scholarly journals Yap activation in irradiated parotid salivary glands is regulated by ROCK activity

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0232921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Yu Wong ◽  
Kristy Gilman ◽  
Kirsten H. Limesand
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Transcriptional Targets ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Salivary Function ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Injury Models ◽  
Rock Activity

Radiotherapy plays a major role in the curative treatment of head and neck cancer, either as a single modality therapy, or in combination with surgery or chemotherapy, or both. Despite advances to limit radiation-induced side-effects, the major salivary glands are often affected. This frequently leads to hyposalivation which causes an increased risk for xerostomia, dental caries, mucositis, and malnutrition culminating in a significant impact on patients’ quality of life. Previous research demonstrated that loss of salivary function is associated with a decrease in polarity regulators and an increase in nuclear Yap localization in a putative stem and progenitor cell (SPC) population. Yap activation has been shown to be essential for regeneration in intestinal injury models; however, the highest levels of nuclear Yap are observed in irradiated salivary SPCs that do not regenerate the gland. Thus, elucidating the inputs that regulate nuclear Yap localization and determining the role that Yap plays within the entire tissue following radiation damage and during regeneration is critical. In this study, we demonstrate that radiation treatment increases nuclear Yap localization in acinar cells and Yap-regulated genes in parotid salivary tissues. Conversely, administration of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), known to restore salivary function in mouse models, reduces nuclear Yap localization and Yap transcriptional targets to levels similar to untreated tissues. Activation of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) using calpeptin results in increased Yap-regulated genes in primary acinar cells while inhibition of ROCK activity (Y-27632) leads to decreased Yap transcriptional targets. These results suggest that Yap activity is dependent on ROCK activity and provides new mechanistic insights into the regulation of radiation-induced hyposalivation.

scholarly journals Scintigraphic assessment of salivary function and excretion response in radiation-induced injury of the major salivary glands

Cancer ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2886-2893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato A. Valdés Olmos ◽  
Ronald B. Keus ◽  
Robert P. Takes ◽  
Harm Van Tinteren ◽  
Gertrude Baris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Major Salivary Glands ◽  
Salivary Function ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Scintigraphic Assessment

Radiation-induced sarcoma presenting as a gluteal abscess: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. e236601
Author(s):  
Sudharshan Mahalingam ◽  
Sudharsanan Sundaramurthi ◽  
Balamourougan Krishnaraj ◽  
Sarath Chandra Sistla
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Incision And Drainage ◽  
Aggressive Management ◽  
Aged Woman ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Middle Aged Woman ◽  
Treatment Complication ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Gluteal Abscess

Sarcomas are a rare and fatal treatment complication following radiotherapy. Radiation-induced sarcomas (RISs) presenting as a gluteal abscess is a rarity, accounting for its varied presentation. We present a case of a middle-aged woman, post-chemo-radiation for carcinoma cervix 5 years ago, who presented with gluteal abscess. Achieving haemostasis post incision and drainage under anaesthesia was a challenge. On further evaluation, she was diagnosed with radiation-induced gluteal soft tissue sarcoma. Haemostasis was achieved after radiation following failed attempts of surgical and radiological interventions. She is currently planned for chemotherapy. Cancer survivors have an increased risk of developing a second malignancy following radiation treatment. RISs are highly aggressive, exhibit a varied clinical presentation and pose a challenge in early diagnosis; thus, have a poor outcome. RISs pose a diagnostic challenge; any dubious lesion in the previously irradiated field should raise suspicion and prompt aggressive management.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Salivary Glands to Radiation: from Animal Models to Therapies

2009 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 894-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Grundmann ◽  
G.C. Mitchell ◽  
K.H. Limesand
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Secondary Side

Radiation therapy for head and neck cancer causes significant secondary side-effects in normal salivary glands, resulting in diminished quality of life for these individuals. Salivary glands are exquisitely sensitive to radiation and display acute and chronic responses to radiotherapy. This review will discuss clinical implications of radiosensitivity in normal salivary glands, compare animal models used to investigate radiation-induced salivary gland damage, address therapeutic advances, and project future directions in the field.

scholarly journals Investigation of Radiation-Induced Toxicity in Head and Neck Cancer Patients through Radiomics and Machine Learning: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Roberta Carbonara ◽  
Pierluigi Bonomo ◽  
Alessia Di Rito ◽  
Vittorio Didonna ◽  
Fabiana Gregucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Neck Cancer ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Radiation Induced

Background. Radiation-induced toxicity represents a crucial concern in oncological treatments of patients affected by head and neck neoplasms, due to its impact on survivors’ quality of life. Published reports suggested the potential of radiomics combined with machine learning methods in the prediction and assessment of radiation-induced toxicities, supporting a tailored radiation treatment management. In this paper, we present an update of the current knowledge concerning these modern approaches. Materials and Methods. A systematic review according to PICO-PRISMA methodology was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE databases until June 2019. Studies assessing the use of radiomics combined with machine learning in predicting radiation-induced toxicity in head and neck cancer patients were specifically included. Four authors (two independently and two in concordance) assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using the Radiomic Quality Score (RQS). The overall score for each analyzed study was obtained by the sum of the single RQS items; the average and standard deviation values of the authors’ RQS were calculated and reported. Results. Eight included papers, presenting data on parotid glands, cochlea, masticatory muscles, and white brain matter, were specifically analyzed in this review. Only one study had an average RQS was ≤ 30% (50%), while 3 studies obtained a RQS almost ≤ 25%. Potential variability in the interpretations of specific RQS items could have influenced the inter-rater agreement in specific cases. Conclusions. Published radiomic studies provide encouraging but still limited and preliminary data that require further validation to improve the decision-making processes in preventing and managing radiation-induced toxicities.

Prevention and Treatment of the Consequences of Head and Neck Radiotherapy

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vissink ◽  
F.R. Burlage ◽  
F.K.L. Spijkervet ◽  
J. Jansma ◽  
R.P. Coppes
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Radiation Caries ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Node Metastases ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Head And Neck Radiotherapy

The location of the primary tumor or lymph node metastases dictates the inclusion of the oral cavity, salivary glands, and jaws in the radiation treatment portals for patients who have head and neck cancer. The clinical sequelae of the radiation treatment include mucositis, hyposalivation, loss of taste, osteoradionecrosis, radiation caries, and trismus. These sequelae may be dose-limiting and have a tremendous effect on the patient’s quality of life. Most treatment protocols to prevent these sequelae are still based on clinical experience, but alternatives based on fundamental basic and clinical research are becoming more and more available. Many of these alternatives either need further study before they can be incorporated into the protocols commonly used to prevent and treat the radiation-related oral sequelae or await implementation of these protocols. In this review, the various possibilities for prevention and/or treatment of radiation-induced changes in healthy oral tissues and their consequences are discussed.

scholarly journals Radiation-Induced Xerostomia

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai Prakash Agarwal ◽  
Gunjan Baijal ◽  
Ranajit Kar
Keyword(s):  
Common Complication ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dose Volume ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Salivary Function ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Radiotherapy Dose ◽  
Head Neck

ABSTRACT Xerostomia is a common complication following radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. This has long-term implications on the quality of life of these patients. The better understanding of salivary function and the interaction of radiotherapy dose-volume and fractionation with salivary function has allowed us to intervene with various modalities to prevent or treat this common complication. Thus we present a review of published literature describing the factors affecting xerostomia, its prevention and treatment. How to cite this article Baijal G, Kar R, Agarwal JP. Radiation-Induced Xerostomia. Int J Head Neck Surg 2012;3(2): 82-86.

Classification of methods for generating pseudo-CT from MRI images for MRI-alone RT

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
BOUKELLOUZ Wafa ◽  
MOUSSAOUI Abdelouahab
Keyword(s):  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Hybrid Methods ◽  
Dose Calculation ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
General Technique ◽  
Therapy Field ◽  
The Brain

Background: Since the last decades, research have been oriented towards an MRI-alone radiation treatment planning (RTP), where MRI is used as the primary modality for imaging, delineation and dose calculation by assigning to it the needed electron density (ED) information. The idea is to create a computed tomography (CT) image or so-called pseudo-CT from MRI data. In this paper, we review and classify methods for creating pseudo-CT images from MRI data. Each class of methods is explained and a group of works in the literature is presented in detail with statistical performance. We discuss the advantages, drawbacks and limitations of each class of methods. Methods: We classified most recent works in deriving a pseudo-CT from MR images into four classes: segmentation-based, intensity-based, atlas-based and hybrid methods. We based the classification on the general technique applied in the approach. Results: Most of research focused on the brain and the pelvis regions. The mean absolute error (MAE) ranged from 80 HU to 137 HU and from 36.4 HU to 74 HU for the brain and pelvis, respectively. In addition, an interest in the Dixon MR sequence is increasing since it has the advantage of producing multiple contrast images with a single acquisition. Conclusion: Radiation therapy field is emerging towards the generalization of MRI-only RT thanks to the advances in techniques for generation of pseudo-CT images. However, a benchmark is needed to set in common performance metrics to assess the quality of the generated pseudo-CT and judge on the efficiency of a certain method.

February 9 — Dentist Day in Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
Oksana Rybachok
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Spiritual Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Normal Functioning ◽  
Digestion Process ◽  
Quality Of Food

«Man is what he eats,» these words belong to the great Pythagoras. He meant by these words the connection of the origin of consumed food with the spiritual development of man. In fact, a lot depends on the nature of nutrition, the quality of food and, of course, on the degree of its perception by the body. Digestion process begins not in the stomach, but directly in the oral cavity as a result of mechanical processing of products with teeth and under the influence of the secretion of the salivary glands. That is why healthy teeth are the key to the normal functioning of the whole organism — people should start taking care of their teeth from the early childhood and dentists, who are far from being beloved by everybody and are often carelessly evaded, are called upon to help keep the teeth healthy.

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