scholarly journals Intangible features extraction in the processing of abstract concepts: Evidence from picture-word priming

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251448
Author(s):  
Dounia Lakhzoum ◽  
Marie Izaute ◽  
Ludovic Ferrand
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Real World ◽  
Features Extraction ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Situational Context ◽  
Symbol Processing ◽  
Word Priming ◽  
Situational Information ◽  
Extraction Mechanisms

Over the last decade, hypotheses ranging from linguistic symbol processing to embodiment have been formulated to account for the content and mechanisms responsible for the representation of abstract concepts. Results of recent studies have suggested that abstract concepts, just like concrete ones, can benefit from knowledge of real-world situational context, but that they can also be processed based on abstract pictures devoid of such situational features. This paper presents two semantic priming experiments to explore such mechanisms further. The first experiment replicates Kuipers, Jones, and Thierry (2018) in a cross-linguistic setting which shows that abstract concepts can be processed from abstract pictures devoid of tangible features. In the second experiment, we studied extraction mechanisms that come into play when participants are presented with abstract and concrete pictures that provide situational information to illustrate target abstract concepts. We expected this facilitatory effect to be limited to concrete picture primes. Our data analysed with both Bayesian and Frequentist tests showed however that even when presented with tangible situational information, the extraction of features still occurred for abstract pictures. We discuss the implications of this with respect to future avenues for studying the processing of abstract concepts.

Educational Augmented Reality (AR) Applications and Development Process

2017 ◽  
pp. 26-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzaffer Özdemir
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Real World ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Development Tools ◽  
Sense Of Reality ◽  
Digital Objects

In recent years, presenting the useful information in an effective way has become a great necessity for educators. The opportunities provided by the AR technologies offer practical ways to meet this need of educators. By integrating the digital objects with real-world assets simultaneously, AR helps to concretize abstract concepts, and enhances the sense of reality, which in turn is a huge contribution to learning. In this chapter, it was presented the various limitations and advantages of AR revealed by some empirical studies in the literature. In addition, it was given information about AR development tools/ programs, add-on packages and presented development stages for an exemplary AR book page. The use of the Unity and Vuforia was explained as the development tools. It is believed that this information would be useful for those who will develop AR application which can be easily displayed by mobile or desktop PCs.

How Big is Your Foot?

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 476-481
Author(s):  
Suzanne Levin Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Real World ◽  
Upper Elementary ◽  
Eighth Grade ◽  
First Year ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
School Grades ◽  
First Year Teacher ◽  
Eighth Grade Students ◽  
Elementary And Middle School

Concepts relating to fractions and measurement are difficult for students in the upper elementary and middle school grades to grasp (Bright and Heoffner 1993; Coburn and Shulte 1986; Levin 1998; Thompson 1994; Thompson and Van de Walle 1985; Witherspoon 1993). As a first-year teacher, I learned the value of relating difficult concepts, especially abstract concepts, to students' real-world experiences. The “How Big Is Your Foot?” project grew out of a question that I asked my eighth-grade students during my first year of teaching. We had just finished studying conversions in the metric system and had begun working with conversions in the customary system. As a warmup question, I asked my students to describe the distance from my desk to the door of the classroom. I wrote their responses on the chalkboard as they called out estimates: 1 meter, 60 meters, 25 feet, 300 inches, 300 centimeters.

Drawing attention to primes increases inhibitory word priming effects.

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Zimmerman ◽  
Pablo Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Masked Priming ◽  
Unrelated Word ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Word Priming ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Duration Condition

Inhibitory masked priming effects in the lexical decision task (LDT) have been proven difficult to replicate. If these difficulties are due to individual differences in attention, introducing minor fluctuations in the temporal parameters of prime-target presentation should increase priming effects by drawing attention to the prime. The current study presents two experiments in which we manipulated the duration of prime presentation to this effect. In Experiment 1, we presented subjects (n = 224) with an LDT using form-related and -unrelated word primes. Subjects were assigned to a condition in which all primes were presented for 48ms, or a condition in which one-fourth of the primes were presented for 64ms. Inhibitory priming effects emerged only for the mixed duration condition. Experiment 2 repeated the procedures of the first experiment but with nonword primes. Because nonword primes have no lexical information, target item response latencies should not suffer from the additional processing time required to suppress those representations. Thus, as predicted, Experiment 2 yielded a facilitatory effect of priming. Together, these experiments show that small manipulations of the prime SOA can increase attention to the temporal location of the prime, and that when attention is drawn to the existence of primes in this manner, inhibitory word priming can be observed.

scholarly journals Semantic and morphological cross-word priming during sentence reading

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Marjanovic ◽  
Davide Crepaldi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Morphological Processing ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Word Priming ◽  
Morphological Priming ◽  
Visual Word Identification ◽  
Text Reading ◽  
Per Se

Our current understanding of visual word identification is difficult to extend to text reading—both experiments and theories focus primarily, if not exclusively, on out-of-context individual words. Here, we try to fill this gap by studying cross-word semantic and morphological priming within sentences in a natural reading, eye tracking experiment. We find that words are skipped more when they are preceded in the sentence by semantically related primes. Also, cross-word semantic priming manifests itself in later (e.g., gaze duration), but not in earlier (e.g., first-of-many fixations) indexes of eye movement on the target words. We also find that semantic priming is not modulated by the morphological agreement between primes and targets; and that morphological agreement does not yield any priming per se. These results point to independent lexical-semantic and morphological processing during sentence reading, and suggest cross-word reset for the latter, but not for the former.

A Fusion Method of Smile and Laugh Expression Classification

2011 ◽  
Vol 58-60 ◽  
pp. 2364-2369
Author(s):  
Jun Chen ◽  
Li Hua Guo ◽  
Yang Bai
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Recognition Rate ◽  
Features Extraction ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Fusion Method ◽  
Hybrid Features ◽  
Recognition Algorithms ◽  
Expression Classification

This paper proposed to build a smile expression classification system on data sets of GENKI that can represent real-world environments, and tested its implementation, in which we got the optimal recognition rate up to 86.197%. To deal with the features extraction problems, hybrid features (i.e., Gabor, PHOG, PLBP) are used, using hybrid recognition algorithms (i.e., GentleBoost, SVM) to classify, in this paper. Experiments showed the effectiveness of our methods.

scholarly journals Predicting Search Performance in Heterogeneous Scenes: Quantifying the Impact of Homogeneity Effects in Efficient Search

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Lleras ◽  
Zhiyuan Wang ◽  
Anna Madison ◽  
Simona Buetti
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Real World ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Stimulus Complexity ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Efficient Search ◽  
The Impact

Recently, Wang, Buetti and Lleras (2017) developed an equation to predict search performance in heterogeneous visual search scenes (i.e., multiple types of non-target objects simultaneously present) based on parameters observed when participants perform search in homogeneous scenes (i.e., when all non-target objects are identical to one another). The equation was based on a computational model where every item in the display is processed with unlimited capacity and independently of one another, with the goal of determining whether the item is likely to be a target or not. The model was tested in two experiments using real-world objects. Here, we extend those findings by testing the predictive power of the equation to simpler objects. Further, we compare the model’s performance under two stimulus arrangements: spatially-intermixed (items randomly placed around the scene) and spatially-segregated displays (identical items presented near each other). This comparison allowed us to isolate and quantify the facilitatory effect of processing displays that contain identical items (homogeneity facilitation), a factor that improves performance in visual search above-and-beyond target-distractor dissimilarity. The results suggest that homogeneity facilitation effects in search arise from local item-to-item interaction (rather than by rejecting items as “groups”) and that the strength of those interactions might be determined by stimulus complexity (with simpler stimuli producing stronger interactions and thus, stronger homogeneity facilitation effects).

scholarly journals MetricRA: Learning Software Metrics through Augmented Reality

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebeca Motta ◽  
Mario Bonicenha ◽  
Claudia Susie Rodrigues ◽  
Cláudia Werner
Keyword(s):  
Software Engineering ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Real World ◽  
Software Metrics ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Class Diagram ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Augmented Reality Technology ◽  
Learning Software

Augmented reality creates a bridge between virtual and real world, providing stimulating resources for different purposes. This technology enables new teaching possibilities since it can bring more abstract concepts into reality and put the knowledge related to several areas, such as Software Engineering, into practice. MetricRA is a tool developed to help Software Engineering students to understand Cohesion and Coupling metrics. The solution was implemented with Augmented Reality technology, where the user can control a class diagram to observe the metrics transformation. This article describes MetricRA tool and presents a study conducted to evaluate its ability to contribute to the understanding of the concepts proposed.

scholarly journals The Semantics of Purity in the Ancient Near East: Lexical Meaning as a Projection of Embodied Experience

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yitzhaq Feder
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Near East ◽  
Biblical Hebrew ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Embodied Experience ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Embodiment Theory

This article analyzes the primary terms for purity in Biblical Hebrew, Ugaritic, Sumerian, Akkadian and Hittite. Building on insights from cognitive linguistics and embodiment theory, this study develops the premise that semantic structure—even of seemingly abstract concepts—is grounded in real-world bodily experience. An examination of purity terms reveals that all of them can be related to a concrete sense pertaining to radiance (brilliance, brightness, shininess). The article then traces the semantic development of purity terms in distinct experiential contexts and shows how semantic analysis can elucidate the inner logic of fundamental religious concepts.

scholarly journals Structured priors in human forecasting

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Quiroga ◽  
Eric Schulz ◽  
Maarten Speekenbrink ◽  
Nigel Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Situational Context ◽  
The Real ◽  
Systematic Biases ◽  
How People Learn

AbstractForecasting is an increasingly important part of our daily lives. Many studies on how people produce forecasts frame their behavior as prone to systematic errors. Based on recent evidence on how people learn about functions, we propose that participants’ forecasts are not irrational but rather driven by structured priors, i.e. situationally induced expectations of structure derived from experience with the real world. To test this, we extract participants’ priors over various contexts using a free-form forecasting paradigm. Instead of exhibiting systematic biases, our results show that participants’ priors match well with structure found in real-world data. Moreover, given the same data set, structured priors induce predictably different posterior forecasts depending on the evoked situational context.

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