On the Time Course of Synchronization Patterns of Neuronal Discharges in the Human Brain during Cognitive Tasks

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that the non-intoxicating cannabinoid compound cannabidiol (CBD) may have antipsychotic and anxiolytic properties, and thus may be a promising new agent in the treatment of psychotic and anxiety disorders. However, the neurobiological substrates underlying the potential therapeutic effects of CBD are still unclear. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a detailed and up-to-date systematic literature overview of neuroimaging studies that investigated the acute impact of CBD on human brain function.Methods: Papers published until May 2020 were included from PubMed following a comprehensive search strategy and pre-determined set of criteria for article selection. We included studies that examined the effects of CBD on brain function of healthy volunteers and individuals diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder, comprising both the effects of CBD alone as well as in direct comparison to those induced by ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of Cannabis.Results: One-ninety four studies were identified, of which 17 met inclusion criteria. All studies investigated the acute effects of CBD on brain function during resting state or in the context of cognitive tasks. In healthy volunteers, acute CBD enhanced fronto-striatal resting state connectivity, both compared to placebo and THC. Furthermore, CBD modulated brain activity and had opposite effects when compared to THC following task-specific patterns during various cognitive paradigms, such as emotional processing (fronto-temporal), verbal memory (fronto-striatal), response inhibition (fronto-limbic-striatal), and auditory/visual processing (temporo-occipital). In individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis and patients with established psychosis, acute CBD showed intermediate brain activity compared to placebo and healthy controls during cognitive task performance. CBD modulated resting limbic activity in subjects with anxiety and metabolite levels in patients with autism spectrum disorders.Conclusion: Neuroimaging studies have shown that acute CBD induces significant alterations in brain activity and connectivity patterns during resting state and performance of cognitive tasks in both healthy volunteers and patients with a psychiatric disorder. This included modulation of functional networks relevant for psychiatric disorders, possibly reflecting CBD’s therapeutic effects. Future studies should consider replication of findings and enlarge the inclusion of psychiatric patients, combining longer-term CBD treatment with neuroimaging assessments.

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A Self-Operating Time Crystal Model of the Human Brain: Can We Replace Entire Brain Hardware with a 3D Fractal Architecture of Clocks Alone?

Information ◽

10.3390/info11050238 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 238 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pushpendra Singh ◽

Komal Saxena ◽

Anup Singhania ◽

Pathik Sahoo ◽

Subrata Ghosh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Operating Time ◽

Living Cells ◽

Cognitive Tasks ◽

Biological Clocks ◽

Spatial Reconstruction ◽

Crystal Model ◽

3D Architecture ◽

Fractal Architecture ◽

The Brain

Time crystal was conceived in the 1970s as an autonomous engine made of only clocks to explain the life-like features of a virus. Later, time crystal was extended to living cells like neurons. The brain controls most biological clocks that regenerate the living cells continuously. Most cognitive tasks and learning in the brain run by periodic clock-like oscillations. Can we integrate all cognitive tasks in terms of running clocks of the hardware? Since the existing concept of time crystal has only one clock with a singularity point, we generalize the basic idea of time crystal so that we could bond many clocks in a 3D architecture. Harvesting inside phase singularity is the key. Since clocks reset continuously in the brain–body system, during reset, other clocks take over. So, we insert clock architecture inside singularity resembling brain components bottom-up and top-down. Instead of one clock, the time crystal turns to a composite, so it is poly-time crystal. We used century-old research on brain rhythms to compile the first hardware-free pure clock reconstruction of the human brain. Similar to the global effort on connectome, a spatial reconstruction of the brain, we advocate a global effort for more intricate mapping of all brain clocks, to fill missing links with respect to the brain’s temporal map. Once made, reverse engineering the brain would remain a mere engineering challenge.

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Time course of loudness in tone patterns is automatically represented by the human brain

Neuroscience Letters ◽

10.1016/0304-3940(95)12222-2 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 202 (1-2) ◽

pp. 117-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Erich Schröger ◽

Mari Tervaniemi ◽

Risto Näätänen

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Time Course

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Asymmetric interference between cognitive task components and concurrent sensorimotor coordination

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00073.2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 120 (1) ◽

pp. 330-342

Author(s):

Joshua Baker ◽

Antonio Castro ◽

Andrew K. Dunn ◽

Suvobrata Mitra

Keyword(s):

Information Processing ◽

Dual Task ◽

Time Course ◽

Cognitive Task ◽

Tracking Task ◽

Cognitive Tasks ◽

State Monitoring ◽

Sensorimotor Coordination ◽

Dual Tasking ◽

Task Conditions

Everyday cognitive tasks are frequently performed under dual-task conditions alongside continuous sensorimotor coordinations (CSCs) such as driving, walking, or balancing. Observed interference in these dual-task settings is commonly attributed to demands on executive function or attentional resources, but the time course and reciprocity of interference are not well understood at the level of information-processing components. Here we used electrophysiology to study the detailed chronometry of dual-task interference between a visual oddball task and a continuous visuomanual tracking task. The oddball task’s electrophysiological components were linked to underlying cognitive processes, and the tracking task served as a proxy for the continuous cycle of state monitoring and adjustment inherent to CSCs. Dual-tasking interfered with the oddball task’s accuracy and attentional processes (attenuated P2 and P3b magnitude and parietal alpha-band event-related desynchronization), but errors in tracking due to dual-tasking accrued at a later timescale and only in trials in which the target stimulus appeared and its tally had to be incremented. Interference between cognitive tasks and CSCs can be asymmetric in terms of timing as well as affected information-processing components. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Interference between cognitive tasks and continuous sensorimotor coordination (CSC) has been widely reported, but this is the first demonstration that the cognitive operation that is impaired by concurrent CSC may not be the one that impairs the CSC. Also demonstrated is that interference between such tasks can be temporally asymmetric. The asynchronicity of this interference has significant implications for understanding and mitigating loss of mobility in old age, and for rehabilitation for neurological impairments.

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Estimation of the time-course of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in living human brain from plasma pharmacokinetics of antipsychotics

The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology ◽

10.1017/s1461145703003912 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 19-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Akihiro Takano ◽

Tetsuya Suhara ◽

Yoko Ikoma ◽

Fumihiko Yasuno ◽

Jun Maeda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Time Course ◽

Dopamine D2 Receptor ◽

D2 Receptor ◽

Receptor Occupancy ◽

Dopamine D2 ◽

Dopamine D2 Receptor Occupancy ◽

Plasma Pharmacokinetics

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Infectomic Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles of Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Infected withCryptococcus neoformans

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.1155/2008/375620 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2008 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ambrose Jong ◽

Chun-Hua Wu ◽

Wensheng Zhou ◽

Han-Min Chen ◽

Sheng-He Huang

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Endothelial Cells ◽

Human Brain ◽

Time Course ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Host Cells ◽

Microvascular Endothelial Cells ◽

Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells ◽

Microvascular Endothelial ◽

Time Point

In order to dissect the pathogenesis ofCryptococcus neoformansmeningoencephalitis, a genomic survey of the changes in gene expression of human brain microvascular endothelial cells infected byC.neoformanswas carried out in a time-course study. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed sigificant fluctuations in the expression levels of different groups of genes during the pathogen-host interaction. Self-organizing map (SOM) analysis revealed that most genes were up- or downregulated 2 folds or more at least at one time point during the pathogen-host engagement. The microarray data were validated by Western blot analysis of a group of genes, includingβ-actin, Bcl-x, CD47, Bax, Bad, and Bcl-2. Hierarchical cluster profile showed that 61 out of 66 listed interferon genes were changed at least at one time point. Similarly, the active responses in expression of MHC genes were detected at all stages of the interaction. Taken together, our infectomic approaches suggest that the host cells significantly change the gene profiles and also actively participate in immunoregulations of the central nervous system (CNS) duringC.neoformansinfection.

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Asymmetric Compression of Representational Space for Object Animacy Categorization under Degraded Viewing Conditions

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn_a_01177 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (12) ◽

pp. 1995-2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Tijl Grootswagers ◽

J. Brendan Ritchie ◽

Susan G. Wardle ◽

Andrew Heathcote ◽

Thomas A. Carlson

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Time Course ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Choice Response ◽

Neural Activation ◽

Decision Boundary ◽

Activation Patterns ◽

Categorization Task ◽

Brain And Behavior ◽

And Behavior

Animacy is a robust organizing principle among object category representations in the human brain. Using multivariate pattern analysis methods, it has been shown that distance to the decision boundary of a classifier trained to discriminate neural activation patterns for animate and inanimate objects correlates with observer RTs for the same animacy categorization task [Ritchie, J. B., Tovar, D. A., & Carlson, T. A. Emerging object representations in the visual system predict reaction times for categorization. PLoS Computational Biology, 11, e1004316, 2015; Carlson, T. A., Ritchie, J. B., Kriegeskorte, N., Durvasula, S., & Ma, J. Reaction time for object categorization is predicted by representational distance. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 26, 132–142, 2014]. Using MEG decoding, we tested if the same relationship holds when a stimulus manipulation (degradation) increases task difficulty, which we predicted would systematically decrease the distance of activation patterns from the decision boundary and increase RTs. In addition, we tested whether distance to the classifier boundary correlates with drift rates in the linear ballistic accumulator [Brown, S. D., & Heathcote, A. The simplest complete model of choice response time: Linear ballistic accumulation. Cognitive Psychology, 57, 153–178, 2008]. We found that distance to the classifier boundary correlated with RT, accuracy, and drift rates in an animacy categorization task. Split by animacy, the correlations between brain and behavior were sustained longer over the time course for animate than for inanimate stimuli. Interestingly, when examining the distance to the classifier boundary during the peak correlation between brain and behavior, we found that only degraded versions of animate, but not inanimate, objects had systematically shifted toward the classifier decision boundary as predicted. Our results support an asymmetry in the representation of animate and inanimate object categories in the human brain.

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Dynamic Parameters of the Diffusion in Human Brain White Matter During Cognitive Tasks

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing - Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures 2019 ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-25719-4_22 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 173-178

Author(s):

Sergey Kartashov ◽

Vadim Ushakov ◽

Vyacheslav Orlov

Keyword(s):

White Matter ◽

Human Brain ◽

Cognitive Tasks ◽

Dynamic Parameters ◽

Brain White Matter

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Risonanza magnetica funzionale cerebrale applicazioni cliniche

Rivista di Neuroradiologia ◽

10.1177/19714009970100s203 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 10 (2_suppl) ◽

pp. 13-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A. Beltramello ◽

G. Puppini ◽

G. El-Dalati ◽

R. Cerini ◽

P. Manganotti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Cerebral Blood Flow ◽

Human Brain ◽

High Field ◽

Risonanza Magnetica ◽

Cognitive Tasks ◽

Complex Functions ◽

Sensory Motor ◽

Echo Planar ◽

The Brain

Functional MRI of the brain can provide detailed images of human brain that reflect localized changes in cerebral blood flow and oxygenation induced by sensory, motor or cognitive tasks. While more complex functions can be explored only by high-field magnets equipped with echo-planar (EPI) facilities and sophisticated statistical methods of analysis, motor and visual functional activation studies can also be performed with conventional magnets, considering that these conditions are associated with more pronounced signal increases. Experience obtained in patients with a series of lesions located in the para-central (rolandic) area are reported and analyzed.

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