scholarly journals Amyloid-β(1–42), Total Tau, and Phosphorylated Tau as Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cees Mulder ◽  
Nicolaas A Verwey ◽  
Wiesje M van der Flier ◽  
Femke H Bouwman ◽  
Astrid Kok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Subjective Memory ◽  
Total Tau ◽  
Cutoff Values ◽  
Additional Value ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: To improve ante mortem diagnostic accuracy of Alzheimer disease (AD), measurement of the biomarkers amyloid-β(1–42) (Aβ42), total tau (Tau), and tau phosphorylated at threonine181 (pTau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been proposed. We have used these markers and evaluated their performance. Methods: From January 2001 to January 2007, we assessed Aβ42, Tau, and pTau by commercial ELISAs in CSF from 248 consecutive AD patients and 131 patients with subjective memory complaints attending our outpatient memory clinic. Diagnoses were made blind to the results of the biomarker assays. We assessed sensitivity and specificity and analyzed trends over time. Results: Interassay CVs from analysis of pools of surplus CSF specimens were mean 11.3% (SD 4.9%) for Aβ42; 9.3% (1.5%) for Tau, and 9.4% (2.5%) for pTau, respectively (n = 7–18). To achieve 85% sensitivity, cutoff values were 550 (95% CI 531–570) ng/L for Aβ42; 375 (325–405) ng/L for Tau, and 52 (48–56) ng/L for pTau. Corresponding specificities were 83% (95% CI 76%–89%) for Aβ42, 78% (70%–85%) for Tau, and 68% (60%–77%) for pTau. Logistic regression to investigate the simultaneous impact of the 3 CSF biomarkers on the diagnosis yielded a sensitivity of 93.5% and specificity of 82.7%, at a discrimination line of Aβ42 = 373 + 0.82 × Tau. The area under the ROC curves of Tau and pTau showed significant fluctuation over time. Conclusions: CSF biomarkers Aβ42 and Tau can be used as a diagnostic aid in AD. pTau did not have additional value over these 2 markers. Cutoff values, sensitivities, specificities, and discrimination lines depend on the patient groups studied and laboratory experience.

scholarly journals Markers of vitamin B12 status in relation to cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and cognitive performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Hooshmand ◽  
Franziska Koch ◽  
Patrik Fissler ◽  
Markus Otto ◽  
Hayrettin Tumani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Total Tau

AbstractIntroduction: The association between markers of vitamin B12 status and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Alzheimer's type dementia which precede cognitive impairment has been investigated by only a few small studies and the results have been inconsistent.Aim: To investigate the associations of vitamin B12 related markers (vitamin B12, holotranscobalamin (HoloTC), homocysteine (tHcy), and methylmalonic acid (MMA)) with CSF total tau, Amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42) and cognitive performance.Methods: Data included 462 patients aged 40–94 years referred to the Memory Clinic at the Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany between December 2009 and August 2015. Vitamin B12 and HoloTC were measured via chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay, tHcy via chemiluminescence immunoassay and MMA via liquid chromatography mass specterometry. CERAD battery was used to examine the cognitive status, and different domains were derived. Regression models were used to investigate the associations.Results: After adjusting for age, sex, creatinine levels and APOEε4 status, higher values of vitamin B12 and lower values of MMA were associated with lower concentrations of CSF total-tau: the odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals (CI)) in a binary logistic regression analysis investigating the associations with total tau cut-off of 400 pg/ml were 0.39 (0.15–0.99) and 5.60 (1.93–16.26) for the highest quartile of B12 and MMA compared to the lowest, respectively. Furthermore, HoloTC, MMA, and tHcy were associated with several cognitive domains such as episodic memory and executive functioning. No relationships were found with Aβ42.Conclusions: Vitamin B12 and its related markers may be independent predictors of CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive status. Randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the importance of vitamin B12 supplementation on slowing structural brain changes and cognitive decline in older adults.

scholarly journals The Brain Injury Biomarker VLP-1 Is Increased in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Alzheimer Disease Patients

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1617-1623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Moo Lee ◽  
Kaj Blennow ◽  
Niels Andreasen ◽  
Omar Laterza ◽  
Vijay Modur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Amyloid Β Peptide ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
High Degree

Abstract background: Definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) can be made only by histopathological examination of brain tissue, prompting the search for premortem disease biomarkers. We sought to determine if the novel brain injury biomarker, visinin-like protein 1 (VLP-1), is altered in the CSF of AD patients compared with controls, and to compare its values to the other well-studied CSF biomarkers 42-amino acid amyloid-β peptide (Aβ1–42), total Tau (tTau), and hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau). methods: Using ELISA, we measured concentrations of Aβ1–42, tTau, pTau, and VLP-1 in CSF samples from 33 AD patients and 24 controls. We compared the diagnostic performance of these biomarkers using ROC curves. results: CSF VLP-1 concentrations were significantly higher in AD patients [median (interquartile range) 365 (166) ng/L] compared with controls [244 (142.5) ng/L]. Although the diagnostic performance of VLP-1 alone was comparable to that of Aβ, tTau, or pTau alone, the combination of the 4 biomarkers demonstrated better performance than each individually. VLP-1 concentrations were higher in AD subjects with APOE ε4/ε4 genotype [599 (240) ng/L] compared with ε3/ε4 [376 (127) ng/L] and ε3/ε3 [280 (115.5) ng/L] genotypes. Furthermore, VLP-1 values demonstrated a high degree of correlation with pTau (r = 0.809) and tTau (r = 0.635) but not Aβ1–42 (r = −0.233). VLP-1 was the only biomarker that correlated with MMSE score (r = −0.384, P = 0.030). conclusions: These results suggest that neuronal injury markers such as VLP-1 may have utility as biomarkers for AD.

scholarly journals Validation of the LUMIPULSE automated immunoassay for the measurement of core AD biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Gobom ◽  
Lucilla Parnetti ◽  
Pedro Rosa-Neto ◽  
Martin Vyhnalek ◽  
Serge Gauthier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Meso Scale Discovery ◽  
Total Tau ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
Automated Immunoassay

Abstract Objectives The core cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers; total tau (tTau), phospho-tau (pTau), amyloid β 1-42 (Aβ 1-42), and the Aβ 1-42/Aβ 1-40 ratio have transformed Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research and are today increasingly used in clinical routine laboratories as diagnostic tools. Fully automated immunoassay instruments with ready-to-use assay kits and calibrators has simplified their analysis and improved reproducibility of measurements. We evaluated the analytical performance of the fully automated immunoassay instrument LUMIPULSE G (Fujirebio) for measurement of the four core AD CSF biomarkers and determined cutpoints for AD diagnosis. Methods Comparison of the LUMIPULSE G assays was performed with the established INNOTEST ELISAs (Fujirebio) for hTau Ag, pTau 181, β-amyloid 1-42, and with V-PLEX Plus Aβ Peptide Panel 1 (6E10) (Meso Scale Discovery) for Aβ 1-42/Aβ 1-40, as well as with a LC-MS reference method for Aβ 1-42. Intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility was evaluated for all assays. Clinical cutpoints for Aβ 1-42, tTau, and pTau was determined by analysis of three cohorts of clinically diagnosed patients, comprising 651 CSF samples. For the Aβ 1-42/Aβ 1-40 ratio, the cutpoint was determined by mixture model analysis of 2,782 CSF samples. Results The LUMIPULSE G assays showed strong correlation to all other immunoassays (r>0.93 for all assays). The repeatability (intra-laboratory) CVs ranged between 2.0 and 5.6%, with the highest variation observed for β-amyloid 1-40. The reproducibility (inter-laboratory) CVs ranged between 2.1 and 6.5%, with the highest variation observed for β-amyloid 1-42. The clinical cutpoints for AD were determined to be 409 ng/L for total tau, 50.2 ng/L for pTau 181, 526 ng/L for β-amyloid 1-42, and 0.072 for the Aβ 1-42/Aβ 1-40 ratio. Conclusions Our results suggest that the LUMIPULSE G assays for the CSF AD biomarkers are fit for purpose in clinical laboratory practice. Further, they corroborate earlier presented reference limits for the biomarkers.

Age-Dependency of Total Tau in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Is Corrected by Amyloid-β 1–40: A Correlational Study in Healthy Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Paul Theo Zebhauser ◽  
Achim Berthele ◽  
Marie-Sophie Franz ◽  
Oliver Goldhardt ◽  
Janine Diehl-Schmid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Tau Proteins ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Total Tau ◽  
Potential Marker ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Tau proteins are established biomarkers of neuroaxonal damage in a wide range of neurodegenerative conditions. Although measurement of total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid is widely used in research and clinical settings, the relationship between age and total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid is yet to be fully understood. While past studies reported a correlation between age and total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid of healthy adults, in clinical practice the same cut-off value is used independently of patient’s age. Objective: To further explore the relationship between age and total-Tau and to disentangle neurodegenerative from drainage-dependent effects. Methods: We analyzed cerebrospinal fluid samples of 76 carefully selected cognitively healthy adults and included amyloid-β 1–40 as a potential marker of drainage from the brain’s interstitial system. Results: We found a significant correlation of total-Tau and age, which was no longer present when correcting total-Tau for amyloid-β 1–40 concentrations. These findings were replicated under varied inclusion criteria. Conclusion: Results call into question the association of age and total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, they suggest diagnostic utility of amyloid-β 1–40 as a possible proxy for drainage-mechanisms into the cerebrospinal fluid when interpreting biomarker concentrations for neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Donovan A. McGrowder ◽  
Fabian Miller ◽  
Kurt Vaz ◽  
Chukwuemeka Nwokocha ◽  
Cameil Wilson-Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Neurofilament Light ◽  
New Biomarkers

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive, clinically heterogeneous, and particularly complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by a decline in cognition. Over the last two decades, there has been significant growth in the investigation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. This review presents current evidence from many clinical neurochemical studies, with findings that attest to the efficacy of existing core CSF biomarkers such as total tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid-β (Aβ42), which diagnose Alzheimer’s disease in the early and dementia stages of the disorder. The heterogeneity of the pathophysiology of the late-onset disease warrants the growth of the Alzheimer’s disease CSF biomarker toolbox; more biomarkers showing other aspects of the disease mechanism are needed. This review focuses on new biomarkers that track Alzheimer’s disease pathology, such as those that assess neuronal injury (VILIP-1 and neurofilament light), neuroinflammation (sTREM2, YKL-40, osteopontin, GFAP, progranulin, and MCP-1), synaptic dysfunction (SNAP-25 and GAP-43), vascular dysregulation (hFABP), as well as CSF α-synuclein levels and TDP-43 pathology. Some of these biomarkers are promising candidates as they are specific and predict future rates of cognitive decline. Findings from the combinations of subclasses of new Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers that improve their diagnostic efficacy in detecting associated pathological changes are also presented.

The Trajectory of Cerebrospinal Fluid Growth-Associated Protein 43 in the Alzheimer’s Disease Continuum: A Longitudinal Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Heng Zhang ◽  
Diyang Lyu ◽  
Jianping Jia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Synaptic Degeneration ◽  
Over Time

Background: Synaptic degeneration has been suggested as an early pathological event that strongly correlates with severity of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, changes in longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) as a synaptic biomarker in the AD continuum remain unclear. Objective: To assess the trajectory of CSF GAP-43 with AD progression and its association with other AD hallmarks. Methods: CSF GAP-43 was analyzed in 788 participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), including 246 cognitively normal (CN) individuals, 415 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 127 with AD dementia based on cognitive assessments. The associations between a multimodal classification scheme with amyloid-β (Aβ), tau, and neurodegeneration, and changes in CSF GAP-43 over time were also analyzed. Results: CSF GAP-43 levels were increased at baseline in MCI and dementia patients, and increased significantly over time in the preclinical (Aβ-positive CN), prodromal (Aβ-positive MCI), and dementia (Aβ-positive dementia) stages of AD. Higher levels of CSF GAP-43 were also associated with higher CSF phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and total tau (t-tau), cerebral amyloid deposition and hypometabolism on positron emission tomography, the hippocampus and middle temporal atrophy, and cognitive performance deterioration at baseline and follow-up. Furthermore, CSF GAP-43 may assist in effectively predicting the probability of dementia onset at 2- or 4-year follow-up. Conclusion: CSF GAP-43 can be used as a potential biomarker associated with synaptic degeneration in subjects with AD; it may also be useful for tracking the disease progression and for monitoring the effects of clinical trials.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of a High Sensitivity Assay for Measuring p217 + tau in Cerebrospinal Fluid

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1417-1430
Author(s):  
Gallen Triana-Baltzer ◽  
Kristof Van Kolen ◽  
Clara Theunis ◽  
Setareh Moughadam ◽  
Randy Slemmon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Good Differentiation ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Better Than

Background: Early and accurate detection and staging is critical to managing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and supporting clinical trials. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for amyloid-β peptides, tau species, and various neurodegenerative and inflammatory analytes are leading the way in this regard, yet there is room for improved sensitivity and specificity. In particular tau is known to be present in many different fragments, conformations, and post-translationally modified forms. While the exact tau species that might best reflect AD pathology is unknown, a growing body of evidence suggests that forms with high levels of phosphorylation in the mid-region may be especially enriched in AD. Objective: Develop an assay for measuring p217tau in CSF. Methods: Here we describe the development and validation of a novel sELISA for measuring CSF tau species containing phosphorylation at threonines 212 & 217, aka p217 + tau, using the PT3 antibody. Results: While the analyte is present at extremely low levels the assay is sufficiently sensitive and specific to quantitate p217 + tau with excellent precision, accuracy, and dilution linearity, allowing good differentiation between diagnostic subgroups. The p217 + tau measurements appear to track AD pathology better than the commonly used p181tau epitope, suggesting superior diagnostic and staging performance. Finally, the assay can also be configured to differentiate antibody-bound versus antibody-free tau, and therefore can be used to measure target engagement by p217 + tau-targeting immunotherapeutics. Conclusion: The assay for measuring p217 + tau described here is highly sensitive, accurate, precise, dilution linear, and shows good potential for identifying and staging AD.

Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of β-amyloid metabolism in multiple sclerosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Augutis ◽  
Markus Axelsson ◽  
Erik Portelius ◽  
Gunnar Brinkmalm ◽  
Ulf Andreasson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Aβ Peptide ◽  
Aβ Peptides ◽  
App Metabolism ◽  
Disease Modifying

Background: Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid β (Aβ) peptides are intensely studied in neuroscience and their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measurements may be used to track the metabolic pathways of APP in vivo. Reduced CSF levels of Aβ and soluble APP (sAPP) fragments are reported in inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS); but in MS, the precise pathway of APP metabolism and whether it can be affected by disease-modifying treatments remains unclear. Objective: To characterize the CSF biomarkers of APP degradation in MS, including the effects of disease-modifying therapy. Methods: CSF samples from 87 MS patients (54 relapsing–remitting (RR) MS; 33 secondary progressive (SP) MS and 28 controls were analyzed for sAPP and Aβ peptides by immunoassays, plus a subset of samples was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry (IP-MS). Patients treated with natalizumab or mitoxantrone were examined at baseline, and after 1–2 years of treatment. Results: CSF sAPP and Aβ peptide levels were reduced in MS patients; but they increased again towards normal, after natalizumab treatment. A multivariate model of IP-MS-measured Aβ species separated the SPMS patients from controls, with RRMS patients having intermediate levels. Conclusions: We confirmed and extended our previous observations of altered CSF sAPP and Aβ peptide levels in MS patients. We found that natalizumab therapy may be able to counteract the altered APP metabolism in MS. The CSF Aβ isoform distribution was found to be distinct in SPMS patients, as compared to the controls.

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal fluid profiles with increasing number of cerebral microbleeds in a continuum of cognitive impairment

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Shams ◽  
Tobias Granberg ◽  
Juha Martola ◽  
Xiaozhen Li ◽  
Mana Shams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Cerebral Microbleeds ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
T Tau

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are hypothesised to have an important yet unknown role in the dementia disease pathology. In this study we analysed increasing number of CMBs and their independent associations with routine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in a continuum of cognitive impairment. A total of 1039 patients undergoing dementia investigation were analysed and underwent lumbar puncture, and an MRI scan. CSF samples were analysed for amyloid β (Aβ) 42, total tau (T-tau), tau phosphorylated at threonine 18 (P-tau) and CSF/serum albumin ratios. Increasing number of CMBs were independently associated with low Aβ42 levels, in the whole cohort, Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment ( p < 0.05). CSF/serum albumin ratios were high with multiple CMBs ( p < 0.001), reflecting accompanying blood–brain barrier dysfunction. T-tau and P-tau levels were lower in Alzheimer’s patients with multiple CMBs when compared to zero CMBs, but did not change in the rest of the cohort. White matter hyperintensities were associated with low Aβ42 in the whole cohort and Alzheimer’s disease ( p < 0.05). Aβ42 is the routine CSF-biomarker mainly associated with CMBs in cognitive impairment, and there is an accumulative effect with increasing number of CMBs.

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