scholarly journals Assessment of a recombinant protein from Leishmania infantum as a novel tool for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) diagnosis in VL/HIV co-infection cases

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251861
Author(s):  
Rhaíssa E. M. Ramos ◽  
Wagner J. T. Santos ◽  
Franklin B. Magalhães ◽  
George T. N. Diniz ◽  
Carlos H. N. Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
Indirect Elisa ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Direct Agglutination Test ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Perfect Agreement ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Life Threatening

Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV-AIDS coinfection (VL/HIV) is considered a life-threatening pathology when undiagnosed and untreated, due to the immunosuppression caused by both diseases. Serological tests largely used for the VL diagnosis include the direct agglutination test (DAT), ELISA and immunochromatographic (ICT) assays. For VL diagnosis in HIV infections, different studies have shown that the use of the DAT assay facilitates the VL diagnosis in co-infected patients, since the performance of the most widely used ELISA and ICT tests, based on the recombinant protein rK39, are much less efficient in HIV co-infections. In this scenario, alternative recombinant antigens may help the development of new serological diagnostic methods which may improve the VL diagnosis for the co-infection cases. This work aimed to evaluate the use of the recombinant Lci2 antigen, related to, but antigenically more diverse than rK39, for VL diagnosis in co-infected sera through ELISA assays. A direct comparison between recombinant Lci2 and rK39 was thus carried out. The two proteins were first tested using indirect ELISA with sera from VL afflicted individuals and healthy controls, with similar performances. They were then tested with two different sets of VL/HIV co-infected cases and a significant drop in performance, for one of these groups, was observed for rK39 (32% sensitivity), but not for Lci2 (98% sensitivity). In fact, an almost perfect agreement (Kappa: 0.93) between the Lci2 ELISA and DAT was observed for the coinfected VL/HIV patients. Lci2 then has the potential to be used as a new tool for the VL diagnosis of VL/HIV co-infections.

scholarly journals Early detection and persistent positivity of anti-Leishmania antibodies using a recombinant protein-based ELISA in naturally infected dogs in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Silva de Jesus ◽  
João Victor Andrade Cruz ◽  
Lívia Brito Coelho ◽  
Lairton Souza Borja ◽  
Edmilson Domingos da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum, for which dogs constitute the main urban parasite reservoir. Control measures and the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) are essential to reduce VL cases. Early and accurate detection of L. infantum-infected dogs is crucial to the success of VL control. To improve the serological detection of L. infantum-exposed dogs, we evaluated the early diagnosis capacity of a recombinant protein (rLci5) in an immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect naturally infected dogs. Additionally, we evaluated the persistence of the positive results obtained by rLci5 ELISA in comparison to other conventional diagnostic test methods. Methods Serum samples obtained from 48 L. infantum-infected dogs involved in a cohort study were evaluated using different diagnostic methods (qPCR, EIE-LVC, DPP-LVC and splenic culture). The results were compared to rLci5 ELISA to determine its capacity to diagnose L. infantum infection at earlier infection time points. The persistence of positive diagnostic test results was also compared for each dog evaluated. Results rLci5 ELISA presented higher rates of positive results at early time points compared to the other diagnostic tests employed in the cohort study, as early as 24 months prior to detection by other tests. rLci5 ELISA positivity was 52.1% (25/48) at baseline, while qPCR was 35.4% (17/48), DPP-LVC 27.1% (13/48), EIE-LVC 22.9% (11/48) and culture only 4.2% (2/48). In at least one of the time points of the 24-month cohort study, rLci5 ELISA was positive in 100% (48/48) of the dogs, versus 83% (40/48) for qPCR, 75% (36/48) for DPP-LVC, 65% (31/48) for EIE-LVC and 31% (15/48) for culture. Investigating clinical signs in association with diagnostic test positivity, rLci5 ELISA successfully detected CVL in 62.9% (95/151) of the clinical evaluations with a score of 0–3, 64.3% (45/70) with scores between 4 and 7, and 73.7% (14/19) with scores > 7, providing higher rates of positivity than all other methods evaluated. Moreover, rLci5 ELISA presented the greatest persistence with respect to test positivity: 45.8% of the dogs evaluated. Conclusion Four diagnostic tests were compared to rLci5 ELISA, which presented earlier infection diagnosis and a greater persistence of positive test results. Accordingly, the use of the rLci5 ELISA can improve CVL diagnostic performance by detecting infected dogs sooner than other testing methods, with enhanced persistence of positive results over the course of the infection. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals Aspiration cytology of popliteal lymph nodes as a diagnostic method of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in areas of socioeconomic vulnerability

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. e2310514457
Author(s):  
Antônio Carlos Severino Neto ◽  
Gabriel Lopes Germano ◽  
Thâmara Rossi Martins da Silva ◽  
Luiz Antônio de Jesus Sousa ◽  
Priscila Gomes de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Aspiration Cytology ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Molecular Tests

Leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in Goiás and has high lethality owing to its high zoonotic potential. In dogs, the disease manifests based on the parasitic load, with clinical presentation as the starting for diagnosis. Diagnostic methods are used to confirm the disease, with emphasis on lymph node aspiration cytology, which is a high-standard technique owing to its low cost, ease of performance, and high specificity. The aim of this study was to demonstrate aspiration lymph node cytology as a diagnostic method for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in areas containing low-income populations with poor access to molecular tests. Three dogs with suspected CVL were studied at Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Jataí, in which popliteal lymph node cytology was performed, owing to easy access, and screening and confirmatory examinations were undertaken by the Central Public Health Laboratory. The results showed three positive animals in the cytology and only one positive in the other tests; therefore, there was the possibility of the occurrence of false negatives in serological tests given the time required for seroconversion. Thus, cytology is an important diagnostic technique in areas where molecular tests are not available.

scholarly journals Enteric Fever Diagnosis: Current Challenges and Future Directions

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 410
Author(s):  
Durga P. Neupane ◽  
Hari P. Dulal ◽  
Jeongmin Song
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Asymptomatic Carrier ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Pros And Cons

Enteric fever is a life-threatening systemic febrile disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi (S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi). Unfortunately, the burden of the disease remains high primarily due to the global spread of various drug-resistant Salmonella strains despite continuous advancement in the field. An accurate diagnosis is critical for effective control of the disease. However, enteric fever diagnosis based on clinical presentations is challenging due to overlapping symptoms with other febrile illnesses that are also prevalent in endemic areas. Current laboratory tests display suboptimal sensitivity and specificity, and no diagnostic methods are available for identifying asymptomatic carriers. Several research programs have employed systemic approaches to identify more specific biomarkers for early detection and asymptomatic carrier detection. This review discusses the pros and cons of currently available diagnostic tests for enteric fever, the advancement of research toward improved diagnostic tests, and the challenges of discovering new ideal biomarkers and tests.

scholarly journals USE OF THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF ASYMPTOMATIC Leishmania INFECTION IN A VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS-ENDEMIC AREA

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Almeida Silva ◽  
Héctor Dardo Romero ◽  
Aline Fagundes ◽  
Nédia Nehme ◽  
Otávio Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The diagnosis of asymptomatic infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi has become more important over recent years. Expansion of visceral leishmaniasis might be associated with other routes of transmission such as transfusion, congenital or even vector transmission, and subjects with asymptomatic infection are potential reservoirs. Moreover, the identification of infection may contribute to the management of patients with immunosuppressive conditions (HIV, transplants, use of immunomodulators) and to the assessment of the effectiveness of control measures. In this study, 149 subjects living in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area were evaluated clinically and submitted to genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serological testing, and the Montenegro skin test. Forty-nine (32.9%) of the subjects had a positive PCR result and none of them developed the disease within a follow-up period of three years. No association was observed between the results of PCR, serological and skin tests. A positive PCR result in subjects from the endemic area did not indicate a risk of progression to visceral leishmaniasis and was not associated with a positive result in the serological tests.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Phlebotominae) and canine visceral leishmaniasis in a rural area of Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Cesar Pereira Spada ◽  
Diogo Tiago da Silva ◽  
Kennya Rozy Real Martins ◽  
Lílian Aparecida Colebrusco Rodas ◽  
Maria Luana Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Relative Air Humidity ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
One Year

This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis and also the canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in a rural area of Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo. Blood samples were collected from 32 dogs from different rural properties (small farms) and were analyzed by ELISA and the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) in order to diagnose CVL. From these serological tests, 31.25% of the dogs were positive for CVL and these were distributed in 66.7% (8/12) of the rural properties, which were positive for L. longipalpis. CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) light traps were installed in 12 properties (one per property) and insects were caught on three consecutive days per month for one year. L. longipalpis was present on 100% of the rural properties visited, at least once during the twelve-month interval, totaling 64 males and 25 females. The insects were more numerous after the peak of the rain, but the association between prevalence of peridomestic vectors and the climatic data (precipitation, relative air humidity and temperature) and the occurrences of CVL among dogs on each rural property were not statistical significant (p <0.05). However, the occurrence of CVL cases in dogs and the presence of L. longipalpis indicate that more attention is necessairy for the control of this disease in the rural area studied.

scholarly journals Diagnostic difficulties and features of endovideosurgical treatment of a patient with mucocele of the appendix

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Badri V. Sigua ◽  
Vyacheslav P. Zemlyanoy ◽  
Elguja L. Lataria ◽  
Alexey A. Kurkov ◽  
Vyacheslav A. Melnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Benign Tumor ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Vermiform Appendix ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Mucocele Of The Appendix ◽  
Diagnostic Difficulties ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Right

The mucocele of the appendix is the expansion of the appendix with the accumulation of a large amount of mucus. The mechanism and causes of mucocele are not fully understood. According to some authors, such changes in the appendix can occur due to cicatricial narrowing of the lumen of the appendix, compression or blockage of its base. Other authors believe that the mucocele of the appendix is a benign tumor that develops from the remnants of primitive mesenchyme and is sometimes prone to malignancy. Clinical manifestations of mucocele of the appendix are nonspecific. In a number of patients, this disease causes pain in the right abdomen, more often pulling, intermittent. However, the disease is often asymptomatic. In this regard, diagnosis is established only during performing an operation, most often, regarding acute appendicitis. Nevertheless, instrumental diagnostic methods such as ultrasound and computed tomography of the abdominal and pelvic organs make it possible to suspect mucocele. Despite the frequent asymptomatic, non-aggressive course, a number of life-threatening complications can become the outcome of the mucocele of the vermiform appendix. The most formidable complication is the rupture of the appendix with mucus entering free abdominal cavity, followed by the development of peritoneal pseudomyxoma due to implantation of mucus-forming cells. The only option for radical treatment of the mucocele of the appendix is a surgical intervention. A presented clinical case demonstrates the difficulties of diagnosis, as well as the features of surgical treatment of a patient with a mucocele of the appendix.

scholarly journals DIRECT AGGLUTINATION TEST WITH URINE SAMPLES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOHAMMAD ZAHIDUL ISLAM ◽  
IFTIKHAR AHMED ◽  
ABDUL HALIM SARDER ◽  
RUSELLA MIRZA ◽  
EISAKU KIMURA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Direct Agglutination Test

scholarly journals THE SERO-CONVERSION AND EVALUATION OF RENAL ALTERATIONS IN DOGS INFECTED BY Leishmania (Infantum) chagasi

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Brenda Barros Alves ◽  
Lucilene dos Santos Silva ◽  
Joilson Ferreira Batista ◽  
Ângela Piauilino Campos ◽  
Maria das Graças Prianti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Infection Period ◽  
Conversion Period

This study investigated the sero-conversion period in which dogs from endemic areas test positive for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as well as the early post-infection period in which renal alterations are observed. Dogs that were initially negative for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) were clinically evaluated every three months by serological, parasitological and biochemical tests until sero-conversion was confirmed, and six months later a subsequent evaluation was performed. Samples of kidney tissues were processed and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Masson’s trichrome stain and lesions were classified based on the WHO criteria. Of the 40 dogs that initially tested negative for VL, 25 (62.5%) exhibited positive serological tests during the study period. Of these 25 dogs, 15 (60%) tested positive within three months, five (20%) tested positive within six months and five (20%) tested positive within nine months. The dogs exhibited antibody titers between 1:40 and 1:80 and 72% of the dogs exhibited clinical symptoms. The Leishmania antigen was present in the kidneys of recently infected dogs. We found higher levels of total protein and globulin as well as lower levels of albumin in the infected dogs when compared to the control dogs. Additionally, infected dogs presented levels of urea and creatinine that were higher than those of the uninfected dogs. Glomerulonephritis was detected in some of the dogs examined in this study. These data suggest that in Teresina, the sero-conversion for VL occurs quickly and showed that the infected dogs presented abnormal serum proteins, as well as structural and functional alterations in the kidneys during the early post-infection period.

scholarly journals Development of a Multiplexed Assay for Detection ofLeishmania donovaniandLeishmania infantumProtein Biomarkers in Urine Samples of Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Abeijon ◽  
Fabiana Alves ◽  
Severine Monnerat ◽  
Monique Wasunna ◽  
Jane Mbui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Protein Biomarkers ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Detection Assay ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
New Biomarkers

ABSTRACTVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious and fatal disease caused by the parasitesLeishmania infantumandLeishmania donovani. The gold standard diagnostic test for VL is the demonstration of parasites or their DNA in spleen, lymph node, or bone marrow aspirates. Serological tests exist but cannot distinguish active VL from either prior exposure to the parasites or previously treated VL disease. Using mass spectroscopy, we have previously identified threeL. infantumprotein biomarkers (Li-isd1,Li-txn1, andLi-ntf2) in the urine of VL patients and developed a sensitive and specific urine-based antigen detection assay for the diagnosis of VL that occurs in Brazil (where VL is caused byL. infantum). However, unpublished observations from our laboratory at DetectoGen showed that these biomarkers were detected in only 55% to 60% of VL patients from India and Kenya, where the disease is caused byL. donovani. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of two new biomarkers ofL. donovani(Ld-mao1andLd-ppi1) present in the urine of VL patients from these two countries. Capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using specific rabbit IgG and chicken IgY were developed, and the assays had sensitivities of 44.4% and 28.8% for the detection ofLd-mao1andLd-ppi1, respectively. In contrast, a multiplexed assay designed to simultaneously detect all five leishmanial biomarkers markedly increased the assay sensitivity to 82.2%. These results validate the utility of leishmanial protein biomarkers found in the urine of VL patients as powerful tools for the development of an accurate diagnostic test for this disease.

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