scholarly journals Joint Simon effect in movement trajectories

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261735
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Sangati ◽  
Marc Slors ◽  
Barbara C. N. Müller ◽  
Iris van Rooij
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Automatic Process ◽  
Mouse Tracking ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Greater Curvature ◽  
The Individual

In joint action literature it is often assumed that acting together is driven by pervasive and automatic process of co-representation, that is, representing the co-actor’s part of the task in addition to one’s own. Much of this research employs joint stimulus-response compatibility tasks varying the stimuli employed or the physical and social relations between participants. In this study we test the robustness of co-representation effects by focusing instead on variation in response modality. Specifically, we implement a mouse-tracking version of a Joint Simon Task in which participants respond by producing continuous movements with a computer mouse rather than pushing discrete buttons. We have three key findings. First, in a replication of an earlier study we show that in a classical individual Simon Task movement trajectories show greater curvature on incongruent trials, paralleling longer response times. Second, this effect largely disappears in a Go-NoGo Simon Task, in which participants respond to only one of the cues and refrain from responding to the other. Third, contrary to previous studies that use button pressing responses, we observe no overall effect in the joint variants of the task. However, we also detect a notable diversity in movement strategies adopted by the participants, with some participants showing the effect on the individual level. Our study casts doubt on the pervasiveness of co-representation, highlights the usefulness of mouse-tracking methodology and emphasizes the need for looking at individual variation in task performance.

In Search of the “Society Genes”: What Could Be a Link Between Individual Genetics and Social Structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Denis S. Andreyuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Genetically Determined

Genome editing technologies make it important to look for genetic determinants that can influence the structure of society and basic social relations. This paper proposes to look for such determinants in the evolutionarily ancient mechanisms of group interaction, namely in the genes that determine the balance of cooperation and competition. The opposition of these two forces is thought to be the basis of the evolutionary development of intelligence in higher primates and humans. The article provides examples showing that individual characteristics such as extraversion/introversion as measured by the "Big Five" methodology, aggressiveness, which strongly associates with the risk taking, and the level of intelligence, all of these traits a) greatly influence the organization of social processes and b) are largely genetically determined. As a development of this approach of searching for socially significant genetic determinants, it is proposed to model genetic changes in sociality, aggressiveness and intelligence at the individual level, followed by an analysis of the resulting social changes.

scholarly journals Getting the most out of family data with the R package fSRM

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Stas ◽  
Felix D. Schönbrodt ◽  
Tom Loeys
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
R Package ◽  
Family Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Different Levels

Family research aims to explore family processes, but is often limited to the examination of unidirectional processes. As the behavior of one person has consequences that go beyond that one individual, Family functioning should be investigated in its full complexity. The Social Relations Model (SRM; Kenny & La Voie, 1984) is a conceptual and analytical model which can disentangle family data from a round-robin design at three different levels: the individual level (actor and partner effects), the dyadic level (relationship effects) and the family level (family effect). Its statistical complexity may however be a hurdle for family researchers. The user-friendly R package fSRM performs almost automatically those rather complex SRM analyses and introduces new possibilities for assessing differences between SRM-means and between SRM-variances, both within and between groups of families. Using family data on negative processes, different type of research questions are formulated and corresponding analyses with fSRM are presented.

scholarly journals Performative education: is sociology required outside the humanities?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-39
Author(s):  
Albina A. Beschasnaya ◽  
Andrei A. Beschasnyi
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

This article analyzes the importance of sociological education in the professional training of specialists outside the humanities from the point of view of “performative education”. The “performativity” of education is understood as the production of knowledge and educational activity and it becomes meaningful only in the situation of their demand and efficiency (J.-F. Liotard). The сurrent trends in the formation of the curricula of higher educational institutions by academic disciplines of a “performative” nature have been expressed in reducing the hours of general humanities, among which the sociology teaching has been minimized or completely eliminated. The material for the empirical stage of the research was the organizational and methodological documentation accompanying the educational process in a number of Russian universities. The authors performed a content analysis of the curriculum of higher education. The following methods of collecting information were used: analytical-synthetic, induction and deduction, content and comparative analyzes. The performativity of sociological knowledge and the study of sociology at the individual level is expressed in several aspects: 1) in the formation of the self-consciousness of the individual and the development of a professional integrated into social relations; 2) in the development of graduates’ ability to analyze and forecast social transformations; 3) in maintaining the value basis and civil law culture in society. The practical significance of the findings is expressed in strengthening the position of sociology as a science and academic discipline in the simulation of educational programs for professional training of university students.

scholarly journals Function of Social Cohesion Element in Participatory Empowerment towards Landless Peasants

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 01038
Author(s):  
Dumasari Dumasari ◽  
Budi Dharmawan ◽  
Imam Santosa ◽  
Wayan Darmawan ◽  
Dinda Dewi Aisyah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Central Java ◽  
The Individual

Social cohesion is one of the essential elements in participatory empowerment of landless peasants. This study aims to examine the categorization function within elements of social cohesion in empowering landless peasants using a participatory manner. The research location was set intentionally in Baturaden District, Banyumas Regency and Purbalingga Wetan Subdistrict, Purbalingga Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The research method is using an intrinsic case study approach. Based on the research result showed that the predominant function within elements of social cohesion at the individual level are enthusiasm, trust, quality and closeness of social relations, solidarity and social values, while some element of social cohesion at the community level has a function towards peasant participatory in the empowerment include motives, mentality, actions, behavior, awareness of self-identity and morality. Lastly, the quality of social relations and collaboration networks is a manifestation of social cohesion which has a dominant function at the institutional level. All elements of social cohesion function are reinforcing energy and driving the activeness of landless peasant in participatory empowerment.

scholarly journals Decomposing response times in Williams syndrome in separate cognitive processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitris Katsimpokis ◽  
Leendert van Maanen ◽  
Spyridoula Varlokosta
Keyword(s):  
Williams Syndrome ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Orientation Discrimination ◽  
Decision Threshold ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

Williams Syndrome (WS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder of genetic origin. The syndrome is characterised by a selective set of deficits in a number of cognitive domains. In spite of a wealth of studies, response times (RTs) of WS have attracted little attention. In the present study, we fill this gap by analysing data from a receptive vocabulary task using the Diffusion Decision Model (DDM). Our results show that the speed of accumulation, decision threshold and non-decision time parameters of WS individuals are similar to these of typically developing 5-year-old preschoolers. In addition, WS verbal intelligence scores were associated with the speed of accumulation of lexical information. Finally, the performance of WS and preschooler individuals was correlated across the vocabulary task and an additional orientation discrimination task only at the group but not at the individual level; therefore, pointing to domain-specific lexical and perceptual processing in WS.

scholarly journals Value assessments of the study of the psychological health

2021 ◽  
pp. 162-168
Author(s):  
Наталья Николаевна Шельшакова
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
The Individual

В статье описываются разные подходы к разграничению понятий «болезнь» и «здоровье». Здоровье и болезнь часто определяются в  сравнительном аспекте друг к другу. Особенность этих феноменов состоит в том, что они имеют социальное измерение. Чаще всего здоровье и болезнь «измеряются» на индивидуальном уровне. С одной стороны, человек отслеживает свое самочувствие, с другой ориентируется на определенный идеал здоровья. При этом его личный идеал здоровья может расходиться с социальной нормой. Здоровье человека является наивысшей ценностью, одним из основных показателей цивилизованности современного общества. Будучи фундаментальной характеристикой человеческого существования, оно постоянно находится в прямой зависимости от изменений, которые происходят в общественных отношениях и поэтому на каждом этапе социальной эволюции нуждается в переосмыслении своих сущностных проявлений. Поэтому первоочередной задачей РФ как социально-ориентированного государства является содействие развитию молодого поколения, его жизнетворчества, духовному росту. Основой его решения является понимание смысла жизни, существования в окружающем мире. Этот вопрос приобретает глобальный характер. The article describes different approaches to the differentiation of the concepts of " disease "and"health". Health and illness are often defined in a comparative aspect to each other. The peculiarity of these phenomena is that they have a social dimension. Most often, health and illness are "measured" at the individual level. On the one hand, a person monitors his well-being, on the other hand, he is guided by a certain ideal of health. At the same time, his personal ideal of health may diverge from the social norm. Human health is the highest value, one of the main indicators of the civilization of modern society. Being a fundamental characteristic of human existence, it is constantly directly dependent on the changes that occur in social relations and therefore, at every stage of social evolution, it needs to rethink its essential manifestations. Therefore, the primary task of the Russian Federation as a socially-oriented state is to promote the development of the young generation, its life-creation, and spiritual growth. The basis of its solution is an understanding of the meaning of life, existence in the surrounding world. This issue is becoming global in nature.

Externalizing Behavior and Psychopathy: A Social Relations Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Marcus ◽  
Samantha L. Robinson ◽  
Alexander E. Eichenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Academic Dishonesty ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychopathic Personality ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Report Measure

Most conceptualizations of psychopathy emphasize its interpersonal consequences, yet most research on psychopathy has been conducted at the individual level. In small groups, well-acquainted members of sororities and fraternities (N = 111) rated one another and themselves on a variety of externalizing behaviors (e.g., cheating, risky sex), and completed a self-report measure of psychopathy. There was consensus about the extent to which members of the groups engaged in these behaviors. The associations between these target effects and respondents' self-reports suggest that these consensual judgments were reasonably accurate. Individuals who reported higher levels of psychopathic personality traits were seen as more likely to engage in externalizing behaviors, with self-centered impulsivity most strongly associated with these behaviors. Although fearless dominance was unrelated to self-reported externalizing behaviors, it was related to peers' ratings of marijuana use, academic dishonesty, and future legal troubles, suggesting that individuals high in fearless dominance may underreport their problem behaviors.

Relationships between Negotiators: A Neglected Topic in the Study of Negotiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christer Jönsson
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Process ◽  
International Negotiations ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Level Of Aggregation ◽  
The Individual

Negotiation can be seen as a dynamic social process. Perspectives emphasizing the social context and dynamics of negotiations have been largely neglected in the negotiation literature. This article addresses the question of why social relations have received such scant attention, reviews the existing literature on negotiation as a social process, and spells out some ingredients of a social contextual approach. Finally, by way of illustration, such an approach is applied to international negotiations. Whereas ideas about social dynamics emanate from a focus on individuals, international negotiations take place at a level of aggregation and representation most remote from the individual level. Yet, even at this macro level, social context matters in negotiations.

scholarly journals Intermittent collective dynamics emerge from conflicting imperatives in sheep herds

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (41) ◽  
pp. 12729-12734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Ginelli ◽  
Fernando Peruani ◽  
Marie-Helène Pillot ◽  
Hugues Chaté ◽  
Guy Theraulaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergent Behavior ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Collective Dynamics ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Intermittent Behavior ◽  
Slow Group ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual

Among the many fascinating examples of collective behavior exhibited by animal groups, some species are known to alternate slow group dispersion in space with rapid aggregation phenomena induced by a sudden behavioral shift at the individual level. We study this phenomenon quantitatively in large groups of grazing Merino sheep under controlled experimental conditions. Our analysis reveals strongly intermittent collective dynamics consisting of fast, avalanche-like regrouping events distributed on all experimentally accessible scales. As a proof of principle, we introduce an agent-based model with individual behavioral shifts, which we show to account faithfully for all collective properties observed. This offers, in turn, an insight on the individual stimulus/response functions that can generate such intermittent behavior. In particular, the intensity of sheep allelomimetic behavior plays a key role in the group’s ability to increase the per capita grazing surface while minimizing the time needed to regroup into a tightly packed configuration. We conclude that the emergent behavior reported probably arises from the necessity to balance two conflicting imperatives: (i) the exploration of foraging space by individuals and (ii) the protection from predators offered by being part of large, cohesive groups. We discuss our results in the context of the current debate about criticality in biology.

It’s Not Just What You Have, but Who You Know: Networks, Social Proximity to Elites, and Voting in State and Local Elections

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW T. PIETRYKA ◽  
DONALD A. DEBATS
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Social Proximity ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Municipal Election

Individual-level studies of electoral turnout and vote choice have focused largely on personal attributes as explanatory variables. We argue that scholars should also consider the social network in which individuals are embedded, which may influence voting through variation in individuals’ social proximity to elites. Our analysis rests on newly discovered historical records revealing the individual votes of all electors in the 1859 statewide elections in Alexandria, Virginia and the 1874 municipal elections in Newport, Kentucky, paired with archival work identifying the social relations of the cities’ populations. We also replicate our core findings using survey data from a modern municipal election. We show that individuals more socially proximate to elites turn out at a higher rate and individuals more socially proximate to a given political party’s elites vote disproportionately for that party. These results suggest an overlooked social component of voting and provide a rare nineteenth-century test of modern voting theories.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document