

Personalized stratification of back to work risk amidst COVID-19: A machine learning approach (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carson Lam ◽  
Jacob Calvert ◽  
Gina Barnes ◽  
Emily Pellegrini ◽  
Anna Lynn-Palevsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Available P ◽  
Severe Illness

BACKGROUND In the wake of COVID-19, the United States has developed a three stage plan to outline the parameters to determine when states may reopen businesses and ease travel restrictions. The guidelines also identify subpopulations of Americans that should continue to stay at home due to being at high risk for severe disease should they contract COVID-19. These guidelines were based on population level demographics, rather than individual-level risk factors. As such, they may misidentify individuals at high risk for severe illness and who should therefore not return to work until vaccination or widespread serological testing is available. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated a machine learning algorithm for the prediction of serious illness due to COVID-19 using inpatient data collected from electronic health records. METHODS The algorithm was trained to identify patients for whom a diagnosis of COVID-19 was likely to result in hospitalization, and compared against four U.S policy-based criteria: age over 65, having a serious underlying health condition, age over 65 or having a serious underlying health condition, and age over 65 and having a serious underlying health condition. RESULTS This algorithm identified 80% of patients at risk for hospitalization due to COVID-19, versus at most 62% that are identified by government guidelines. The algorithm also achieved a high specificity of 95%, outperforming government guidelines. CONCLUSIONS This algorithm may help to enable a broad reopening of the American economy while ensuring that patients at high risk for serious disease remain home until vaccination and testing become available.

scholarly journals Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1021-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Michael Henry ◽  
Maria Helena Santos de Oliveira ◽  
Stefanie Benoit ◽  
Mario Plebani ◽  
Giuseppe Lippi
Keyword(s):  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Weighted Mean Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Discriminative Ability ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Wbc Count

AbstractBackgroundAs coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic rages on, there is urgent need for identification of clinical and laboratory predictors for progression towards severe and fatal forms of this illness. In this study we aimed to evaluate the discriminative ability of hematologic, biochemical and immunologic biomarkers in patients with and without the severe or fatal forms of COVID-19.MethodsAn electronic search in Medline (PubMed interface), Scopus, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) was performed, to identify studies reporting on laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-19. Studies were divided into two separate cohorts for analysis: severity (severe vs. non-severe and mortality, i.e. non-survivors vs. survivors). Data was pooled into a meta-analysis to estimate weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for each laboratory parameter.ResultsA total number of 21 studies was included, totaling 3377 patients and 33 laboratory parameters. While 18 studies (n = 2984) compared laboratory findings between patients with severe and non-severe COVID-19, the other three (n = 393) compared survivors and non-survivors of the disease and were thus analyzed separately. Patients with severe and fatal disease had significantly increased white blood cell (WBC) count, and decreased lymphocyte and platelet counts compared to non-severe disease and survivors. Biomarkers of inflammation, cardiac and muscle injury, liver and kidney function and coagulation measures were also significantly elevated in patients with both severe and fatal COVID-19. Interleukins 6 (IL-6) and 10 (IL-10) and serum ferritin were strong discriminators for severe disease.ConclusionsSeveral biomarkers which may potentially aid in risk stratification models for predicting severe and fatal COVID-19 were identified. In hospitalized patients with respiratory distress, we recommend clinicians closely monitor WBC count, lymphocyte count, platelet count, IL-6 and serum ferritin as markers for potential progression to critical illness.

scholarly journals LB0001 MAVRILIMUMAB IMPROVES OUTCOMES IN PHASE 2 TRIAL IN NON-MECHANICALLY-VENTILATED PATIENTS WITH SEVERE COVID-19 PNEUMONIA AND SYSTEMIC HYPERINFLAMMATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 198.2-199
Author(s):  
L. Pupim ◽  
T. S. Wang ◽  
K. Hudock ◽  
J. Denson ◽  
N. Fourie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
Ordinal Scale ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen Therapy

Background:Granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine both vital to lung homeostasis and important in regulating inflammation and autoimmunity1,2,3 that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of respiratory failure and death in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation.4-6 Mavrilimumab is a human anti GM-CSF receptor α monoclonal antibody capable of blocking GM-CSF signaling and downregulating the inflammatory process.Objectives:To evaluate the effect of mavrilimumab on clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation.Methods:This on-going, global, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled seamless transition Phase 2/3 trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of mavrilimumab in adults hospitalized with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and hyperinflammation. The Phase 2 portion comprised two groups: Cohort 1 patients requiring supplemental oxygen therapy without mechanical ventilation (to maintain SpO2 ≥92%) and Cohort 2 patients requiring mechanical ventilation, initiated ≤48 hours before randomization. Here, we report results for Phase 2, Cohort 1: 116 patients with severe COVID- 19 pneumonia and hyperinflammation from USA, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and South Africa; randomized 1:1:1 to receive a single intravenous administration of mavrilimumab (10 or 6 mg/kg) or placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint was proportion of patients alive and free of mechanical ventilation at Day 29. Secondary endpoints included [1] time to 2-point clinical improvement (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases COVID-19 ordinal scale), [2] time to return to room air, and [3] mortality, all measured through Day 29. The prespecified evidentiary standard was a 2-sided α of 0.2 (not adjusted for multiplicity).Results:Baseline demographics were balanced among the intervention groups; patients were racially diverse (43% non-white), had a mean age of 57 years, and 49% were obese (BMI ≥ 30). All patients received the local standard of care: 96% received corticosteroids (including dexamethasone) and 29% received remdesivir. No differences in outcomes were observed between the 10 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg mavrilimumab arms. Results for these groups are presented together. Mavrilimumab recipients had a reduced requirement for mechanical ventilation and improved survival: at day 29, the proportion of patients alive and free of mechanical ventilation was 12.3 percentage points higher with mavrilimumab (86.7% of patients) than placebo (74.4% of patients) (Primary endpoint; p=0.1224). Mavrilimumab recipients experienced a 65% reduction in the risk of mechanical ventilation or death through Day 29 (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.35; p=0.0175). Day 29 mortality was 12.5 percentage points lower in mavrilimumab recipients (8%) compared to placebo (20.5%) (p=0.0718). Mavrilimumab recipients had a 61% reduction in the risk of death through Day 29 (HR= 0.39; p=0.0726). Adverse events occurred less frequently in mavrilimumab recipients compared to placebo, including secondary infections and thrombotic events (known complications of COVID-19). Thrombotic events occurred only in the placebo arm (5/40 [12.5%]).Conclusion:In a global, diverse population of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and hyperinflammation receiving supplemental oxygen therapy, corticosteroids, and remdesivir, a single infusion of mavrilimumab reduced progression to mechanical ventilation and improved survival. Results indicate mavrilimumab, a potent inhibitor of GM-CSF signaling, may have added clinical benefit on top of the current standard therapy for COVID-19. Of potential importance is that this treatment strategy is mechanistically independent of the specific virus or viral variant.References:[1]Trapnell, Nat Rev Dis Pri, 2019[2]Wicks, Nat Rev Immunology, 2015[3]Hamilton, Exp Rev Clin Immunol, 2015[4]De Luca, Lancet Rheumatol, 2020[5]Cremer, Lancet Rheumatol, 2021[6]Zhou, Nature, 2020Disclosure of Interests:Lara Pupim Employee of: Kiniksa, Shareholder of: Kiniksa, Tisha S. Wang Consultant of: Partner Therapeutics; steering committee for Kinevant BREATHE clinical trial, Kristin Hudock: None declared, Joshua Denson: None declared, Nyda Fourie: None declared, Luis Hercilla Vasquez: None declared, Kleber Luz: None declared, Mohammad Madjid Grant/research support from: Kiniksa, Kirsten McHarry: None declared, José Francisco Saraiva: None declared, Eduardo Tobar: None declared, Teresa Zhou Employee of: Kiniksa, Shareholder of: Kiniksa, Manoj Samant Employee of: Kiniksa, Shareholder of: Kiniksa, Joseph Pirrello Employee of: Kiniksa, Shareholder of: Kiniksa, Fang Fang Employee of: Kiniksa, Shareholder of: Kiniksa, John F. Paolini Employee of: Kiniksa, Shareholder of: Kiniksa, Arian Pano Employee of: Kiniksa, Shareholder of: Kiniksa, Bruce C. Trapnell: None declared

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