scholarly journals Nitrogen sources affected the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, cooked rice elongation and amylose content in rice

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254182
Author(s):  
Pouwedeou Mouloumdema Potcho ◽  
Nnaemeka Emmanuel Okpala ◽  
Tchalla Korohou ◽  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Nabieu Kamara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Indica Rice ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Cooked Rice ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Many studies have been carried out on N sources effect on fragrant rice; however, their impact on rice grain quality is largely unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of different types of N sources on rice growth, yield, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), amylose and cooked rice elongation. Two indica rice cultivars, Basmati 385 (B385), Xiangyaxiangzhan (XYXZ) and two japonica cultivars, Yunjingyou (YJY), Daohuaxiang (DHX) were grown in experimental pots with six replications under four N sources: Potassium nitrate (KNO3), ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), urea (H2NCONH2) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) in 2019 and 2020 early seasons. Our results showed that N dynamics regulated the number of panicles, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, amylose and cooked rice elongation across all the four treatments. The NH4HCO3 treatment significantly increased the number of panicles and grain yield across the four rice varieties compared with KNO3, H2NCONH2 and NaNO3 N sources in both 2019 and 2020 early season, The KNO3 treatment significantly showed higher 1000-grain weight in B-385, YJY, XYXZ and DHX compared to other N sources. Compared with other N sources treatment, the NH4HCO3 treatments significantly increased the 2AP contents in heading stage leaves, matured leaves and grains of B-385, YJY, XYXZ and DHX respectively. Cooked rice elongation percentage also showed significant difference in all treatments studied with KNO3 recorded the highest across the four varieties. Analysis of major enzymes and compounds such as P5C, P5CS, PDH, Pyrroline, proline and Methylglyoxal showed remarkable differences in each cultivar at heading and maturity stages with higher activity in NH4HCO3 and H2NCONH2 treatments. Similarly, in all treatments, we also observed significant increase in amylose content percentage, with NH4HCO3 having greater percentage of amylose.

scholarly journals Influence of titanium and bio-fertilizers on some agronomic and physiological attributes of triticale exposed to cadmium stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-463 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cadmium Stress ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Nano Particle ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

To evaluate the effects of titanium and bio-fertilizers on some agronomic and physiological properties of triticale grown in cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil, a glasshouse experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were arranged in a 4×4 factorial experiment with four levels of titanium (control, bulk titanium, 0.01%, and 0.02% titanium nano-particles) and four levels of bio-fertilizers (no bio-fertilizer, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense and Azorhizobium caulinodans). The Cd contamination increased Cd accumulation in the leaves and seeds and also enhanced antioxidant enzymes activity. Cadmium stress decreased grain yield, 1000-grain weight and chlorophyll. Titanium nano-particle (0.02%) caused the maximum increase in grain yield, 1000-grain weight, leaf Cd, seed Cd, chlorophyll content. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity increased due to titanium application but malondialdehyde (MDA) contented decreased. Although, there was no significant difference between control and bulk titanium treatments in terms of SOD activity. The effect of 0.02% nano-particle in increasing SOD activity was more pronounced than 0.01% treatment. In addition, CAT activity was more affected by titanium nano-particles than bulk titanium. Furthermore, Azorhizobium increased grain yield, 1000-grain weight, leaf Cd, seed Cd and chlorophyll while decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activity.

scholarly journals Biofortification of Rice Grain as Affected by Different Doses of Zinc Fertilization

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Kamrun Nahar ◽  
M. Jahiruddin ◽  
M. Rafiqul Islam ◽  
Soyema Khatun ◽  
M. Roknuzzaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Zinc Fertilization ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
1000 Grain Weight ◽  
Different Doses

The experiment was conducted in the research farm at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) to investigate the zinc biofortification ability of rice grain at different doses of zinc fertilization. In this experiment two rice varieties (BRRI dhan28 and Binadhan-16) and five doses (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 kg ha-1) of zinc fertilization were used following split-plot design with three replications. Except 1000-grain weight and plant height, all other plant characters viz., tillers hill-1, panicle length and grains panicle-1 were significantly influenced by zinc fertilization. The treatment receiving Zn at 4.5 kg ha-1 (Zn 4.5) produced the highest grain yield (7.70 t ha-1) in BRRI dhan28 which was statistically similar with the yield obtained with Zn 3.0 treatments. The zinc control treatment (Zn 0) produced the lowest grain yield in both varieties. The concentrations of N, Zn and Fe were significantly and positively influenced by the Zn treatments. The crop varieties did not differ significantly in respect of N and Fe concentrations, but the grain Zn concentration was considerably higher in BINA dhan16 than in BRRI dhan28. The grain N content as well as grain protein content linearly increased with the rates of Zn application. Thus, application of Zn at the rate of 6.0 kg ha-1 demonstrated the highest Zn fortification in both varieties but maximum zinc fortification was observed in Binadhan-16 (24.1 µg g-1) in rice grain which was 12.2% higher over control treatment.

scholarly journals Effects of Sowing Time and Growing Density on Agronomic Traits, Grain Yield, and Grain Quality of Waxy Sorghum Cultivar Hongliangfeng 1

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Can Wang ◽  
Lingbo Zhou ◽  
Guobing Zhang ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
Xu Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike ◽  
Weight Protein ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sowing time and growing density on the yield and quality of grain in waxy sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). The main plots were two sowing time: early sowing (5 April) and late sowing (20 April), and the subplots were three growing densities: 0.8 × 105, 1.1 × 105, and 1.4 × 105 plants/ha. Results showed that sowing time and growing density had significant effects on grain yield and grain quality of waxy sorghum cultivar Hongliangfeng 1. Grain yield, plant height, spike length, culm diameter, grain number per spike, grain weight per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein content, starch content, and amylopectin content were reduced by a delay of sowing time, while the tannin content and amylose content were increased by a delay of sowing time. Grain yield, plant height, spike length, culm diameter, grain number per spike, grain weight per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein content, starch content, and amylopectin content increased and then decreased with the increase of growing density, while the tannin content and amylose content decreased and then increased with the increase of growing density. These results hinted that appropriate sowing time and growing density are key cultivation measures to ensure high yield and good quality in waxy sorghum production.

scholarly journals Performance of Transplant Aus Rice Varieties under Different Nitrogen Management Practices

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
Md. Omar Faruk ◽  
A. S. M. Iqbal Hussain ◽  
Md. Abu Yusuf ◽  
Md. Nazmul Hasan Mehedi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Nitrogen Management ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Panicle Length ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Area Index ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Management of applied nitrogen in rice field is one tool that could lead to increase in rice yield, but often ignored by most farmers. The experiment was carried out from April to July 2015 at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali to find out the influence of different nitrogen management and variety on the yield performance of transplant Ausrice. The study consisted of four levels of nitrogen viz. Control (without N), 30 kg N ha-1, 60 kg N ha-1 and urea super granule @ 52 kg N ha-1 and four Transplanted aus rice varieties viz. KaliHitta, ChaitaBoro, Abdul Hai and Gota IRRI, and was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The levels of nitrogen were assigned in the main plot and varieties were allocated in the sub-plots. Nitrogen management, variety and their interactions exerted significant (P ≤ 0.05) influence on plant characters, yield contributing characters and yield of transplanted Aus rice. In the case of nitrogen management, the tallest plant was 161.60 cm, maximum leaf area index(2.97, the highest number of effective tillers hill-115, longest panicle 24.30 cm with the maximum number of filled grains as94.73, 1000-grain weight gave 29.97 g. Grain yield of 2.48 t ha-1 were obtained from USG @ 52 kg N ha-1 and the shortest plant height of 136.90 cm with lowest leaf area index of 1.78, lowest number of effective tillers hill-1 (8.43), shortest panicle (18.84 cm) with the lowest numbers of filled grains panicle-1 (53.18), 1000-grain weight (24.33 g) and grain yield (1.40 t ha-1) were obtained in control (N1=O, kg N ha-1). Among the varieties, ChaitaBoro gave the tallest plant height (151.60 cm) and maximum leaf area index (2.54). While the highest number of effective tillers hill-1 (12.20), longest panicle (22.42 cm) with the maximum number of filled grains panicle-1 (73.50), highest 1000-grain weight (27.41 g) and highest grain yield (2.39 t ha-1) were recorded from Gota IRRI than other varieties. In case of interaction, Gota IRRI Fertilized with USG at 52 kg N ha-1 produced the highest number of effective tillers hill-1 (16.87), panicle length (25.13 cm), number of grains panicle-1 (105.70) and grain yield (3.13 t ha-1). The lowest number of effective tillers hill-1 (8.13), lowest panicle length (17.47 cm) with minimum numbers of filled grains 47.67) and grain yield (1.12 t ha-1) were produced by the interaction of control (N1=O, kg N ha-1) and Kali Hitta. So, cultivation of transplant Aus rice (Gota IRRI) appeared to be the best performance with USG @ 52 kg N ha-1 and recommended to the end users.

scholarly journals Response of phytohormone homeostasis to heat stress and the roles of phytohormones in rice grain yield: a review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wu ◽  
She Tang ◽  
Ganghua Li ◽  
Shaohua Wang ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Heat Effects

Rice is highly susceptible to heat stress at the reproductive stage. In this review, we first summarize recent progress in heat effects on rice grain yield during different reproductive stages. Different responses of yield traits of rice to heat stress during different reproductive stages are identified. The number of spikelets per panicle is reduced by heat stress during the early reproductive stage but is not affected by heat stress during the mid-late reproductive stage. Spikelet sterility induced by heat stress can be attributed primarily to physiological abnormalities in the reproductive organs during flowering but attributed to structural and morphological abnormalities in reproductive organs during panicle initiation. The lower grain weight caused by heat stress during the early reproductive stage was due to a reduction in non-structural carbohydrates, undeveloped vascular bundles, and a reduction in grain length and width, while a shortened grain filling duration, reduced grain filling rate, and decreased grain width affect grain weight when heat stress occurs during grain filling. Phytohormones play vital roles in regulating plant adaptations against heat stress. We discuss the processes involving phytohormone homeostasis (biosynthesis, catabolism, deactivation, and transport) in response to heat stress. It is currently thought that biosynthesis and transport may be the key processes that determine phytohormone levels and final grain yield in rice under heat stress conditions. Finally, we prospect that screening and breeding rice varieties with comprehensive tolerance to heat stress throughout the entire reproductive phase could be feasible to cope with unpredictable heat events in the future. Studies in phytohormone homeostatic response are needed to further reveal the key processes that determine phytohormone levels under heat condition.

scholarly journals Effect of weed management practices on the performance of transplanted aman rice varieties

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
J Ferdous ◽  
N Islam ◽  
MA Salam ◽  
MS Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Free Condition ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Crop Parameters ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of weed management practices on the performance of transplanted aman rice varieties. The experimental treatments comprised three varieties viz. BR11, BRRI dhan39 and Binadhan7 and seven weeding treatments viz., weedy check, hand weeding at 15 and 35 DATs, application of early post-emergence herbicide Manage (Pyrazosulfuron ethyl), application of pre-emergence herbicide Rifit (Pretilachlor), Manage + one hand weeding at 35 DAT, application of Rifit + one hand weeding at 35 DAT and weed free. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results reveal that varieties should significant variation on plant height, number of total tillers hill-1, number of effective tillers hill-1, number of non-effective tillers hill-1, panicle length, number of grains panicle-1, number of sterile spikelets penicle-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index. Grain yield was the highest in BRRI dhan39. Weeding regime had also significant effect on all the studied crop parameters except 1000-grain weight. The highest grain yield was obtained from weed free condition followed by hand weeding at 15 and 35 DATs. Interaction between variety and weeding regime had significant influence on all the studied crop parameters except 1000-grain weight. The highest grain yield was obtained from the interaction of BRRI dhan39 × weed free condition which was statistically identical (5.50 t ha-1) with interaction of variety BR11 × two hand weedings at 15 and 35 DATs. Therefore it may be concluded that BR11 rice could be cultivated using two hand weedings at 15 and 35 DATs for obtaining higher yield.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(1): 17-22, June 2016

scholarly journals Effect of source of irrigation water on yield performance of Boro rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-260
Author(s):  
Abdul Latif ◽  
Md. Shafiqul Islam ◽  
Ahmed Khairul Hasan ◽  
Md. Abdus Salam ◽  
Afrina Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Wastewater Irrigation ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
1000 Grain Weight ◽  
Boro Rice

Industrial wastewater is a major problem in Gazipur, Bangladesh which is very cheaply available in the surrounding area for crop production. An experiment was conducted at Farmer’s Field of Gazipur district to study the effect of irrigation water quality on yield of boro rice. The study comprised three varieties viz., BR14, BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 and three sources of irrigation water viz. fresh water irrigation, mixed water (fresh + industrial wastewater) irrigation, industrial wastewater irrigation. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications where irrigation water was assigned in the main plot and rice varieties in the subplot. BRRI dhan29 produced the tallest plant (85.25 cm), the highest number of total tillers hill-1 (19.77), effective tillers hill-1 (17.64), grains panicle-1 (111.0), sterile spikelets panicle-1 (44.29), 1000-grain weight (22.43 g), grain yield (4.56 t ha-1) and straw yield (7.99 t ha-1). On the other hand, plant height (74.50 cm), total tillers hill-1 (19.82), effective tillers hill-1 (17.53), grains panicle-1 (131.7), sterile spikelets panicle-1 (35.50), 1000-grain weight (25.83 g), grain yield (5.05 t ha-1) were found highest when applied fresh water irrigation. The highest numbers of grains panicle-1 (119.14), 1000-grain weight (25.10 g), grain (5.54 t ha-1) and straw (7.93 t ha-1) yield were obtained in BRRI dhan29 with fresh water irrigation. Therefore, BRRI dhan29 with fresh water irrigation would be safe to use. However, if fresh water irrigation is not possible, conjunctive use of fresh and wastewater can be used as irrigation for BRRI dhan29.

scholarly journals Yield performance of some transplant aman rice varieties as influenced by different levels of nitrogen

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
MT Jisan ◽  
SK Paul ◽  
M Salim
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Climatic Condition ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

The experiment was carried out during the period of June to November 2013 at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh with a view to examine the yield performance of some transplant aman rice varieties as influenced by different levels of nitrogen. The experiment consisted of four varieties viz. BRRI dhan49, BRRI dhan52, BRRI dhan56, BRRI dhan57 and four levels of N viz. 0, 46, 60 and 75 kg ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Variety, levels of N and their interactions exerted significant influence on yield contributing characters and yield of transplant aman rice. Among the varieties, BRRI dhan52 produced the tallest plant (117.20 cm), highest number of effective tillers hill-1 (11.28), grains panicle-1 (121.5) and 1000-grain weight (23.65 g) whereas the lowest values of these parameters were produced by BRRI dhan57. Highest grain yield (5.69 t ha-1) was obtained from BRRI dhan52 followed by BRRI dhan49 (5.15 t ha-1) and the lowest one (4.25 t ha-1) was obtained from BRRI dhan57. In case of N, the tallest plant (111.70 cm), highest number of total tillers hill-1 (12.34), grains panicle-1 (133.6), 1000-grain weight (24.55 g) and grain yield (5.64 t ha-1) were obtained from 75 kg N ha-1 and the lowest values were obtained from control. BRRI dhan52 fertilized with 75 kg N ha-1 showed best performance with respect to all the parameters studied. The overall results suggest that BRRI dhan52 should be fertilized with 75 kg N ha-1 for getting higher yield under the agro-climatic condition of BAU.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 12(2): 321-324, December 2014

scholarly journals Response of phytohormone homeostasis to heat stress and the roles of phytohormones in rice grain yield: a review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wu ◽  
She Tang ◽  
Ganghua Li ◽  
Shaohua Wang ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Heat Effects

Rice is highly susceptible to heat stress at the reproductive stage. In this review, we first summarize recent progress in heat effects on rice grain yield during different reproductive stages. Different responses of yield traits of rice to heat stress during different reproductive stages are identified. The number of spikelets per panicle is reduced by heat stress during the early reproductive stage but is not affected by heat stress during the mid-late reproductive stage. Spikelet sterility induced by heat stress can be attributed primarily to physiological abnormalities in the reproductive organs during flowering but attributed to structural and morphological abnormalities in reproductive organs during panicle initiation. The lower grain weight caused by heat stress during the early reproductive stage was due to a reduction in non-structural carbohydrates, undeveloped vascular bundles, and a reduction in grain length and width, while a shortened grain filling duration, reduced grain filling rate, and decreased grain width affect grain weight when heat stress occurs during grain filling. Phytohormones play vital roles in regulating plant adaptations against heat stress. We discuss the processes involving phytohormone homeostasis (biosynthesis, catabolism, deactivation, and transport) in response to heat stress. It is currently thought that biosynthesis and transport may be the key processes that determine phytohormone levels and final grain yield in rice under heat stress conditions. Finally, we prospect that screening and breeding rice varieties with comprehensive tolerance to heat stress throughout the entire reproductive phase could be feasible to cope with unpredictable heat events in the future. Studies in phytohormone homeostatic response are needed to further reveal the key processes that determine phytohormone levels under heat condition.

scholarly journals Genetic Variability and Inter-relationship between Yield and Yield Components in Jhum Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes of Khagrachhari District in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mohammad Zahidul Islam ◽  
Nadia Akter ◽  
Md Ferdous Rezwan Khan Prince ◽  
Nashirum Monir ◽  
Mohammad Khalequzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Genetic Advance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Positive Direct ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

The present investigation consists of 47 rice genotypes and the experiment was conducted during Aus season, 2016 in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The data were recorded for 13 quantitative characters to study genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient analysis and path analysis. Analysis of variance among 47 genotypes showed a significant difference for all characters studied. The highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were observed for grain yield followed by the number of effective tillers, the number of filled grains per panicle and 1000 grain weight indicating that these characters could be used in selection for the crop improvement program. High estimates of heritability was observed for grain yield, grain length, plant height, number of filled grain per panicle, 1000 grain weight and days to 50% flowering. High genetic advance was observed for the number of filled grains per panicle and plant height, indicating predominance of additive gene effects and possibilities of effective selection for the improvement of these traits. Grain yield showed positive association with number of effective tiller and number of filled grain per panicle at genotypic in conjunction with phenotypic level. Days to maturity possessed the highest positive direct effect and significant indirect correlation with yield. The Agriculturists 2020; 18(1) 01-09

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