Distinct Distal Gut Microbiome Diversity and Composition in Healthy Children from Bangladesh and the United States

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a well described human pathogen.1 Less commonly, atypical or nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can cause disease in humans. Recent studies report that NTM account for one-third of all pathogenic mycobacterial isolates in the United States.2 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAI) is the most common NTM causing human disease.2 It is also the most common mycobacterial cause of cervical lymphadenitis in children in areas with low endemic rates of MTB infection.3 MAI/NTM infection other than cervical adenitis is unusual in children, except in those that are immunosuppressed.4 Rarely, MAI presents as mediastinal or endobronchial disease in otherwise healthy children.

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Administration of the Third Dose of Oral Poliomyelitis Vaccine at 6 to 18 Months of Age

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.94.5.774 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 94 (5) ◽

pp. 774-775 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Health Care Providers ◽

The United States ◽

Preschool Age ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Care Providers ◽

Wild Type ◽

The Third ◽

Primary Series ◽

Poliomyelitis Vaccine

This statement describes a modification of the recommended routine schedule for administering trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV). The American Academy of Pediatrics previously has recommended that healthy children receive a three-dose primary series of OPV at 2, 4, and 15 to 18 months of age and a fourth dose at the time of school entry (4 to 6 years of age).1 Available data indicate that the response rates to the third dose of OPV administered at 6 months of age are as good as the rates following administration of this dose at 15 to 18 months of age. Completion of the three-dose primary series at an earlier age will help health care providers induce immunity against poliomyelitis at an early age. Although wild type poliomyelitis has not caused disease in the United States for many years, the virus remains prevalent in many countries. Continued introduction of the virus into the United States by travelers could result in transmission and disease if high levels of immunity are not maintained in preschool age children. For example, wild type poliovirus type 3 was recently introduced into Canada by a religious sect that did not believe in immunization.2 The virus was probably imported from the Netherlands, where a small epidemic of poliomyelitis occurred in members of the same sect in 1992 and 1993.3 SERUM ANTIBODY RESPONSE FOLLOWING OPV ADMINISTRATION After two doses of OPV are administered at 2 and 4 months of age, 89 to 100% of children vaccinated in the United States have evidence of humoral immunity to poliomyelitis types 1 and 3, and 99 to 100% have immunity to type 2 (Table).

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Metagenomic Analysis of The Gut Microbiome of Term Infants In The United States Reveals Widespread Dysbiosis

10.1542/peds.147.3_meetingabstract.715 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Giorgio Casaburi ◽

Rebbeca Duar ◽

Heather K. Brown ◽

Ryan Mitchell ◽

Sufyan Kazi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

The United States ◽

Metagenomic Analysis ◽

Term Infants

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Role of Antilipopolysaccharide Antibodies in Serum Bactericidal Activity against Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Healthy Adults and Children in the United States

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00289-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (10) ◽

pp. 1491-1498 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Estela Trebicka ◽

Susan Jacob ◽

Waheed Pirzai ◽

Bryan P. Hurley ◽

Bobby J. Cherayil

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Bactericidal Activity ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

The United States ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Content Type ◽

Serovar Typhimurium

ABSTRACTRecent observations from Africa have rekindled interest in the role of serum bactericidal antibodies in protecting against systemic infection withSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium. To determine whether the findings are applicable to other populations, we analyzed serum samples collected from healthy individuals in the United States. We found that all but 1 of the 49 adult samples tested had robust bactericidal activity againstS. Typhimurium in a standardin vitroassay. The activity was dependent on complement and could be reproduced by immunoglobulin G (IgG) purified from the sera. The bactericidal activity was inhibited by competition with soluble lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fromS. Typhimurium but not fromEscherichia coli, consistent with recognition of a determinant in the O-antigen polysaccharide. Sera from healthy children aged 10 to 48 months also had bactericidal activity, although it was significantly less than in the adults, correlating with lower levels of LPS-specific IgM and IgG. The lone sample in our collection that lacked bactericidal activity was able to inhibit killing ofS. Typhimurium by the other sera. The inhibition correlated with the presence of an LPS-specific IgM and was associated with decreased complement deposition on the bacterial surface. Our results indicate that healthy individuals can have circulating antibodies to LPS that either mediate or inhibit killing ofS. Typhimurium. The findings contrast with the observations from Africa, which linked bactericidal activity to antibodies against anS. Typhimurium outer membrane protein and correlated the presence of inhibitory anti-LPS antibodies with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

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An Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain and Galacto-Oligosaccharides Accelerate Clearance of Salmonella Infections in Poultry through Modifications to the Gut Microbiome

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02526-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 84 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril ◽

Natasha Butz ◽

Maria Belen Cadenas ◽

Matthew Koci ◽

Anne Ballou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

The United States ◽

Wild Type ◽

Content Type ◽

Salmonella Infections ◽

Serovar Typhimurium ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Salmonella is estimated to cause one million foodborne illnesses in the United States every year. Salmonella -contaminated poultry products are one of the major sources of salmonellosis. Given the critical role of the gut microbiota in Salmonella transmission, a manipulation of the chicken intestinal microenvironment could prevent animal colonization by the pathogen. In Salmonella , the global regulator gene fnr ( f umarate n itrate r eduction) regulates anaerobic metabolism and is essential for adapting to the gut environment. This study tested the hypothesis that an attenuated Fnr mutant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (attST) or prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) could improve resistance to wild-type Salmonella via modifications to the structure of the chicken gut microbiome. Intestinal samples from a total of 273 animals were collected weekly for 9 weeks to evaluate the impact of attST or prebiotic supplementation on microbial species of the cecum, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. We next analyzed changes to the gut microbiome induced by challenging the animals with a wild-type Salmonella serovar 4,[5],12:r:− (Nal r ) strain and determined the clearance rate of the virulent strain in the treated and control groups. Both GOS and the attenuated Salmonella strain modified the gut microbiome but elicited alterations of different taxonomic groups. The attST produced significant increases of Alistipes and undefined Lactobacillus , while GOS increased Christensenellaceae and Lactobacillus reuteri . The microbiome structural changes induced by both treatments resulted in a faster clearance after a Salmonella challenge. IMPORTANCE With an average annual incidence of 13.1 cases/100,000 individuals, salmonellosis has been deemed a nationally notifiable condition in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Earlier studies demonstrated that Salmonella is transmitted by a subset of animals (supershedders). The supershedder phenotype can be induced by antibiotics, ascertaining an essential role for the gut microbiota in Salmonella transmission. Consequently, modulation of the gut microbiota and modification of the intestinal microenvironment could assist in preventing animal colonization by the pathogen. Our study demonstrated that a manipulation of the chicken gut microbiota by the administration of an attenuated Salmonella strain or prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) can promote resistance to Salmonella colonization via increases of beneficial microorganisms that translate into a less hospitable gut microenvironment.

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US Immigration Is Associated With Rapid and Persistent Acquisition of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Gut

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciz1087 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 419-421

Author(s):

Quentin Le Bastard ◽

Pajau Vangay ◽

Eric Batard ◽

Dan Knights ◽

Emmanuel Montassier

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Gene ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

The United States ◽

Human Migration ◽

Metagenomics Analysis

Abstract Little is known about the effect of human migration on gut microbiome antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) carriage. Using deep shotgun stool metagenomics analysis, we found a rapid increase in gut microbiome ARG richness and abundance in women from 2 independent ethnic groups relocating from Thailand to the United States.

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Influenza vaccines licensed in the United States in healthy children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Protocol)

Systematic Reviews ◽

10.1186/2046-4053-1-65 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gabriela J Prutsky ◽

Juan Pablo Domecq ◽

Tarig Elraiyah ◽

Zhen Wang ◽

Lisa A Grohskopf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

The United States ◽

Influenza Vaccines ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Analysis Protocol

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Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron-infecting bacteriophage isolates inform sequence-based host range predictions

10.1101/2020.03.04.977157 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrew J. Hryckowian ◽

Bryan D. Merrill ◽

Nathan T. Porter ◽

William Van Treuren ◽

Eric J. Nelson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Dark Matter ◽

Host Range ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

The United States ◽

Structural Genes ◽

Bacteroides Thetaiotaomicron ◽

Human Gut

SummaryOur emerging view of the gut microbiome largely focuses on bacteria and less is known about other microbial components such as of bacteriophages (phages). Though phages are abundant in the gut, very few phages have been isolated from this ecosystem. Here, we report the genomes of 27 phages from the United States and Bangladesh that infect the prevalent human gut bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. These phages are mostly distinct from previously sequenced phages with the exception of two, which are crAss-like phages. We compare these isolates to existing human gut metagenomes, revealing similarities to previously inferred phages and additional unexplored phage diversity. Finally, we use host tropisms of these phages to identify alleles of phage structural genes associated with infectivity. This work provides a detailed view of the gut’s “viral dark matter” and a framework for future efforts to further integrate isolation- and sequencing-focused efforts to understand gut-resident phages.

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Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Colonization in Healthy Children in the United States

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofv131.11 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Shamim Islam ◽

Rangaraj Selvarangan ◽

Rajvir Chohan ◽

James D. Chappell ◽

Rendie Mchenry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Antibiotic Resistant

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Tick-Borne Infections

Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases Board Review ◽

10.1093/med/9780199827626.003.0010 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 116-125

Author(s):

Alan J Wright

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Lyme Disease ◽

Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Spotted Fever ◽

Rocky Mountain ◽

The United States ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Empirical Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever ◽

High Index Of Suspicion

Tick-borne infections are very serious illnesses in healthy children and adults. The clinical presentation is often nonspecific and diagnosis is difficult. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for tick-borne infections and begin appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy for the best therapeutic outcome. This chapter reviews the 4 most common tick-borne infections in the United States: Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

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