scholarly journals Poverty, sanitation, and Leptospira transmission pathways in residents from four Brazilian slums

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. e0009256
Author(s):  
Hussein Khalil ◽  
Roberta Santana ◽  
Daiana de Oliveira ◽  
Fabiana Palma ◽  
Ricardo Lustosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Burden ◽  
Lower Transmission ◽  
Transmission Pathways ◽  
Guide Intervention ◽  
Sources Of Contamination

Residents of urban slums suffer from a high burden of zoonotic diseases due to individual, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. We conducted a cross-sectional sero-survey in four urban slums in Salvador, Brazil, to characterize how poverty and sanitation contribute to the transmission of rat-borne leptospirosis. Sero-prevalence in the 1,318 participants ranged between 10.0 and 13.3%. We found that contact with environmental sources of contamination, rather than presence of rat reservoirs, is what leads to higher risk for residents living in areas with inadequate sanitation. Further, poorer residents may be exposed away from the household, and ongoing governmental interventions were not associated with lower transmission risk. Residents at higher risk were aware of their vulnerability, and their efforts improved the physical environment near their household, but did not reduce their infection chances. This study highlights the importance of understanding the socioeconomic and environmental determinants of risk, which ought to guide intervention efforts.

Study of epidemiological determinants of undernutrition among adolescent girls in urban slums of Berhampur, Odisha: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sambedana Mohanty ◽  
Manasee Panda
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Folic Acid Supplementation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

AbstractBackgroundAdolescent girls are vulnerable to many problems, undernutrition being the most common. This results in growth restriction resulting in stunting, wasting, underweight and last but not the least iron-deficiency anaemia. Nutritional needs are high during puberty which later leads to complications during pregnancy and its outcomes.Materials and methodsA field based cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the nutritional status of the girls and to determine the various factors responsible for undernutrition. After clearance from the Institution Ethical Committee (IEC) and permission from Child Development Programme Officer (CDPO), the study was conducted in the anganwadi centres (AWC) of urban slums in the field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine from the 1st October 2014 to the 31st October 2016. All the adolescent girls enlisted in the seven anganwadi centres were included as study subjects with their consent. A pre-designed, pre-tested and semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on following sections. (a) socio-demographic profile and (b) nutritional status. Dietary intake was taken using the 24-h recall method. Anthropometry was measured and haemoglobin (Hb) was estimated. SPSS version 21 was used for descriptive and analytic statistics.ResultsAmong the 160 girls 98(61.3%), 69(43.1%), 53(33.1%) were underweight, stunted and wasted, respectively. Anaemia was present among 144(90%) of the girls.ConclusionStrict monitoring of weekly iron and folic acid supplementation (WIFS) as well as nutrition education are essential measures to solve the problem of undernutrition among adolescent girls.

scholarly journals 936. Evaluating the Impact of Polypharmacy on Virologic Success in People with HIV

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S501-S502
Author(s):  
Humberto R Jimenez ◽  
Naana Boachie ◽  
Sangwon Park ◽  
Jin Suh
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Virologic Failure ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Virologic Response ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Pill Burden ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Aids Diagnosis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background As people with HIV (PWH) have experienced reductions in antiretroviral pill burden, there has been an increase in medications to manage non-AIDS-related co-morbidities. Previous studies have linked virologic failure to an increased pill burden. This study assessed whether polypharmacy and other variables affect success of HIV management in our population. Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of PWH receiving care at a Ryan White-funded clinic in New Jersey was performed. Eligible patients were ≥18 years old, had ≥2 visits in 2019 and were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The primary endpoints were to determine the effect polypharmacy (defined as 5 or more non-ART pills per day) on virologic response rates (HIV RNA < 200 copies/mL). Secondary endpoints accounted for the impact of age, gender, race/ethnicity, HIV transmission risk factor, and AIDS diagnosis on virologic response. A descriptive analysis of comorbidities and medication classes was also completed. Logistic regression, chi square and student’s t test were used for statistical analysis. Results 964 patients were included in the analysis, with 355 (37%) meeting the criteria for polypharmacy. Most patients were male (60%) and the mean age was 49 years of age. The racial/ethnic breakdown was 46% Hispanic, 45% Black and 8% White. Polypharmacy was associated with higher rates of virologic success compared to those with a lower pill burden: 94% vs 86% had an HIV RNA < 200 copies/mL (P=0.0003), respectively. ART pill burden was statistically, but not clinically higher among those with polypharmacy (1.34 vs 1.45, P=0.025). Virologic response was found to be higher among Hispanics and Whites in comparison to Black patients (OR 2.2, CI 1.4-3.5 and 3.0, CI 1.1-8.2). Patients with an AIDS diagnosis were less likely to achieve virologic response (OR 0.64, CI 0.42-0.99). Conclusion Patients with polypharmacy were more likely to achieve virologic success than paitents with a low pill burden in our population. Disclosures Humberto R. Jimenez, PharmD, BCPS, AAHIVP, Gilead (Speaker’s Bureau)

scholarly journals COPD awareness in the urban slums and rural areas around Pune city in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deesha Deepak Ghorpade ◽  
Anchala Raghupathy ◽  
Jyoti Deepak Londhe ◽  
Sapna Jitendra Madas ◽  
Nisha Vijay Kale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years

AbstractCOPD is the second leading cause of death and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in India, yet, it remains poorly recognized. We aimed to study the level of awareness of COPD in urban slums of Pune city in India and its neighboring rural areas. All male and female subjects above the age of 30 years residing in 13 randomly selected slums of Pune city (total population of 3000) and 7 randomly selected neighboring rural villages (total population of 3000) were invited to participate in this cross-sectional community survey. After obtaining written informed consent, 13 trained community health workers (CHWs) administered a questionnaire that captured their level of awareness of COPD. Of the 6000 subjects approached, 5420 residents (mean age ± SD = 48.0 ± 13.5 years; 38% males) consented and answered all questions. The number of people who had ever heard the word COPD was 49/5420 [0.9% (0.6–1.1%); 0.7% (0.5–1.3%) of the urban slum dwellers and 1.15% (0.5–1.3%) of rural residents]. Among those who had never heard the word COPD (n = 5371), when asked what was the name of the disease caused by long-term tobacco smoking, 38% said cancer, 16.7% said asthma, and 4.4% said TB. Among those who had heard the word COPD (n = 49), 6.1% said it was a disease of the heart, and 61% attributed COPD to smoke and dust pollution and 20% to tobacco smoking. The level of awareness of COPD in the Indian community is extremely low, highlighting the need to have nationwide mass awareness programs in India.

scholarly journals Manuscript title: Prevalence and determinants of undernutrition among under-five children residing in urban slums and rural area, Maharashtra, India: a community-based cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujata Kapil Murarkar ◽  
Jayashree Sachin Gothankar ◽  
Prakash Doke ◽  
Prasad Pore ◽  
Sanjay Lalwani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

Abstract BackgroundUndernutrition among under five children in India is a major public health problem.Despite India’s growth in the economy, the child mortality rate due to undernutrition is still high in both urban and rural areas.Studies that focus on urban slums are scarce. Hence the present study was carried out to assess the prevalence and determinants of undernutrition in children under five in Maharashtra, India.Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 16 randomly selected clusters in two districts of Maharashtra state, India. Data were collected through house to house survey by interviewing mothers of under five children. Total 2929 mothers and their 3,671 under five children were covered. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify the determinants of child nutritional status seperately in urban and rural areas. ResultsThe mean age of the children was 2.38 years (±SD 1.36) and mean age of mothers was 24.25 years (± SD 6.37).Overall prevalence of stunting among children under five was 45.9 %, wasting was 17.1% and 35.4% children were underweight.Prevalence of wasting, stunting and underweight were more seen in an urban slum than a rural area.In the rural areas exclusive breast feeding(p<0.001) and acute diarrhea (p=0.001) were associated with wasting, children with birth order 2 or less than 2 were associated with stunting and exclusive breast feeding (p<0.05) and low maternal education were associated with underweight. Whereas in the urban slums exclusive breast feeding(p<0.05) was associated with wasting, sex of the child (p<0.05) and type of family(p<0.05)were associated with stunting,and low income of the family(p<0.05) was associated with underweight.ConclusionsFactors like sex of the child, birth order,exclusive breast feeding ,economic status of the family, type of family,acute diarrhea and maternal education have influence on nutritional status of the child. Improvement of maternal education will improve the nutritional status of the child. Strategies are needed to improve the economic status of the community.Trial registration-Trial registration number:CTRI/2017/12/010881;Registration date:14/12/2017. Retrospectively registered.

scholarly journals Sebaran Infeksi Leptospira Patogenik pada Tikus dan Cecurut di Daerah Pasca Banjir Kabupaten Pati dan Endemis Boyolali

2018 ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
Zumrotus Sholichah ◽  
Rahmawati Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Random Pattern ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Until March 2014 leptospirosis cases and its Case Fatality Rate increased in Pati and Boyolali. This study aims to describe distribution of infected rats and shrews in flood area in Pati and endemic area in Boyolali. Research carried out by the cross sectional design on March-April 2014. Coordinate of Leptospira infected rats and shrews were mapped using google earth with home range buffer. Data analyzed descriptively to describe distribution of infected rats and shrews. Pathogenic Leptospira sp. infected rats and shrews spread with random pattern. This results could be an explanation of higher transmission risk. of leptospirosis in the area of study

scholarly journals Prevalence and determinants of undernutrition among under-five children residing in urban slums and rural area, Maharashtra, India: a community-based cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujata Kapil Murarkar ◽  
Jayashree Sachin Gothankar ◽  
Prakash Doke ◽  
Prasad Pore ◽  
Sanjay Lalwani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Trial Registration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

Abstract Background Undernutrition among under five children in India is a major public health problem.Despite India’s growth in the economy, the child mortality rate due to undernutrition is still high in both urban and rural areas.Studies that focus on urban slums are scarce. Hence the present study was carried out to assess the prevalence and determinants of undernutrition in children under five in Maharashtra, India.Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 16 randomly selected clusters in two districts of Maharashtra state, India. Data were collected through house to house survey by interviewing mothers of under five children. Total 2929 mothers and their 3,671 under five children were covered. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify the determinants of child nutritional status seperately in urban and rural areas. Results The mean age of the children was 2.38years (±SD 1.365) and mean age of mothers was 24.25(± SD6.37) years.Overall prevalence of stunting among children under five was 45.9 %, wasting was 17.1% and 35.4% children were underweight.Prevalence of wasting, stunting and underweight were more seen in an urban slum than a rural area.In the rural areas exclusive breast feeding(p<0.001) and acute diarrhea (p=0.001)in children underfive were associated with wasting, children with birth order 2 or less than 2 were more affected by stunting and exclusive breast feeding (p<0.05) and low maternal education were associated with underweight.Whereas in the urban slums exclusive breast feeding(p<0.05) was associated with wasting, sex of the child (p<0.05) and type of family(p<0.05)were associated with stunting,and low income of the family(p<0.05) was associated with underweight.Conclusion Factors like sex of the child, birth order,exclusive breast feeding ,economic status of the family, type of family,acute diarrhea and maternal education have influence on nutritional status of the child. Improvement of maternal education will improve the nutritional status of the child. Strategies are needed to improve the economic status of the community.The trial registration-This article is part of baseline data of the project, hence not related to trial registration. After baseline data principal investigator had done trial registration retrospectively.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Stunting among 6-59 Months Children and its Association with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practice in Urban Slums of Kathmandu, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Sarswoti Singh ◽  
Nil P Dhital ◽  
Rajan Paudel ◽  
Dipak K Sah ◽  
Arjun Hamal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Critical Public Health ◽  
Childhood Stunting ◽  
Purification Of Water

Introduction Childhood malnutrition is a critical public health concern in Nepal. Slums are supposed to have poor water, sanitation and hygiene practices. This study has aimed to examine association between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) variables and stunting among 6 to 59 months children of slums of Kathmandu metropolitan city. MethodsDescriptive cross-sectional study design was employed where 335 households were included in the study. Data were collected using standard questionnaire and observation checklist. Weight and height of children were taken using seca digital weighing scale and wooden height board of UNICEF respectively. Anthropometric analysis was done using WHO Anthro version 3.2.2 software and other statistical analysis was conducted using SPSSversion 22 software. ResultsThe prevalence of stunting was 23%. Four out of five household (80%) in slum used to drink water from unimproved source. Absence of handwashing station (AOR=2.109, 95% CI:1.05-3.27) and absence of water storage covering (AOR=2.46, 95% CI: 1.16–5.23) were found to be significantly contributing to stunting status. ConclusionThis study highlights the importance of good WASH practices, and the potential of WASH interventions, to contribute for the improved childhood stunting living in urban slums in Nepal. Also, the findings recommend the need of strategies on purification of water, improvement of toilets, behaviour change and awareness related activities to improve the stunting among children.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with the Quality of Life of People Living with HIV/AIDS

10.3823/2627 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Sandra Andrade ◽  
Clarissa Mourão Pinho ◽  
Aline Ferreira Targino Soares ◽  
Eduardo Tavares Gomes ◽  
Cynthia Angélica Ramos de Oliveira Dourado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stepwise Method ◽  
Living With Hiv

Purposes: Evaluate the quality of life and the associated factors in people living with HIV. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach and random sample selection, carried out in two Specialized Assistance Services, with 356 people living with HIV. The comparison between the domain scores was performed using the student t test, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the contribution of variables to the outcome quality of life using the stepwise method. Results: The domains that showed the best results in averages were Psychological (17.0), Social Relations (14.9) and Level of Independence (14.0). The domain that had the greatest determination was the Psychological (R² = 0.49), followed by Social Relations (R² = 0.434), the lowest determination was the Spirituality domain (R² = 0.270). No domain had a score considered high. Conclusion: The quality of life presented unsatisfactory results, especially in the Physical, Environment and Spirituality domains. The need to formulate strategies aimed at coping with HIV and increasing the quality of life of people living with HIV is evident.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Hypertension among Adults Residing In Urban Slums of Ramnagar, Belgaum City-A Cross-Sectional Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 102-104
Author(s):  
Om Prakash Das ◽  
◽  
Dr. Vijaya A. Naik ◽  
Dr. Ashwini B. Narasannavar ◽  
Ram Kumar Sah
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

scholarly journals Pneumonia pada Anak Balita di Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Athena Anwar ◽  
Ika Dharmayanti
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Basic Health ◽  
Determinant Factors

Pneumonia adalah penyakit infeksi yang merupakan penyebab utama kematian pada balita di dunia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2007 melaporkan bahwa kematian balita di Indonesia mencapai 15,5%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor determinan terjadinya pneumonia pada balita di Indonesia. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang dengan menggunakan data Riskesdas 2013. Kriteria sampel adalah balita (0 – 59 bulan) yang menjadi responden Riskesdas 2013. Variabel dependen adalah kejadian pneumonia balita, sedangkan variabel independennya adalah karakteristik individu, lingkungan fisik rumah, perilaku penggunaan bahan bakar, dan kebiasaan merokok. Penetapan kejadian pneumonia berdasarkan hasil wawancara, dengan batasan operasional diagnosis pneumonia oleh tenaga kesehatan dan/atau dengan gejala pneumonia dalam periode 12 bulan terakhir. Jumlah sampel yang memenuhi kriteria adalah 82.666 orang. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa faktor risiko yang paling berperan dalam kejadian pneumonia balita adalah jenis kelamin balita (OR = 1,10; 95% CI = 1,02 - 1,18), tipe tempat tinggal (OR = 1,15; 95% CI = 1,06 – 1,25), pendidikan ibu (OR = 1,20; 95% CI = 1,11 – 1,30), tingkat ekonomi keluarga/kuintil indeks kepemilikan (OR = 1,19; 95% CI = 1,10 – 1,30), pemisahan dapur dari ruangan lain (OR = 1,19; 95% CI = 1,05 – 1,34), keberadan/kebiasaan membuka jendela kamar (OR = 1,17; 95% CI = 1,04 – 1,31), dan ventilasi kamar yang cukup (OR = 1,16; 95% CI = 1,04 – 1,30). Disimpulkan bahwa faktor sosial, demografi, ekonomi dan kondisi lingkungan fisik rumah secara bersama-sama berperan terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada balita di Indonesia.Pneumonia is an infectious disease which is a major cause of mortality in children under five years of age in the world. National Basic Health Research 2007 reported that infant mortality in Indonesia has reached 15.5%. The objective of the study was to identify the determinant factors related to the incidence of pneumonia in children under five years of age in Indonesia. The research design was cross sectional, using National Basic Health Research 2013 data. Sample criteria were children under five years of age (0 – 59 months). The dependent variable was the incidence of pneumonia among children under five years of age, while the independent variables were individual characteristics, physical environment of house, types of fuel used, and smoking habit. There were 82,666 samples that fulfilled the study criteria. The result showed that determinant factors contributing to the incidence of pneumonia in children were sex (OR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.02 – 1.18), residence (urban/rural) (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1,06 – 1,25), maternal education (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.11 – 1.30), household poverty index quintile (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.10 – 1.30) , kitchen separation (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.05 – 1.34), window availability in bedroom (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.04 – 1.31), and bedroom ventilation (OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.04 – 1.30). This study concluded that social factors, demographic, economic levels and the physical environment of house simultaneously contributed to the incidence of pneumonia in children under five of age. 

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