Gendered workplaces: Resistance, adaptation and agency in large legal firms – The perspectives of young lawyers1

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 259-276
Author(s):  
Susana Santos
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Data Set

Gender inequality at work is a persistent and complex phenomenon. Taking the case of a small group of young lawyers working in large legal firms in Portugal, this article intends to discuss how gender inequality manifests and evolves from internship through first years of professional activity. Based on a data set of nineteen biographical interviews – ten male and nine female – we discuss the centrality of gender in analysing professional organizations, combining structural and actor perspectives. Female and male lawyers are confronted with a gendered organization with (in)visible gender lines that naturalize asymmetries of treatment, position, opportunities and expectations. Both learn how to adapt and invent strategies of resistance that include flexible professional projects.

Sexism and Gender Inequality Across 57 Societies

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1413-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
And Gender

Theory predicts that individuals’ sexism serves to exacerbate inequality in their society’s gender hierarchy. Past research, however, has provided only correlational evidence to support this hypothesis. In this study, I analyzed a large longitudinal data set that included representative data from 57 societies. Multilevel modeling showed that sexism directly predicted increases in gender inequality. This study provides the first evidence that sexist ideologies can create gender inequality within societies, and this finding suggests that sexism not only legitimizes the societal status quo, but also actively enhances the severity of the gender hierarchy. Three potential mechanisms for this effect are discussed briefly.

Gender Differences in the Provision of Job-Search Help

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 746-771
Author(s):  
Min Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Force Dynamics ◽  
Hiring Process ◽  
Starting Point

The existing literature has well studied the use of social contacts in job search, including gender inequality, in using social contacts. What is missing is the perspective of social contacts who help others find jobs. Using a large data set from the 2012 China Labor-Force Dynamics Survey, this study reveals significant gender differences in the provision of job-search help. Compared with women, men are more likely to provide job-search help and especially show a greater likelihood of exerting direct influence on the hiring process. While women are gender neutral in their choice of help recipients, men display a selective preference for helping other men. This men’s advantage of providing job-search help, especially influence-based help, and men’s selective preference for helping other men, imply another prominent gender inequality in informal hiring in the labor market. This study suggests several theoretical propositions to explain the revealed gender differences in both “whether to help” and “whom to help,” providing a starting point for further research.

Equality for Whom? Organizational Policies and the Gender Gap across the German Earnings Distribution

ILR Review ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt L. Huffman ◽  
Joe King ◽  
Malte Reichelt
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Organizational Policies ◽  
Earnings Distribution ◽  
Subtle Effect ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Child Care Facilities

Work establishments are critical for the creation and maintenance of gender inequality. Organizational practices, most notably those that formalize personnel systems or target gender inequality, are often assumed to have uniform effects on inequality across the wage hierarchy. This assumption has eluded careful empirical scrutiny. The authors estimate unconditional quantile regressions with a unique German linked employer-employee data set to assess whether formalized human resource practices, female-friendly diversity measures, and the availability of workplace child care facilities affect wage inequality differently across the wage distribution. While these policies reduce gender inequality in general, they do so more strongly near the bottom of the earnings distribution. Policies that formalize personnel systems and explicitly promote female employees are particularly advantageous to women in low-wage jobs. These results suggest that gender policies have a more subtle effect on earnings inequality than previously recognized, requiring scholars and practitioners to investigate their unique effects at various points of the earnings distribution.

Evaluation of Attorney’s Law in Terms of Administrative Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 5048-5054
Author(s):  
Kongze Zhu ◽  
Lei Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Legal Assistance ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Administrative Organization ◽  
Bar Association ◽  
And Control

Advocacy aims at providing legal assistance in fairly resolving legal disputes. It is a fact that there is a public interest in the performance of this activity. A lawyer performs this activity under the supervision and control of the bar association. Public service is the professional activity carried out by the lawyer/ advocate. This paper evaluated public service in terms of accountability to public officials and administrative organizations. In terms of public service, attorneyship has been examined both organically and financially. In terms of the administrative organization, the professional organizations in the form of public institutions - the bar associations which are the professional organizations of the lawyers - and the admission of a lawyer to the legal profession were evaluated in this paper.

scholarly journals Gender inequalities in excess adiposity and anaemia combine in a large double burden of malnutrition gap detrimental to women in an urban area in North Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1428-1437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Traissac ◽  
Jalila El Ati ◽  
Agnès Gartner ◽  
Houda Ben Gharbia ◽  
Francis Delpeuch
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Excess Adiposity ◽  
Double Burden Of Malnutrition

AbstractObjectiveThe nutrition transition has exacerbated the gender gap in health in the Middle East and North Africa region as the increase in excess adiposity has been much higher among women than men. This is not exclusive of the persistence of anaemia, generally also more prevalent among women. We assessed the magnitude and sociodemographic factors associated with gender inequality vis-à-vis the double burden of excess adiposity and anaemia.DesignCross-sectional study, stratified two-stage cluster sample. BMI (=weight/height2) ≥25·0 kg/m2 defined overweight and BMI≥30·0 kg/m2 obesity. Anaemia was defined as Hb <120 g/l for women, <130 g/l for men. Gender inequalities vis-à-vis the within-subject coexistence of excess adiposity and anaemia were assessed by women v. men relative prevalence ratios (RPR). Their variation with sociodemographic characteristics used models including gender × covariate interactions.SettingGreater Tunis area in 2009–2010.SubjectsAdults aged 20–49 years (women, n 1689; men, n 930).ResultsGender inequalities in excess adiposity were high (e.g. overweight: women 64·9 % v. men 48·4 %; RPR=2·1; 95 % CI 1·6, 2·7) and much higher for anaemia (women 38·0 % v. men 7·2 %; RPR=8·2; 95 % CI 5·5, 12·4). They were striking for overweight and anaemia (women 24·1 % v. men 3·4 %; RPR=16·2; 95 % CI 10·3, 25·4). Gender inequalities in overweight adjusted for covariates increased with age but decreased with professional activity and household wealth score; gender inequality in anaemia or overweight and anaemia was more uniformly distributed.ConclusionsWomen were much more at risk than men, from both over- and undernutrition perspectives. Both the underlying gender-related and sex-linked biological determinants of this remarkable double burden of malnutrition inequality must be addressed to promote gender equity in health.

Are We There Yet?: The Development of a Corpus Annotated for Social Acts in Multilingual Online Discourse

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Jonathan T. Morgan ◽  
Meghan Oxley ◽  
Emily M. Bender ◽  
Liyi Zhu ◽  
Varya Gracheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Online Discourse ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Annotation Process ◽  
Social Acts

We present the AAWD and AACD corpora, a collection of discussions drawn from Wikipedia talk pages and small group IRC discussions in English, Russian and Mandarin. Our datasets are annotated with labels capturing two kinds of social acts: alignment moves and authority claims. We describe these social acts, describe our annotation process, highlight challenges we encountered and strategies we employed during annotation, and present some analyses of resulting data set which illustrate the utility of our corpus and identify interactions among social acts and between participant status and social acts and in online discourse.

scholarly journals STANDARISASI KODE ETIK PROFESI BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Nuzliah Nuzliah ◽  
Irman Siswanto
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Individual Behavior ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Guidance And Counseling ◽  
Professional Code ◽  
Ethical Relations

The professional code of ethics is a reference for individual behavior or a suit which is deemed necessary for professional activity actors to follow. Professionals have specific skills and a professional code of ethics is created to govern how this knowledge and expertise is used. In general, there are three functions of the code of ethics, namely: (1) Providing guidelines for every member of the profession regarding the principles of professionalism, (2) As a means of social control for the community over the profession concerned, (3) Preventing interference from parties outside professional organizations regarding ethical relations In the event of a violation of the Guidance and Counseling Professional code of ethics, the following sanctions will be given to him: Giving verbal and written warnings, Giving a strong written warning, Revoking ABKIN membership, Revoking the license, If it is related to legal / criminal issues then it will be handed over to the authorities

The human development index predicts female entrepreneurship rates

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narendranathan Maniyalath ◽  
Roshni Narendran
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
National Income ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Development Index ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gem Data

Purpose – Past research has identified a negative association between national income and female entrepreneurship rates. Data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2012 are analyzed to determine whether the Human Development Index (HDI) predicts female entrepreneurship rates. The purpose of this paper is to indicate how other socioeconomic variables that measure human development interact with national income to predict female entrepreneurship rates. Design/methodology/approach – Data were drawn from the 2012 GEM data set, which provides information on female entrepreneurship rates in 61 countries. To test relevant hypotheses, dependent and socio-demographic variables were sourced from international databases to perform quantitative cross-country regression analyses. Findings – National income significantly predicted female entrepreneurship rates in the univariate analysis. However, this relationship became non-significant when development indices were added to the model. In contrast, the HDI, the Gender Inequality Index, and national religious composition were robust, significant predictors. Practical implications – This study presents evidence that human and gender development indices, and national religious composition, are better predictors of female entrepreneurship rates than national income. Thus, studies on female entrepreneurship rates should account and adjust for human development and gender equality indices. As religiosity continues to be pervasive within multiple nations, policymakers should consider this when developing interventions geared toward promoting female entrepreneurship. Originality/value – This paper identifies factors other than economic determinism to explain variance in female entrepreneurship rates and demonstrates that human development and gender inequality indices are better predictors of female entrepreneurship rates.

Son Preference, Eldest Son Preference, and Educational Attainment: Evidence From Chinese Families

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 636-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weidong Wang ◽  
Xiaohong Liu ◽  
Yongqing Dong ◽  
Yunli Bai ◽  
Shukun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Son Preference ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Chinese Families ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Education Gap ◽  
Over Time

Gender inequality has long been an important topic of concern. This article empirically measures whether there exists son preference and eldest son preference in China, from the perspective of an individual’s educational attainment, by using the data set of China Family Panel Studies in 2010. We find that (a) sons receive more education than daughters, and that the gender education gap for rural residents is greater than that of residents from urban areas; (b) regardless of the eldest or noneldest sons, the education received by sons is significantly higher than that of daughters, and there is no significant difference between the eldest and noneldest son’s education; (c) the gender education gap narrows over time, and expands as the number of sibling increases. Finally, we explore the multiple effect mechanisms.

scholarly journals Gender inequality in Muslim-majority countries: Myths versus facts

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nezahat Doğan
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Impact

The study uses a cross-sectional data set for 209 countries in order to test whether the regulation of social life by Islamic norms and values is related to gender inequality and whether the impacts differ for the MENA countries, as well as Arab- and Muslim-majority countries. The study finds that the impact of gender inequality differs for the MENA, Arab- and Muslim-majority countries only when control variables are excluded from the regressions. The paper obtains empirical evidence against the belief that religion and oil are culprits responsible for holding women back in Muslim countries.

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