Epidemiology and Heritability of Major Depressive Disorder, Stratified by Age of Onset, Sex, and Illness Course in Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS)

We describe a genome-wide analytical approach, SNP and Haplotype Regional Heritability Mapping (SNHap-RHM), that provides regional estimates of the heritability across locally defined regions in the genome. This approach utilises relationship matrices that are based on sharing of SNP and haplotype alleles at local haplotype blocks delimited by recombination boundaries in the genome. We implemented the approach on simulated data and show that the haplotype-based regional GRMs capture variation that is complementary to that captured by SNP-based regional GRMs, and thus justifying the fitting of the two GRMs jointly in a single analysis (SNHap-RHM). SNHap-RHM captures regions in the genome contributing to the phenotypic variation that existing genome-wide analysis methods may fail to capture. We further demonstrate that there are real benefits to be gained from this approach by applying it to real data from about 20,000 individuals from the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study. We analysed height and major depressive disorder (MDD). We identified seven genomic regions that are genome-wide significant for height, and three regions significant at a suggestive threshold (p-value <1x10^(-5) ) for MDD. These significant regions have genes mapped to within 400kb of them. The genes mapped for height have been reported to be associated with height in humans, whiles those mapped for MDD have been reported to be associated with major depressive disorder and other psychiatry phenotypes. The results show that SNHap-RHM presents an exciting new opportunity to analyse complex traits by allowing the joint mapping of novel genomic regions tagged by either SNPs or haplotypes, potentially leading to the recovery of some of the "missing" heritability.

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Lifetime prevalence and inter-cohort variation in DSM-IV disorders in metropolitan China

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291706008993 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 61-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 101

Author(s):

SING LEE ◽

ADLEY TSANG ◽

MING-YUAN ZHANG ◽

YUE-QIN HUANG ◽

YAN-LING HE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Lifetime Risk ◽

Lifetime Prevalence ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dsm Iv ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

Background. This is the first study to examine variation across cohorts in lifetime risk of DSM-IV mental disorders in metropolitan China.Method. Face-to-face household interviews of 2633 adults in Beijing and 2568 adults in Shanghai were conducted from November 2001 to February 2002 using a multi-stage household probability sampling method. The Chinese World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) was used for assessment.Results. Lifetime prevalence of any disorder was 13·2%. Alcohol abuse (4·7%), major depressive disorder (3·5%), and specific phobia (2·6%) were the most common disorders. The median age of onset was later for mood (43 years) than anxiety (17 years) and substance use (25 years) disorders. Compared to observed lifetime prevalence, the projected lifetime risk as of age 75 years increased by 106% for major depressive disorder (7·2%), and was uniformly higher for all disorders. Relative odds of any lifetime disorder were 4·7 in the most recent cohorts (ages 18–34) compared to the eldest cohorts (ages [ges ]65).Conclusions. The findings of this cross-sectional study tally with the view that rapid socioeconomic changes may bring about increasing incidence of mental disorders in China. However, prospective longitudinal studies are needed to confirm if the increase is real. Because of the huge size of the Chinese population, any increase in projected lifetime risk of mental disorders represents an enormous increase in the number of affected individuals.

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Pre-adult versus adult onset major depressive disorder in a naturalistic patient sample: the Leiden Routine Outcome Monitoring Study

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291710002199 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 41 (7) ◽

pp. 1407-1417 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

M. S. van Noorden ◽

S. E. Minkenberg ◽

E. J. Giltay ◽

M. E. den Hollander-Gijsman ◽

Y. R. van Rood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Diagnostic Interview ◽

Adult Onset ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Outcome Monitoring

BackgroundPre-adult onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) may predict a more severe phenotype of depression. As data from naturalistic psychiatric specialty care settings are scarce, we examined phenotypic differences between pre-adult and adult onset MDD in a large sample of consecutive out-patients.MethodAltogether, 1552 out-patients, mean age 39.2±11.6 years, were diagnosed with current MDD on the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus diagnostic interview as part of the usual diagnostic procedure. A total of 1105 patients (71.2%) had complete data on all variables of interest. Pre-adult onset of MDD was defined as having experienced the signs and symptoms of a first major depressive episode before the age of 18 years. Patients were stratified according to the age at interview (20–40/40–65 years). Correlates of pre-adult onset were analysed using logistic regression models adjusted for age, age squared and gender.ResultsUnivariate analyses showed that pre-adult onset of MDD had a distinct set of demographic (e.g. less frequently living alone) and clinical correlates (more co-morbid DSM-IV – Text Revision diagnoses, more social phobia, more suicidality). In the multivariate model, we found an independent association only for a history of suicide attempts [odds ratio (OR) 3.15, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.97–5.05] and current suicidal thoughts (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.26–2.60) in patients with pre-adult versus adult onset MDD.ConclusionsPre-adult onset of MDD is associated with more suicidality than adult onset MDD. Age of onset of depression is an easy to ascertain characteristic that may help clinicians in weighing suicide risk.

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Do anxiety symptoms predict major depressive disorder in midlife women? The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Mental Health Study (MHS)

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291714000075 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (12) ◽

pp. 2593-2602 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

H. M. Kravitz ◽

L. L. Schott ◽

H. Joffe ◽

J. M. Cyranowski ◽

J. T. Bromberger

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

African American ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Women's Health ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

Midlife Women ◽

Health Study ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Mental Health Study

BackgroundIn women, anxiety symptoms are common and increase during midlife, but little is known about whether these symptoms predict onsets of major depressive disorder (MDD) episodes. We examined whether anxiety symptoms are associated with subsequent episodes of MDD in midlife African-American and Caucasian women, and whether they confer a different risk for first versus recurrent MDD episodes.MethodA longitudinal analysis was conducted using 12 years of data from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Mental Health Study (MHS). The baseline sample comprised 425 Caucasian (n = 278) and African American (n = 147) community-dwelling women, aged 46.1 ± 2.5 years. Anxiety symptoms measured annually using a self-report questionnaire were examined in relation to MDD episodes in the subsequent year, assessed with the SCID. Multivariable models were estimated with random effects logistic regression.ResultsHigher anxiety symptoms scores were associated with a significantly higher adjusted odds of developing an episode of MDD at the subsequent annual visit [odds ratio (OR) 1.47, p = 0.01], specifically for a recurrent episode (OR 1.49, p = 0.03) but non-significant for a first episode (OR 1.32, p = 0.27). There were no significant racial effects in the association between anxiety symptoms and subsequent MDD episodes.ConclusionsAnxiety symptoms often precede MDD and may increase the vulnerability of midlife women to depressive episodes, particularly recurrences. Women with anxiety symptoms should be monitored clinically during the ensuing year for the development of an MDD episode.

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Reduced immunity to measles in adults with major depressive disorder

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291718000661 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 243-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Bart N. Ford ◽

Robert H. Yolken ◽

Faith B. Dickerson ◽

T. Kent Teague ◽

Michael R. Irwin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Childhood Vaccination ◽

Adult Onset ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Usa ◽

Childhood Vaccines

AbstractBackgroundDepression can impair the immunogenicity of vaccine administration in adults. Whereas many vaccinations are administered in childhood, it is not known whether adolescent or adult onset depression is associated with impairments in the maintenance of protection of childhood vaccines. This study tested the hypothesis that individuals with adolescent or adult onset mood disorders would display compromised immunity to measles, a target of childhood vaccination.MethodsIgG antibodies to measles were quantified using a solid phase immunoassay in volunteers with bipolar disorder (BD, n = 64, mean age of onset = 16.6 ± 5.6), currently depressed individuals with major depressive disorder (cMDD, n = 85, mean age of onset = 17.9 ± 7.0), remitted individuals with a history of MDD (rMDD, n = 82, mean age of onset = 19.2 ± 8.6), and non-depressed comparison controls (HC, n = 202), all born after the introduction of the measles vaccine in the USA in 1963.ResultsRelative to HC, both the cMDD group (p = 0.021, adjusted odds ratios (OR) = 0.47, confidence interval (CI) = 0.24–0.90), and the rMDD group (p = 0.038, adjusted OR = 0.50, CI = 0.26–0.97) were less likely to test seropositive for measles. Compared with unmedicated MDD participants, currently medicated MDD participants had a longer lifetime duration of illness and were less likely to test seropositive for measles.ConclusionsIndividuals with adolescent or adult onset MDD are less likely to test seropositive for measles. Because lower IgG titers are associated with increased risk of measles infection, MDD may increase the risk and severity of infection possibly because of impaired maintenance of vaccine-related protection from measles.

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Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire Factors in Major Depressive Disorder: Relationship to Anxiety Disorder Comorbidity and Age of Onset

Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics ◽

10.1159/000084002 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 74 (3) ◽

pp. 173-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Dost Öngür ◽

Amy Farabaugh ◽

Dan V. Iosifescu ◽

Roy Perlis ◽

Maurizio Fava

Keyword(s):

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Personality Questionnaire ◽

Major Depressive

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Cognitive impairment in euthymic major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291712002085 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 43 (10) ◽

pp. 2017-2026 ◽

Cited By ~ 234

Author(s):

E. Bora ◽

B. J. Harrison ◽

M. Yücel ◽

C. Pantelis

Keyword(s):

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Late Onset ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Speed Of Information Processing

BackgroundThere is evidence to suggest that cognitive deficits might persist beyond the acute stages of illness in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the findings are somewhat inconsistent across the individual studies conducted to date. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing studies that have examined cognition in euthymic MDD patients.MethodFollowing a systematic search across several publication databases, meta-analyses were conducted for 27 empirical studies that compared euthymic adult MDD patients (895 participants) and healthy controls (997 participants) across a range of cognitive domains. The influence of demographic variables and confounding factors, including age of onset and recurrent episodes, was examined.ResultsCompared with healthy controls, euthymic MDD patients were characterized by significantly poorer cognitive functions. However, the magnitude of observed deficits, with the exception of inhibitory control, were generally modest when late-onset cases were excuded. Late-onset cases demonstrated significantly more pronounced deficits in verbal memory, speed of information processing and some executive functions.ConclusionsCognitive deficits, especially poor response inhibition, are likely to be persistent features, at least of some forms, of adult-onset MDD. More studies are necessary to examine cognitive dysfunction in remitted psychotic, melancholic and bipolar spectrum MDD. Cognitive deficits overall appear to be more common among patients with late-onset depression, supporting the theories suggesting that possible vascular and neurodegenerative factors play a role in a substantial number of these patients.

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