scholarly journals Welfare states as lifecycle redistribution machines: Decomposing the roles of age and socio-economic status shows that European tax-and-benefit systems primarily redistribute across age groups

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255760
Author(s):  
Pieter Vanhuysse ◽  
Marton Medgyesi ◽  
Robert I. Gal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Robin Hood ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Personal Time ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Poverty Relief

Social scientists identify two core functions of modern welfare states as redistribution across (a) socio-economic status groups (Robin Hood) and (b) ‘the lifecycle’ (the piggy bank). But what is the relative importance of these functions? The answer has been elusive, as the piggy bank is metaphorical. The intra-personal time-travel of resources it implies is based on non-quid-pro-quo transfers. In practice, ‘lifecycle redistribution’ must operate through inter-age-group resource reallocation in cross-section. Since at any time different birth cohorts live together, ‘resource-productive’ working-aged people are taxed to finance consumption of ‘resource-dependent’ younger and older people. In a novel decomposition analysis, we study the joint distribution of socio-economic status, age, and respectively (a) all cash and in-kind transfers (‘benefits’), (b) financing contributions (‘taxes’), and (c) resulting ‘net benefits,’ on a sample of over 400,000 Europeans from 22 EU countries. European welfare states, often maligned as ineffective Robin Hood vehicles riddled with Matthew effects, are better characterized as inter-age redistribution machines performing a more important second task rather well: lifecycle consumption smoothing. Social policies serve multiple goals in Europe, but empirically they are neither primarily nor solely responsible for poverty relief and inequality reduction.

scholarly journals Dental caries experience and socio-economic status among Iranian children: a multilevel analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Ghasemianpour ◽  
Soheila Bakhshandeh ◽  
Armin Shirvani ◽  
Naghmeh Emadi ◽  
Hamid Samadzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Poisson Regression Analysis ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Dmft Index ◽  
Iranian Children

Abstract Background Socio-economic factors are considered as main determinants causing disparities in oral health across different countries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations of social and economic factors with dental caries experience among 6- and 12-year-old Iranian children. Methods In this cross-sectional study, a total of 31,146 students, aged 6 and 12 years old, were enrolled from all (31) provinces in Iran. Based on the standardized World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for oral health surveys, dental caries indices in primary and permanent teeth were assessed by clinical examination in schools. Data on socio-economic status was obtained from the modified WHO questionnaire and national data bank. The decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmft/DMFT) indices for primary and permanent dentition were compared at the individual and provincial levels using multilevel regression analysis. Poisson regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of social (demographic and behavioral) determinants with dental caries indices among individuals. To assess the causes of difference in dental caries indices across provinces, justifiable economic factors were also analyzed using poisson regression analysis. Results The mean (SE) of dmft and DMFT were 5.84 (0.05) and 1.84 (0.03), for 6-and 12-year-old children, respectively. The differences of dental caries indices were statistically significant among provinces. Higher level of parental education was negatively related to dental caries indices of both age groups. Rural residency was positively and dental flossing was reversely associated with dmft index of 6-year-old children. Negative associations were found between frequency of tooth brushing and preventive dental utilization with dmft and DMFT indices. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) index had negative and Consumer Price Index (CPI) had positive associations with dmft and DMFT indices in both age groups. However, positive relationships were observed between Gini index with DMFT index among 12-year-old children; as well as between the number of dentists per capita with dmft index among 6-year-old children. Conclusion Socio-demographic and behavioral factors were found to be associated with dental caries experience. However, economic indicators had the greatest importance.

scholarly journals Socio-economic status of fish retailers in Jashore sadar, Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-108
Author(s):  
Mita Rani Adhikary ◽  
Md Aminur Rahman ◽  
Abdulla Al Asif ◽  
Ripon Kumar Adhikary
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Secondary Level ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Primary Level ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Basic Infrastructure

The study was conducted to determine the fish retailer’s livelihood and socio-economic status in three markets of Jashore for a period of six months from February to August, 2016. The average net profit of fish retailers was found higher in Boro bazaar (Tk.350) followed by Palbari bazaar (Tk.325), Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar (TK.275). The average age groups of 20-65 years were found among the markets. The study shows that 53% fish retailers had nuclear family and 47% had joint family. Most of the housing conditions were kacha (69%) and Muslim fish retailers were predominant in all markets. Among the total 45 traders interviewed, 42% were illiterate, 31% have primary level education, 24% have secondary level education and none of them had bachelor level of education. It was found that fish retailers of Boro bazaar and Palbari bazaar sold an average of 35 kg fish daily, compared with Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar 15 kg per day. The daily supply of fish in Boro bazaar can be estimated at 1.6 MT (25 retailers’ × 65 kg) while 0.3 MT (15 retailers × 20 kg) and 0.45 MT (15 retailers × 30 kg) in C.B Bazar and Palbari bazaar respectively. Improvement in basic infrastructure such as, clean water supply, sanitation facilities, adequate drainage and ice facilities are recommended by the present study. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2018, 2(2), 100-108

scholarly journals Survey on Females' Constraints in Physical Recreation Participation

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Pui Yee CHEUNG
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Physical Recreation ◽  
Recreation Participation ◽  
Perceived Constraints ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Female of all age groups and socio-economic status do face a number of constraints in pursuing physical recreation activity. The present paper aimed to study the constraints of female's physical recreation participation, and the relationship of perceived constraints and the level of participation between different occupation status, education level, and marital status. Two hundred and eight females aged 18 to 60 were invited to fill in the Physical Recreation Participation Questionnaire (PRPQ) to identify their perceived constraints and level of physical recreation participation. Results indicated that there were certain constraints factors, such as psychological constraints, accessibility constraints and time constraints, more related to the constriction in female physical recreation participation. When analyzing the constraint dimensions with different status towards participation frequency, the result was not necessary negatively related. Only housewives and middle education level women with lower perceived constraints demonstrated higher physical recreation participation than their counterparts.在參與康樂性質的體能活動時，無論年紀多大或有何種社會地位，女性均會面對不同的參與阻礙，本研究旨在了解其中的參與阻礙與女性的職業、敎育水平及婚姻狀況的關係。208位女士被邀請填寫「參舆體育康樂活動問卷」(PAPQ)。結果顯示心理因素、場地因素及時間因素為主要的參與阻礙；但是，參與阻礙與參與頻率並沒有呈反相關。另外，經常參與活動的家庭主婦及中等程度學歷的女士均面對較低的參與阻礙。

scholarly journals Epidemiological profile of cervical lesion on Pap smear cytology and histopathological finding in Kosi region of Bihar

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-430
Author(s):  
Rakhshinda Karim ◽  
Nasim Ul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Pap Smear ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Malignant Lesion ◽  
Cervical Lesion ◽  
Histopathological Finding ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Epidemiological Profile

With decreasing incidence of cervical pathology in western world due to increasing awareness and screening programme. Contrary to it in India and developing countries cervical lesion, particularly cervical carcinoma is the leading cause of increasing morbidity, mortality and financial burden on society. The present study is an insight into the epidemiological profile of cervical lesion on Pap smear and histopathology finding in Kosi region of Bihar. The study was carried over the period of 2 years 8 months. Total 154 patients were enrolled in this study and were analysed for age, socio-economic status, parity, age at first pregnancy and symptoms using Pap smear with histopathological finding of cervical lesions. Data were analysed of which 79.23% (122) patients were in age groups 21-40 years, 72.08% (111) were from low socio-economic status, and 70.78% (109) were with parity 4 and more. 66.88% (103) patients delivered their first child below 20 years of age. 69.49% (107) patients presented with foul smelling vaginal discharge and pelvic pain. On pap smear and histopathological findings preinvasive (dysplasia, LGSIL, HGSIL) and invasive stage (carcinoma) constituted 26.61% (41) cases. The epidemiological pattern of cervical lesion in kosi region of Bihar is different from other study with presentation in younger age groups, high parity and markedly increased incidence of premalignant and malignant lesion on pap smear and histopathology findings. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i4.16641 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(4) 2014 p.427-430

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Status Inequity in Self Rated Health in Patients with Breast Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-156
Author(s):  
Majid Taheri ◽  
Mohammad Tavakol ◽  
Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari ◽  
Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi ◽  
Mahmoud Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Socio Economic Status

AIM: We investigate the evaluation of socio-economic status (SES) inequality on self-rated health (SRH) at women with breast cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study METHODS: The current study conducted on all 270 breast cancer patients that were admitted to one of the hospitals of Arak University Medical Sciences (Arak, Iran from April to July 2018) by census (using non-random sampling (accessible sampling). SES was calculated by asset-based questionnaire and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to estimate the families' SES. Concentration Index (C) and Curve (CC) was used to measure SES inequality in SRH. The data were analysed with Stata software. RESULTS: The number of persons with good SRH by the level of SES was 165 (61.1%) and with poor SRH was 105 (38.9%). The number of persons with good SRH in comparison to same-aged people by level of SES was 135 (50%) and with poor SRH was 135 (50%). Concentration index of SRH in all level of SES was 0.061 (SE = 0.03). Also, Concentration index for SRH in comparison to same-aged people at different levels of SES was -0.044 (SE = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that there is inequality in SRH in a patient with breast cancer of the richest level of SES.

Prevalence of traumatic injuries to the anterior teeth among 3–17-year-old school children of Indore and correlating it with Kuppuswamy SES, occlusal relationship and ascertaining percentage of those seeking the treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishal Khandelwal ◽  
Ullal Anand Nayak ◽  
Prathibha Anand Nayak ◽  
Nupur Ninawe
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Primary Molar ◽  
Traumatic Injuries ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Group I

AbstractBackgroundOrofacial trauma is one of the most prevailing oral health problems among the children. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of traumatic injuries and to correlate the causes, specific age groups, socio-economic status, occlusal relationship and ascertain the percentage of those seeking the treatment among school children in Indore (Madhya Pradesh, India).Materials and methodsFive thousand school going children aged between 3 and 17 years belonging to different zones of Indore were randomly selected and divided into three age groups, Group I – 3–5 years; Group II – 6–11 years and Group III – 12–17 years. The study was carried out by a single investigator and assisted by a well-trained cooperative alert assistant. An American Dental Association (ADA) type 3 examination was carried out using a mouth mirror and explorer under sufficient natural light. Traumatic injuries to the anterior teeth were recorded according to the Ellis and Davey classification. Details were noted concerning the gender, age and socio-economic status of patient; cause of trauma, number, type and relationship of teeth, lip competence and the level of unmet treatment needs.ResultsOne thousand and seventeen children had traumatized anterior teeth with a mean prevalence of 20.34%. Prevalence was more in boys than in girls with a ratio of 2:1. Single tooth injury was observed in 81.7%. The prevalence of trauma was highest in the upper socio-economic class (31.4%) and least was seen in lower class (14.8%). The most common cause of trauma was from a fall (36.72%). Maximum prevalence was seen in either class II division 1 malocclusion or distal step terminal plane primary molar relationship. Only 2.95% of the children had undergone treatment for traumatically injured anterior teeth.ConclusionHigh prevalence of traumatized teeth with the low percentage of children receiving treatment emphasizes the need for education programs about traumatic dental injuries that should be directed towards the children, parents and school teachers.

scholarly journals Factors associated with overweight in children living in the neighbourhoods of an urban area of Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1056-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena de Carvalho Cremm ◽  
Fernanda Helena Marrocos Leite ◽  
Débora Silva Costa de Abreu ◽  
Maria Aparecida de Oliveira ◽  
Fernanda Baeza Scagliusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Active Transportation ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The City

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate the individual and family determinants of being overweight among children younger than 10 years of age.DesignCross-sectional survey. Direct data on children's age, food intake, physical activity, type of transportation used and anthropometric measurements, as well as the education level of the mothers, were collected by trained interviewers.SettingPopulation-based study in the city of Santos, Brazil.SubjectsA total of 531 children under 10 years of age (302 aged <6 years, 229 aged ≥6 years), living in the city of Santos.ResultsThe overall prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI-for-age Z-score >1) was 35·4 % for children under 6 years and 38·9 % for children aged 6–10 years. The socio-economic status of the family was associated with being overweight for both age groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that the lower the socio-economic status, the higher the likelihood of being overweight, among both younger children (OR = 7·73; P = 0·02) and older children (OR = 1·98; P = 0·04). The use of active transportation was associated with a lower likelihood of being overweight, but only among younger children (OR = 1·70; P = 0·05).ConclusionsSocio-economic status seems to be an important individual-level determinant of overweight in children. Public policies should consider promoting the use of active transportation, as the results showed it to have a positive effect on reducing overweight issues. The high prevalence of overweight in younger children suggests that this age group should be a priority in health-promoting interventions.

scholarly journals The role of sugar products and non-alcoholic beverages in the food budget: change across birth cohorts and between socio-economic groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 123 (13) ◽  
pp. 142-161
Author(s):  
Antti Kähäri
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Beverage Consumption ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Expenditure Share ◽  
Food Expenditure

PurposeThis study investigates how the consumption of sugar products and non-alcoholic beverages has changed across birth cohorts. In addition, this study examines how the socio-economic gaps in the consumption of said products have evolved across birth cohorts.Design/methodology/approachThe research data are drawn from the Finnish household expenditure surveys covering the period 1985–2016 (n = 44,286). An age-period-cohort methodology is utilised through the age-period-cohort-trended lag model. The model assumes that the linear long-term component of change is caused by generations replacing one-another, and that the age effect is similar across cohorts.FindingsSugar products and non-alcoholic beverages occupied a larger portion of more recent birth cohorts' food baskets. Cohort differences were larger in beverage consumption. Lower income was associated with a higher food expenditure share of sugar products in several cohorts. A higher education level was linked to a higher food expenditure share of sugar products in more cohorts than a lower education level. In cohorts born before the 1950s, non-alcoholic beverages occupied a larger portion of the food baskets of the high socio-economic status groups. This gap reversed over time, leading to larger food expenditure shares of non-alcoholic beverages in low socio-economic status groups.Originality/valueThis study assessed how the consumption of sugar products and non-alcoholic beverages has changed across birth cohorts. In addition, this study assessed how socio-economic differences in the consumption of said products have changed. The results highlight that sugar products and non-alcoholic beverages occupy larger portions of more recent birth cohorts’ food baskets. The results also highlight a reversal of socioeconomic differences in non-alcoholic beverage consumption.

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