scholarly journals Effects of low-dose X-ray medical diagnostics on female gonads: Insights from large animal oocytes and human ovaries as complementary models

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253536
Author(s):  
Nicola Antonio Martino ◽  
Rossella Vicenti ◽  
Maria Macciocca ◽  
Renato Seracchioli ◽  
Giuseppina Marzano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Female Fertility ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Sheep Model ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Human Ovaries ◽  
Follicular Density

Diagnostic imaging has significantly grown over the last thirty years as indispensable support for diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic and monitoring procedures of human diseases. This study explored the effects of low-dose X-ray medical diagnostics exposure on female fertility. To aim this, cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) recovered from the ovaries of juvenile sheep and human ovaries were used as complementary models for in vitro studies. In the sheep model, the effects of low-dose X-rays on oocyte viability and developmental competence were evaluated. In human ovaries originated from two age group (21–25 and 33–36 years old) subjects with gender dysphoria, X-rays effects on tissue morphology, follicular density and expression of apoptosis-related (NOXA, PUMA, Bcl2, Bak, γH2AX) and cell cycle-related genes (p21 and ki67) were investigated. It was noted that in sheep, the minimum dose of 10 mGy did not influence most of examined parameters at oocyte and embryo levels, whereas 50 and 100 mGy X-ray exposure reduced oocyte bioenergetic/oxidative activity but without any visible effects on oocyte and embryo development. In addition, blastocyst bioenergetic/oxidative status was reduced with all used doses. Overall data on human ovaries showed that low-dose X-rays, similarly as in sheep, did not alter any of examined parameters. However, in women belonging to the 33–36 year group, significantly reduced follicular density was observed after exposure to 50 and 100 mGy, and increased NOXA and Bax expression after exposure at 50 mGy. In conclusion, used low-doses of X-ray exposure, which resemble doses used in medical diagnostics, produce weak damaging effects on female fertility with increased susceptibility in advanced age.

scholarly journals The Scoliosis Quandary: Are Radiation Exposures From Repeated X-Rays Harmful?

Dose-Response ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 155932581985281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Oakley ◽  
Niousha Navid Ehsani ◽  
Deed E. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Total Radiation Dose ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Patient Will ◽  
Risk Ratios

X-rays have been the gold standard for diagnosis, evaluation, and management of spinal scoliosis for decades as other assessment methods are indirect, too expensive, or not practical in practice. The average scoliosis patient will receive 10 to 25 spinal X-rays over several years equating to a maximum estimated dose of 10 to 25 mGy. Some patients, those getting diagnosed at a younger age and receiving early and ongoing treatments, may receive up to 40 to 50 X-rays, approaching at most 50 mGy. There are concerns that repeated radiographs given to patients are carcinogenic. Some studies have used the linear no-threshold model to derive cancer-risk estimates; however, it is invalid for low-dose irradiation (ie, X-rays); these estimates are untrue. Other studies have calculated cancer-risk ratios from long-term health data of historic scoliosis cohorts. Since data indicate reduced cancer rates in a cohort receiving a total radiation dose between 50 and 300 mGy, it is unlikely that scoliosis patients would get cancer from repeated X-rays. Moreover, since the threshold for leukemia is about 1100 mGy, scoliosis patients will not likely develop cancers from spinal X-rays. Scoliosis patients likely have long-term health consequences, including cancers, from the actual disease entity itself and not from protracted X-ray radiation exposures that are essential and indeed safe.

scholarly journals Low-dose X-ray structure analysis of cytochrome c oxidase utilizing high-energy X-rays

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 912-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Go Ueno ◽  
Atsuhiro Shimada ◽  
Eiki Yamashita ◽  
Kazuya Hasegawa ◽  
Takashi Kumasaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Data Set ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ligand Structure ◽  
Biology I ◽  
On Line

To investigate the effect of high-energy X-rays on site-specific radiation-damage, low-dose diffraction data were collected from radiation-sensitive crystals of the metal enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. Data were collected at the Structural Biology I beamline (BL41XU) at SPring-8, using 30 keV X-rays and a highly sensitive pixel array detector equipped with a cadmium telluride sensor. The experimental setup of continuous sample translation using multiple crystals allowed the average diffraction weighted dose per data set to be reduced to 58 kGy, and the resulting data revealed a ligand structure featuring an identical bond length to that in the damage-free structure determined using an X-ray free-electron laser. However, precise analysis of the residual density around the ligand structure refined with the synchrotron data showed the possibility of a small level of specific damage, which might have resulted from the accumulated dose of 58 kGy per data set. Further investigation of the photon-energy dependence of specific damage, as assessed by variations in UV-vis absorption spectra, was conducted using an on-line spectrometer at various energies ranging from 10 to 30 keV. No evidence was found for specific radiation damage being energy dependent.

scholarly journals Low dose whole Lung Therapy for patients with SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) Pneumonitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
Pavel D. Pankov ◽  
Magomet KH. Salpagarov ◽  
Natalia N. Yakovleva ◽  
Alexey V. Andronov ◽  
Grigory А. Baranov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lung Irradiation ◽  
Whole Lung Irradiation

In this article provides an overview of publications by foreign authors of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and introduce a modified treatment method for COVID-19-associated pneumonia. X-ray therapy was used to treat pneumonia during the first half of the 20th century. Fifteen studies report that approximately 700 cases of bacterial (lobar and bronchopneumonia), sulfanilamide non-responsive, interstitial, and atypical pneumonia were effectively treated by low doses of X-rays, leading to disease resolution, based on clinical symptoms, objective disease biomarkers, and mortality incidence. The capacity of the X-ray treatment to reduce mortality was similar to serum therapy and sulfonamide treatment during the same time period. The mechanism by which the X-ray treatment acts upon pneumonia involves the induction of an anti-inflammatory phenotype that leads to a rapid reversal of clinical symptoms. The capacity of low doses of X-rays to suppress inflammatory responses is a significant new concept for treatment COVID-19 pneumonitis. Low dose whole lung irradiation may be a potential solution in the present time. International research organization and the International Geriatric Radiotherapy Group (http://www.igrg.org) proposed a simple and practical protocol for Low dose whole lung irradiation to allow participation of all countries in the world regardless of their resources and made available to the whole world community for treatment COVID-19 pneumonitis.

scholarly journals Effects of Low-Dose X-Ray on Cell Growth, Membrane Permeability, DNA Damage and Gene Transfer Efficiency

Dose-Response ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 155932582096261
Author(s):  
Zhuo Wang ◽  
Ming-Yue Lv ◽  
Yao-Xiong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Gene Transfection ◽  
Damage Threshold ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gene Transfer Efficiency

Background: We aimed to reveal if low dose X-rays would induce harmful or beneficial effect or dual response on biological cells and whether there are conditions the radiation can enhance gene transfer efficiency and promote cell growth but without damage to the cells. Method: A systematic study was performed on the effects of Kilo-V and Mega-V X-rays on the cell morphology, viability, membrane permeability, DNA damage, and gene transfection of 293 T and CHO cells. Results: The Kilo-V X-rays of very low doses from 0.01 to 0.04 Gray in principle didn’t induce any significant change in cell morphology, growth, membrane permeability, and cause DNA damage. The Mega-V X-ray had a damage threshold between 1.0 and 1.5 Gray. The 0.25 Gray Mega-V-X-ray could promote cell growth and gene transfer, while the 1.5 Gray Mega-V X-ray damaged cells. Conclusion: The very low dose of KV X-rays is safe to cells, while the effects of Mega-V-X-rays are dose-dependent. Mega-V-X-rays with a dose higher than the damage threshold would be harmful, that between 1.0 -1.5 Gray can evoke dual effects, whereas 0.25 Gray MV X-ray is beneficial for both cell growth and gene transfer, thus would be suitable for radiation-enhanced gene transfection.

High-resolution fast-tomography brain-imaging beamline at the Taiwan Photon Source

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiang Hsin Chen ◽  
Shun-Min Yang ◽  
Kai-En Yang ◽  
Ching-Yu Chiu ◽  
Chia-Ju Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Detection System ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Photon Source ◽  
Very High

The new Brain Imaging Beamline (BIB) of the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) has been commissioned and opened to users. The BIB and in particular its endstation are designed to take advantage of bright unmonochromatized synchrotron X-rays and target fast 3D imaging, ∼1 ms exposure time plus very high ∼0.3 µm spatial resolution. A critical step in achieving the planned performances was the solution to the X-ray induced damaging problems of the detection system. High-energy photons were identified as their principal cause and were solved by combining tailored filters/attenuators and a high-energy cut-off mirror. This enabled the tomography acquisition throughput to reach >1 mm3 min−1, a critical performance for large-animal brain mapping and a vital mission of the beamline.

scholarly journals X-Ray Hesitancy: Patients’ Radiophobic Concerns Over Medical X-rays

Dose-Response ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 155932582095954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Oakley ◽  
Deed E. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
The Family ◽  
Diagnostic Radiation ◽  
Dose Radiation

All too often the family physician, orthopedic surgeon, dentist or chiropractor is met with radiophobic concerns about X-ray imaging in the clinical setting. These concerns, however, are unwarranted fears based on common but ill-informed and perpetuated ideology versus current understanding of the effects of low-dose radiation exposures. Themes of X-ray hesitancy come in 3 forms: 1. All radiation exposures are harmful (i.e. carcinogenic); 2. Radiation exposures are cumulative; 3. Children are more susceptible to radiation. Herein we address these concerns and find that low-dose radiation activates the body’s adaptive responses and leads to reduced cancers. Low-dose radiation is not cumulative as long as enough time (e.g. 24 hrs) passes prior to a repeated exposure, and any damage is repaired, removed, or eliminated. Children have more active immune systems; the literature shows children are no more affected than adults by radiation exposures. Medical X-rays present a small, insignificant addition to background radiation exposure that is not likely to cause harm. Doctors and patients alike should be better informed of the lack of risks from diagnostic radiation and the decision to image should rely on the best evidence, unique needs of the patient, and the expertise of the physician—not radiophobia.

scholarly journals Low-dose X-ray structure analysis of cytochrome oxidase utilizing high-energy X-rays

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (a2) ◽  
pp. C1027-C1027
Author(s):  
Go Ueno ◽  
Atsuhiro Shimada ◽  
Eiki Yamashita ◽  
Kazuya Hasegawa ◽  
Takashi Kumasaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals Analysis of liver damage from radon, X-ray, or alcohol treatments in mice using a self-organizing map

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norie Kanzaki ◽  
Takahiro Kataoka ◽  
Reo Etani ◽  
Kaori Sasaoka ◽  
Akihiro Kanagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Self Organizing Map ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radon Inhalation ◽  
Dose Radiation ◽  
Self Organizing

Abstract In our previous studies, we found that low-dose radiation inhibits oxidative stress–induced diseases due to increased antioxidants. Although these effects of low-dose radiation were demonstrated, further research was needed to clarify the effects. However, the analysis of oxidative stress is challenging, especially that of low levels of oxidative stress, because antioxidative substances are intricately involved. Thus, we proposed an approach for analysing oxidative liver damage via use of a self-organizing map (SOM)—a novel and comprehensive technique for evaluating hepatic and antioxidative function. Mice were treated with radon inhalation, irradiated with X-rays, or subjected to intraperitoneal injection of alcohol. We evaluated the oxidative damage levels in the liver from the SOM results for hepatic function and antioxidative substances. The results showed that the effects of low-dose irradiation (radon inhalation at a concentration of up to 2000 Bq/m3, or X-irradiation at a dose of up to 2.0 Gy) were comparable with the effect of alcohol administration at 0.5 g/kg bodyweight. Analysis using the SOM to discriminate small changes was made possible by its ability to ‘learn’ to adapt to unexpected changes. Moreover, when using a spherical SOM, the method comprehensively examined liver damage by radon, X-ray, and alcohol. We found that the types of liver damage caused by radon, X-rays, and alcohol have different characteristics. Therefore, our approaches would be useful as a method for evaluating oxidative liver damage caused by radon, X-rays and alcohol.

Polyoxomolybdate (POM) nanoclusters with radiosensitizing and scintillating properties for low dose X-ray inducible radiation-radiodynamic therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debabrata Maiti ◽  
Jing Zhong ◽  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Hailin Zhou ◽  
Saisai Xion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Tissue Penetration ◽  
Deep Tissue ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Therapeutic Efficiency

X-rays with high deep tissue penetration could be acted as an excellent excited light source for enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT), avoiding the weak penetration of near-infrared light and further improving the therapeutic efficiency of PDT.

scholarly journals Biomedical and agricultural applications of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in electron microscopy

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Wyroba ◽  
Szymon Suski ◽  
Karolina Miller ◽  
Rafał Bartosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Point Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Quantitative Analyses

AbstractEnergy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in electron microscopy has been widely used in many research areas since it provides precise information on the chemical composition of subcellular structures that may be correlated with their high resolution images. In EDS the characteristic X-rays typical of each element are analyzed and the new detectors - an example of which we describe - allow for setting precisely the area of measurements and acquiring signals as a point analysis, as a linescan or in the image format of the desired area. Mapping of the elements requires stringent methods of sample preparation to prevent redistribution/loss of the elements as well as elimination of the risk of overlapping spectra. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses may be performed at a low probe current suitable for thin biological samples. Descriptions of preparation techniques, drawbacks and precautions necessary to obtain reliable results are provided, including data on standards, effects of specimen roughness and quantification. Data on EPMA application in different fields of biomedical and agricultural studies are reviewed.In this review we refer to recent EDS/EPMA applications in medical diagnostics, studies on air pollution and agrochemicals as well as on plant models used to monitor the environment.

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