scholarly journals Who are the ‘social Darwinists’? On dispositional determinants of perceiving the social world as competitive jungle

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0254434
Author(s):  
Piotr Radkiewicz ◽  
Krystyna Skarżyńska
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
The Social

The naive social Darwinism, also called the Competitive Jungle Belief (CJB), according to the theory of the Dual-Process Motivational (DPM) model, is recognized as an expanded perceptual scheme acting as a cognitive mediator between deep individual characteristics and the area of socio-political attitudes and ideologies. This article aims to show the individual differences that can be dispositional characteristics to believe in the Competitive Jungle scheme’s principles. The presented studies’ main theoretical question is to find out whether the CJB bases on positive "individual resources" or rather some psychological deficits. In an extensive survey study, including four random-representative samples of adults Poles (with N ranging from 624 to 853 respondents), we tested the predictive power of the five categories of variables: 1) attachment styles; 2) Big Five personality traits; 3) Dark Triad of personality; 4) basic human values and 5) moral judgments. The results showed the psychological profile of social Darwinists as clearly dysfunctional in terms of personal life quality. They express characteristics like admiration for power and desire to dominate, pursue one’s goals at all costs, exploitative attitude towards people, and hostility. On the other hand, they reveal a fearful style in close relations with others and have low self-esteem and low self-sufficiency. From the societal perspective, such beliefs make up a vision of social life that is unfavorable for building a cooperative, helpful, and relatively egalitarian society. The supreme idea that only those who do not sympathize with others and are ready to use them can be successful and survive is far from the principles of liberal democracy.

scholarly journals People and the City: Urban Fragility and the Real Estate-Scape in a Neighborhood of Catania, Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rosa Trovato ◽  
Claudia Clienti ◽  
Salvatore Giuffrida
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Real Estate Market ◽  
Civil Economy

Urban/social fragility is the main focus of most studies on civil economy involving the commitment of politics in the prospect of integrating and somehow guiding an ordered development of and ordered communities. The contemporary city is strongly influenced by the incommunicability between the social system and environment, the latter more and more, including urban and societal components. This study tries to outline a comparative social-urban profile of Picanello, a popular central neighborhood of Catania, in Sicily, Italy, characterized by the combination of different urban and social life-quality levels, thus expressing a heterogeneous vulnerability/resilience profile. The analysis is placed in the urban planning context and aims to: (1) Denotative a pattern that considers the different fragility/resilience descriptive indices; and (2) connotative a pattern of the human and urban dimensions of the social capital asset. This analysis was performed by implementing a multidimensional pattern allowing us to place the neighborhood in a ranking of the neighborhoods of Catania, thus highlighting strength and weakness under different respects. Furthermore, the monetary measurements of this vulnerability/resilience profile, was carried by means of the structured observation of the real estate market. Fuzzy k-medoids cluster analyses have been comparatively performed—showing and mapping the relationships between urban value density and real estate market prices tensions.

scholarly journals Harming Kin to Save Strangers: Further Evidence for Abnormally Utilitarian Moral Judgments after Ventromedial Prefrontal Damage

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 2186-2196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley C. Thomas ◽  
Katie E. Croft ◽  
Daniel Tranel
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
The Self ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Conflict ◽  
Harm To Others

The ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) has been implicated as a critical neural substrate mediating the influence of emotion on moral reasoning. It has been shown that the vmPFC is especially important for making moral judgments about “high-conflict” moral dilemmas involving direct personal actions, that is, scenarios that pit compelling utilitarian considerations of aggregate welfare against the highly emotionally aversive act of directly causing harm to others [Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Cushman, F., Hauser, M., et al. Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgments. Nature, 446, 908–911, 2007]. The current study was designed to elucidate further the role of the vmPFC in high-conflict moral judgments, including those that involve indirect personal actions, such as indirectly causing harm to one's kin to save a group of strangers. We found that patients with vmPFC lesions were more likely than brain-damaged and healthy comparison participants to endorse utilitarian outcomes on high-conflict dilemmas regardless of whether the dilemmas (1) entailed direct versus indirect personal harms and (2) were presented from the Self versus Other perspective. In addition, all groups were more likely to endorse utilitarian outcomes in the Other perspective as compared with the Self perspective. These results provide important extensions of previous work, and the findings align with the proposal that the vmPFC is critical for reasoning about moral dilemmas in which anticipating the social-emotional consequences of an action (e.g., guilt or remorse) is crucial for normal moral judgments [Greene, J. D. Why are VMPFC patients more utilitarian?: A dual-process theory of moral judgment explains. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 322–323, 2007; Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Cushman, F., Hauser, M., et al. Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgments. Nature, 446, 908–911, 2007].

scholarly journals Predicting the Timing of Social Transitions from Personal, Social and Socio-Economic Resources of German Adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Gläßer ◽  
Wolfgang Lauterbach ◽  
Fred Berger
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Social Transitions ◽  
The Social

Social transitions are characterized by an increased heterogeneity in Western societies. Following the life course perspective, individual agency becomes central in shaping one’s life course. This article examines social transitions of adolescents using individual resource theory to explain differences of the timing of five transitions in partnership and family formation: the first sexual experience, the first intimate relationship, the first cohabitation, the first marriage, and the birth of the first child. Since little is so far known about how individual characteristics interact and influence the social transition to adulthood, we focus on the varying impacts of personal, social and socio-economic resources across the social life course. We use longitudinal data from the German LifE-Study, which focuses on the birth cohort of individuals born between 1965 and 1967. Using event history analysis, we find that the timing of the first sexual experience and first partnership transitions are mainly influenced by personal and social ressources, whereas socio-economic resources offer better explanations for the timing of entering marriage and parenthood. Most striking are the different explanatory models for women and men.

Psychology and Oppression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahbie Long
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Close Association ◽  
American Psychological Association ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
American Psychological ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

Psychology has always been a discipline immersed in the social and political currents of the day. At the level of psychological theory—whether one considers early pioneers such as Freud, Skinner, and Rogers, or, more recently, Seligman and the neuroscientific turn—its affinity with dominant socio-political concerns is easily demonstrated. Far from such individuals being calculating ideologues, however, they were interpellated—inevitably—by a field of power in which their personal and working lives were already embedded. On the other hand, it is equally true that Psychology’s phenomenal growth in the 20th century was built—most deliberately—on the alliances it formed with powerful bureaucratic elites. The discipline’s proximity to power, that is, meant not only that it could be co-opted ideologically but also that it would collude with oppressive regimes to enhance its own prestige. Project CAMELOT is one example where psychologists were willing to cooperate with the U.S. military in the service of a foreign policy that terrorized Latin America. The discipline also thrived under the Nazis with psychologists heavily involved in meeting the operational requirements of the Wehrmacht. Afrikaner psychologists in South Africa formed a close association with the apartheid state in both ideological and practical terms. More recently, the involvement of the American Psychological Association in a torture scandal has drawn attention once again to the discipline’s potential for collusion with institutional powers. In historiographic terms, some will take issue with the delivery of moral judgments when documenting the history of Psychology. However, the writing of history does not preclude such judgments, especially at a time when the exercise of power permeates disciplinary, institutional, and social life.

scholarly journals Bilingualism in autism: Language learning profiles and social experiences

Autism ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 2166-2177
Author(s):  
Bérengère G Digard ◽  
Antonella Sorace ◽  
Andrew Stanfield ◽  
Sue Fletcher-Watson
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Language History ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Autistic Adults

Bilingualism changes how people relate to others, and lead their lives. This is particularly relevant in autism, where social interaction presents challenges. Understanding the overlap between the social variations of bilingualism and autism could unveil new ways to support autistic people. This research aims to understand the language learning and social experiences of mono-, bi- and multilingual autistic people. A total of 297 autistic adults (mean age = 32.4 years) completed an online questionnaire including general demographic, language history and social life quality self-rating items. The sample included 89 monolingual English speakers, 98 bilinguals, and 110 multilinguals, with a wide range of language profiles. Regression models were used to analyse how bilingualism variables predicted social life quality ratings. In the full sample, age negatively predicted social life quality scores while the number of languages known positively predicted social life quality scores. In the multilingual subset, age negatively predicted social life quality scores, while third language proficiency positively predicted social life quality scores. This is the first study describing the language history and social experiences of a substantial sample of bilingual and multilingual autistic adults. It provides valuable insight into how autistic people can learn and use a new language, and how their bilingualism experiences shape their social life. Lay abstract Bilingualism changes the way people relate to others. This is particularly interesting in the case of autism, where social interaction presents many challenges. A better understanding of the overlap between the social variations of bilingualism and autism could unveil new ways to support the social experiences of autistic people. This research aims to understand the language learning and social experiences of autistic people who speak one, two or more languages. A total of 297 autistic adults (aged between 16 and 80 years) completed an online questionnaire that included general demographic questions, social life quality self-rating questions, language history questions, and open questions about the respondents’ bilingualism experience. Respondents had a wide range of language experiences: there were 89 monolingual English speakers, 98 bilinguals, 110 respondents knew three languages or more, all with a wide range of abilities in their languages. In the full group, younger respondents were more satisfied with their social life, and respondents with many languages were more satisfied with their social life than respondents with few languages. In the multilingual group, younger respondents were more satisfied with their social life, and the more skilled in their third language the more satisfied with their social life. This is the first study describing the language history and social experiences of a large group of bilingual and multilingual autistic adults. It highlights how autistic people can encounter a new language, learn it and use it in their daily life, and how their bilingualism experiences shape their social life.

scholarly journals Comparative characteristics of life quality in patients with distant consequences of combat brain injury

Pain medicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1/1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
I Chernenko
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Doppler Sonography ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Activity Restriction ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
The Social

Objective: To define the main directions of diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitation actions in persons, who have had a combat brain injury based on assessment and comparison of indicators of life quality in various terms of postponed trauma. Material and methods: we have examined 180 males: 100 combatants in the Democratic republic of Afghanistan (1979–1989) and 80 combatants of the conflict in the East of Ukraine (from 2014 till present) with consequences of a combat brain injury of varying severity. We used clinical-neurological, instrumental (craniography of skull, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonic doppler sonography of the main vessels of the head and neck), biochemical, statistical methods of research, and questionnaire scale SF-36. Results: the study found that indicators of life quality in persons, who have had a combat brain injury depend on severity and term which has passed from the getting combat brain injury. In early terms after the combat brain injury and in persons who have had minor and moderate degree combat brain injury, the indicators connected with a psychological component are mainly broken. While the patients, who have had a combat brain injury, have violations of all aspects (physical, psychological and social), which in the absence of necessary rehabilitation and treatment, identically shown in the different terms of trauma. Conclusion: according to the results the level of life quality is in many respects caused by the degree of functional violations leading to activity restriction first in the social life, considerably affect adaptation potential of organism.

scholarly journals Philosophical, Aesthetic, Psychological and Pedagogical Aspects

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-92
Author(s):  
Imre Bús
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Computer Applications ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Innovations ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
The Individual

AbstractIntroduction: Computers and the applications of today’s high technology can simulate reality so realistically that virtuality has become part of both children’s and adults’ lifestyles (Nagy & Kölcsey, 2017; Szécsi, 2012). However, it did not emerge with the computer applications, but with human thinking and part of that, the virtual conception of the world. In addition to social changes this development can be observed on individuals as well.Purpose: This study shows the development of virtuality through the examples of cultural, philosophical, aesthetic, then the psychological and pedagogical development of the individual with the help of some important studies.Methods: This study presents the social and individual development of virtuality throughout theoretical analysis of the research results.Conclusion: Virtuality has already an important role in the technological and economic sphere and its impact on social innovations, individual and social life can be felt as well. Virtuality-research, its application and improvement contribute to experience a more complete reality and to the improvement of human life quality.

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