Determinants of birthplace among middle-to lower-class women in Indonesia: A study using the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey

Background One of the factors contributing to a high maternal mortality rate is the utilization of non-healthcare facilities as a birthplace for women. This study analyzed determinants affecting birthplace in middle-to lower-class women in Indonesia. Methods This study analyzed the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) data. The total national sample size was 49,627 eligible women. Our sample included 11,104 women, aged 15–49, who had delivered babies and were of low-to-middle economic status. The type of survey dataset was individual record dataset. Data were analyzed with chi-square and multivariate logistic regression tests using Stata 16 software. Results About 64.99% middle to lower class women in Indonesia delivered in healthcare facilities. Women aged 45–49 (OR = 2.103; 95% CI = 1.13–3.93), who graduated from higher schools (OR = 2.885; 95% CI = 1.76–4.73), whose husbands had higher education (OR = 2.826; 95% CI = 1.69–4.74) and were employed (OR = 2.523; 95% CI = 1.23–5.17), who considered access to healthcare facilities was not a problem (OR = 1.528; 95% CI = 1.28–1.82), who had a single child (OR = 2.349; 95% CI = 1.97–2.80), and who lived in urban areas (OR = 2.930; 95% CI = 2.40–3.57) were determinants that significantly correlated with women giving birth in healthcare facilities. Conclusion This study provides insights for policymakers and healthcare centers in the community to strengthen access to healthcare services and devise health promotion strategies for pregnant mothers. Policy interventions designed for middle- to lower-class women should be implemented to support vulnerable groups.

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Access to Public Healthcare Services in Urban Areas in Nigeria: The Influence of Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Urban Population

Journal of Geography Environment and Earth Science International ◽

10.9734/jgeesi/2021/v25i1130315 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Abubakar Abdullahi ◽

Nalika Gunawardena

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Urban Population ◽

Economic Status ◽

Composite Index ◽

Healthcare Services ◽

Access To Healthcare ◽

Public Healthcare ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significance Level ◽

Healthcare Facilities

Background: Ensuring access to healthcare facilities is a high priority need in developing countries. This research aimed to determine the influence of socio-demographic and economic characteristics of the urban population in Nigeria to access to public healthcare facilities. Methods: We conducted a community-based study in 400 households across the three urban areas of Gombe state, Nigeria. Access to healthcare facilities was quantified in a composite index which considers availability, accessibility and affordability. The head of families was interviewed for information related to access and for the socio-demographic and economic status of the residences. The influence of socio-demographic and economic characteristics was determined using a chi-square test with a significance level of <0.05. Results: Most of the population interviewed within the selected urban areas had good access (84%) to public healthcare facilities. Socio-demographic and economic characteristics of household representatives such as age (p = 0.02), religious status (p = 0.00), level of education (p =0 .00), employment (p = 0.00) and possession of healthcare insurance (p = 0.00) were found to significantly influence access to healthcare facilities in urban areas. Conclusion: Access to public healthcare facilities within the urban areas was good and the study revealed some modifiable socio-demographic and economic factors that influence access. We recommend the intervention to address the factors to further improve access to public healthcare facilities and to achieve universal healthcare coverage.

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Women’s decision-making autonomy and utilisation of maternal healthcare services: results from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017142 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. e017142 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Bishwajit Ghose ◽

Da Feng ◽

Shangfeng Tang ◽

Sanni Yaya ◽

Zhifei He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Health Survey ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Healthcare Services ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Maternal Healthcare ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Antenatal Visits

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the association between women’s decision-making power and utilisation of maternal healthcare services (MHS) among Bangladeshi women.SettingsThis is a nationally representative survey that encompassed Dhaka, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Chittagong, Khulna, Barisal and Sylhet in Bangladesh. Sample households were selected by a two-stage stratification technique. First, 207 clusters in urban areas and 393 in rural areas were selected for 600 enumeration areas with proportional probability. In the second stage, on average 30 households were selected systematically from the enumeration areas. Finally, 17 989 households were selected for the survey of which 96% were interviewed successfully.ParticipantsCross-sectional data on 4309 non-pregnant women were collected from Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2014. Decision-making status on respondent's own healthcare, large household purchases, having a say on child’s healthcare and visiting to family or relatives were included in the analysis.ResultsPrevalence of at least four antenatal attendance, facility delivery and postnatal check-up were respectively 32.6% (95% CI 31.2 to 34), 40.6% (95% CI 39.13 to 42.07) and 66.3% (95% CI 64.89 to 67.71). Compared with women who could make decisions alone, women in the urban areas who had to decide on their healthcare with husband/partner had 20% (95% CI 0.794 to 1.799) higher odds of attending at least four antenatal visits and those in rural areas had 35% (95% CI 0.464 to 0.897) lower odds of attending at least four antenatal visits. Women in urban and rural areas had respectively 43% (95% CI 0.941 to 2.169) and 28% (95% CI 0.928 to 1.751) higher odds of receiving postnatal check-up when their health decisions were made jointly with their husband/partner.ConclusionNeither making decisions alone, nor deciding jointly with husband/partner was always positively associated with the utilisation of all three types of MHS. This study concludes that better spousal cooperation on household and health issues could lead to higher utilisation of MHS services.

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Determinants Associated with Discontinuation of Modern Contraceptive in East Kalimantan: a Further Analysis of Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2017

Global Medical & Health Communication (GMHC) ◽

10.29313/gmhc.v8i2.5426 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ike Anggraeni ◽

Annisa Nurrachmawati ◽

Winardi Winardi ◽

Hasmawati Hasmawati ◽

Dewi Endah Ramadhani

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Health Survey ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Modern Contraceptive ◽

Entertainment Education ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

East Kalimantan ◽

Modern Contraceptives

The national family planning program in East Kalimantan needs to achieve a larger target on modern contraceptives. Despite the fertility decline, this program still facing increasing discontinuation rates. A better understanding of the factors behind the discontinuation of a modern method would help in improving programs. This study aims to analyze the determinants of discontinuation of modern contraceptive use. This was a cross-sectional study, the dataset came from Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2017 of East Kalimantan Province. The sample is all couples of childbearing age between 10–49 years with marital status who have used and are still using contraception (408 samples). Descriptive analyses were used to assess the reasons for discontinuation. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the likelihood of discontinuation by demographic characteristics and others. The proportion of respondents who continue using modern contraceptives was 51%, against 49% discontinuation. The reasons for discontinuation were the husband’s disapproval (31%) and health problems related to side effects (26.5%). In the multivariate analysis showed maternal age, women who live in urban areas, and women with birth planning near the future will have an opportunity to discontinue in modern contraceptives. It concluded that there is still high modern contraceptive discontinuation in East Kalimantan, therefore it needed for disseminating information through entertainment-education in social media, health workers better counseling services from also better tools, and include the male participation in family planning counseling. DETERMINAN YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PUTUS PAKAI KONTRASEPSI MODERN DI KALIMANTAN TIMUR: ANALISIS LANJUT SURVEI DEMOGRAFI DAN KESEHATAN INDONESIA 2017Program keluarga berencana nasional di Kalimantan Timur perlu mencapai target yang lebih baik dalam penggunaan kontrasepsi modern. Meskipun terdapat penurunan fertilitas, namun program keluarga berencana masih menghadapi peningkatan angka putus pakai. Pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang faktor-faktor di balik putus pakai metode kontrasepsi modern akan membantu meningkatkan program. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis faktor-faktor penentu putus pakai penggunaan kontrasepsi modern. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional, set data berasal dari Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia 2017 untuk Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. Sampel adalah semua pasangan usia subur berusia 10–49 tahun dengan status perkawinan baik bagi yang pernah menggunakan dan masih menggunakan kontrasepsi, yaitu 408 sampel. Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk menilai alasan putus pakai. Regresi logistik berganda digunakan untuk memperkirakan kemungkinan putus pakai berdasar atas karakteristik demografis dan lainnya. Proporsi responden yang masih terus menggunakan kontrasepsi modern adalah 51% dibanding dengan 49% putus pakai. Alasan penghentian adalah ketidaksetujuan suami (31%) dan masalah kesehatan yang berkaitan dengan efek samping (26,5%). Dalam analisis multivariat menunjukkan usia ibu, wanita yang tinggal di daerah perkotaan, dan wanita dengan perencanaan kelahiran dalam waktu dekat akan memiliki kesempatan untuk berhenti menggunakan kontrasepsi modern. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kejadian putus pakai kontrasepsi modern masih tinggi di Kalimantan Timur, oleh karena itu diperlukan diseminasi informasi melalui entertainment-education dalam sosial media, layanan konseling dari petugas kesehatan, serta alat bantu konseling yang lebih baik dan juga keikutsertaan pria dalam proses konseling.

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Trends and determinants of undernutrition among young Kenyan children: Kenya Demographic and Health Survey; 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008–2009

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980012002856 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (9) ◽

pp. 1715-1727 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Peninah K Masibo ◽

Donald Makoka

Keyword(s):

Health Survey ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Child Nutrition ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Double Burden ◽

Percentage Points

AbstractObjectiveTo report on the trends and determinants of undernutrition among children <5 years old in Kenya.DesignData from four nationwide Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys, conducted in 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008–2009, were analysed. The Demographic and Health Survey utilizes a multistage stratified sampling technique.SettingNationwide covering rural and urban areas in Kenya.SubjectsThe analysis included 4757, 4433, 4892 and 4958 Kenyan children aged <5 years in 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2009–2009, respectively.ResultsThe prevalence of stunting decreased by 4·6 percentage points from 39·9 % in 1993 to 35·3 % in 2008–2009, while underweight decreased by 2·7 percentage points from 18·7 % in 1993 to 16·0 % in 2008–2009. The effects of household wealth, maternal education and current maternal nutritional status on child nutrition outcomes have changed dynamically in more recent years in Kenya. Inadequate hygiene facilities increased the likelihood of chronic undernutrition in at least three of the surveys. Small size of the child at birth, childhood diarrhoea and male gender increased the likelihood of undernutrition in at least three of the surveys. Childhood undernutrition occurred concurrently with maternal overnutrition in some households.ConclusionsThe analysis reveals a slow decline of undernutrition among young children in Kenya over the last three decades. However, stunting and underweight still remain of public health significance. There is evidence of an emerging trend of a malnutrition double burden demonstrated by stunted and underweight children whose mothers are overweight.

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Exploring the influencing factors for non-utilisation of healthcare facilities during childbirth: a special mixed-method study of Bangladesh and 13 other low- and middle-income countries based on Demographic and Health Survey data

Family Medicine and Community Health ◽

10.1136/fmch-2018-000008 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. e000008

Author(s):

Tanjim Siddiquee ◽

Henry Ratul Halder ◽

Md Akhtarul Islam

Keyword(s):

Birth Order ◽

Health Survey ◽

Mixed Method ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Middle Income ◽

Healthcare Facilities ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Significant Factors ◽

Low And Middle Income

ObjectiveTo identify the associated factors affecting the decision regarding institutional delivery for pregnant women in 14 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).DesignA special mixed-method design was used to combine cross-sectional studies for harmonising data from Bangladesh and 13 other countries to obtain extended viewpoints on non-utilisation of institutional healthcare facilities during childbirth.SettingDemographic and Health Survey (DHS) data for 14 LMICs were used for the study.ParticipantsThere are several kinds of datasets in the DHS. Among them ‘IndividualWomen’s Records’ was used as this study is based on all ever-married women.ResultsIn the binary logistic and meta-analysis models for Bangladesh, ORs for birth order were 0.57 and 0.51 and for respondents’ age were 1.50 and 1.07, respectively. In all 14 LMICs, the most significant factors for not using institutional facilities during childbirth were respondents’ age (OR 0.903, 95% CI 0.790 to 1.032) and birth order (OR 0.371, 95% CI 0.327 to 0.421).ConclusionBirth order and respondents’ age were the two most significant factors for non-utilisation of healthcare facilities during childbirth in 14 LMICs.

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Factors associated with low birth weight in Afghanistan: a cross-sectional analysis of the demographic and health survey 2015

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025715 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. e025715 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rajat Das Gupta ◽

Krystal Swasey ◽

Vanessa Burrowes ◽

Mohammad Rashidul Hashan ◽

Gulam Muhammed Al Kibria

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Health Survey ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the factors associated with low birth weight (LBW) in Afghanistan.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThis study used data collected from the Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey 2015.ParticipantsFacility-based data from 2773 weighted live-born children enrolled by a two-stage sampling strategy were included in our analysis.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was LBW, defined as birth weight <2.5kg.ResultsOut of 2773 newborns, 15.5% (n=431) had LBW. Most of these newborns were females (58.3%, n=251), had a mother with no formal schooling (70.5%, n=304), lived in urban areas (63.4%, n=274) or lived in the Central region of Afghanistan (59.7%, n=257). In multivariable analysis, residence in Central (adjusted OR (AOR): 3.4; 95% CI 1.7 to 6.7), Central Western (AOR: 3.0; 95% CI 1.5 to 5.8) and Southern Western (AOR: 4.0; 95% CI 1.7 to 9.1) regions had positive association with LBW. On the other hand, male children (AOR: 0.5; 95% CI 0.4 to 0.8), newborns with primary maternal education (AOR: 0.5; 95% CI 0.3 to 0.8), birth interval ≥48 months (AOR: 0.4; 95% CI 0.1 to 0.8), belonging to the richest wealth quintile (AOR: 0.2; 95% CI 0.1 to 0.6) and rural residence (AOR: 0.3; 95% CI 0.2 to 0.6) had decreased odds of LBW.ConclusionsMultiple factors had association with LBW in Afghanistan. Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health programmes should focus on enhancing maternal education and promoting birth spacing to prevent LBW. To reduce the overall burden of LBW, women of the poorest wealth quintiles, and residents of Central, Central Western and South Western regions should also be prioritised. Further exploration is needed to understand why urban areas are associated with higher likelihood of LBW. In addition, research using nationally representative samples are required.

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Spatial pattern of perinatal mortality and its determinants in Ethiopia: Data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0242499 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. e0242499

Author(s):

Tesfaye Assebe Yadeta ◽

Bizatu Mengistu ◽

Tesfaye Gobena ◽

Lemma Demissie Regassa

Keyword(s):

Perinatal Mortality ◽

Health Survey ◽

Birth Interval ◽

Healthcare Services ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Moran’S I ◽

P Value ◽

Survey Period ◽

Moran's I

Background The perinatal mortality rate in Ethiopia is among the highest in Sub Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to identify the spatial patterns and determinants of perinatal mortality in the country using a national representative 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. Methods The analysis was completed utilizing data from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. This data captured the information of 5 years preceding the survey period. A total of 7230 women who at delivered at seven or more months gestational age nested within 622 enumeration areas (EAs) were used. Statistical analysis was performed by using STATA version 14.1, by considering the hierarchical nature of the data. Multilevel logistic regression models were fitted to identify community and individual-level factors associated with perinatal mortality. ArcGIS version 10.1 was used for spatial analysis. Moran’s, I statistics fitted to identify global autocorrelation and local autocorrelation was identified using SatSCan version 9.6. Results The spatial distribution of perinatal mortality in Ethiopia revealed a clustering pattern. The global Moran’s I value was 0.047 with p-value <0.001. Perinatal mortality was positively associated with the maternal age, being from rural residence, history of terminating a pregnancy, and place of delivery, while negatively associated with partners’ educational level, higher wealth index, longer birth interval, female being head of household and the number of antenatal care (ANC) follow up. Conclusions In Ethiopia, the perinatal mortality is high and had spatial variations across the country. Strengthening partner’s education, family planning for longer birth interval, ANC, and delivery services are essential to reduce perinatal mortality and achieve sustainable development goals in Ethiopia. Disparities in perinatal mortality rates should be addressed alongside efforts to address inequities in maternal and neonatal healthcare services all over the country.

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What influences home delivery among women who live in urban areas? Analysis of 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey data

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0244811 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0244811

Author(s):

Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽

Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽

Eugene Budu ◽

Ebenezer Agbaglo ◽

Francis Appiah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antenatal Care ◽

Health Survey ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Wealth Quintile ◽

Home Delivery ◽

Northern Region ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Factors Associated ◽

At Home

Background In Ghana, home delivery among women in urban areas is relatively low compared to rural areas. However, the few women who deliver at home in urban areas still face enormous risk of infections and death, just like those in rural areas. The present study investigated the factors associated with home delivery among women who live in urban areas in Ghana. Materials and methods Data for this study was obtained from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. We used data of 1,441 women who gave birth in the 5 years preceding the survey and were dwelling in urban areas. By the use of Stata version 14.2, we conducted both descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results We found that 7.9% of women in urban areas in Ghana delivered at home. The study revealed that, compared to women who lived in the Northern region, women who lived in the Brong Ahafo region [AOR = 0.38, CI = 0.17–0.84] were less likely to deliver at home. The likelihood of home delivery was high among women in the poorest wealth quintile [AOR = 2.02, CI = 1.06–3.86], women who professed other religions [AOR = 3.45; CI = 1.53–7.81], and those who had no antenatal care visits [AOR = 7.17; 1.64–31.3]. Conversely, the likelihood of home delivery was lower among women who had attained secondary/higher education [AOR = 0.30; 0.17–0.53], compared to those with no formal education. Conclusion The study identified region of residence, wealth quintile, religion, antenatal care visits, and level of education as factors associated with home delivery among urban residents in Ghana. Therefore, health promotion programs targeted at home delivery need to focus on these factors. We also recommend that a qualitative study should be conducted to investigate the factors responsible for the differences in home delivery in terms of region, as the present study could not do so.

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Coverage and factors associated with full immunisation among children aged 12–59 months in Bangladesh: insights from the nationwide cross-sectional demographic and health survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. e028020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Abdur Razzaque Sarker ◽

Raisul Akram ◽

Nausad Ali ◽

Marufa Sultana

Keyword(s):

Health Survey ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Coverage Rate ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Medium Size ◽

Immunisation Coverage ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Full Immunisation ◽

Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

ObjectiveTo estimate the coverage and factors associated with full immunisation coverage among children aged 12–59 months in Bangladesh.Study designThe study is cross sectional in design. Secondary dataset from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey was used for this analysis. Immunisation status was categorised as ‘fully immunised’ if the children had received all the eight recommended vaccine doses otherwise ‘partially/unimmunised’.SettingsBangladesh.ParticipantChildren aged 12–59 months were the study participants. Participants were randomly selected through a two-stage stratified sampling design. A total of 6230 children were eligible for the analysis.ResultsAbout 86% of the children (5356 out of 6230) were fully immunised. BCG has the highest coverage rate (97.1%) followed by oral polio vaccine 1 (97%) and pentavalent 1 (96.6%), where the coverage rate was the lowest for measles vaccine (88%). Coverage was higher in urban areas (88.5%) when compared with rural ones (85.1%). Full immunisation coverage was significantly higher among children who lived in the Rangpur division (adjusted OR (AOR)=3.46; 95% CI 2.45 to 4.88, p<0.001), were 48–59 months old (AOR=1.32; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.64, p=0.013), lived in a medium size family (AOR=1.56; 95% CI 1.32 to 1.86, p<0.001), had parents with a higher level of education (AOR=1.96; 95% CI 1.21 to 3.17, p=0.006 and AOR=1.55; 95% CI 1.05 to 2.29, p=0.026) and belonged to the richest families (AOR=2.2; 95% CI 1.5 to 3.21, p<0.001). The likelihood of being partially or unimmunised was higher among children who had the father as their sole healthcare decision-maker (AOR=0.69; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.92, p<0.012).ConclusionsThere were significant variations of child immunisation coverage across socioeconomic and demographic factors. These findings will inform innovative approaches for immunisation programmes, and the introduction of relevant policies, including regular monitoring and evaluation of immunisation coverage—particularly for low-performing regions, so that the broader benefit of immunisation programmes can be achieved in all strata of the society.

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Postnatal Care Service Utilisation in Ethiopia: Reflecting on 20 Years of Demographic and Health Survey Data

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18010193 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 193

Author(s):

Tensae Mekonnen ◽

Tinashe Dune ◽

Janette Perz ◽

Felix Akpojene Ogbo

Keyword(s):

Health Facility ◽

Health Survey ◽

Rural Women ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Postnatal Care ◽

Care Service ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Service Utilisation ◽

Sampling Weights ◽

Targeted Interventions

Background: Most maternal deaths in the world occur during the postpartum period, especially within the first two days following delivery. This makes postnatal care (PNC) critical to improving the chances of maternal and child survival. Over the past 20 years, the proportion of women receiving antenatal care (ANC) in Ethiopia has increased while the proportion of those receiving PNC has remained low. This study aimed to understand the trends, determinants and urban–rural variations of PNC service utilisation. Methods: This study draws on the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data for the years 2000 (n = 4552), 2005 (n = 4467), 2011 (n = 4445) and 2016 (n = 4275) to estimate the trends and determinants of PNC service utilisation. Multivariate logistic regression models with adjustment for clustering and sampling weights were used to investigate the association between the independent factors, the study factors and PNC service utilisation. Results: Over the twenty-year period of the EDHS, the proportion of Ethiopian women who received PNC services increased from 5.6% (95% CI: 4.6–6.9%) in 2000 to 18.5% (95% CI: 16.4–20.7%) in 2016. Similarly, women who received PNC services in urban areas increased from 15.2% (95% CI: 23.6–30.7%) in 2000 to 47% (95% CI: 60.4–67.3%) in 2016. Women who were in the wealthy quintile, had ANC visits, delivered in a health facility, and delivered by caesarean section were most likely to have PNC. The present study also showed that whilst birth spacing was a significant factor among urban women, wealth index, ANC visits, and perception of health facility distance were significant factors among rural women. Conclusions: The study suggests low levels of utilisation of PNC among Ethiopian women from rural districts. Geographically targeted interventions with a focus on low-socioeconomic rural women, and those with no previous contacts with the health system during pregnancy, are needed to improve PNC in Ethiopia.

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