scholarly journals Perceived consequences of female labor-force participation: a multilevel latent-class analysis across 22 countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Braun ◽  
Angelika Glöckner-Rist
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
And Gender ◽  
International Social

This paper investigates whether there are different patterns of traditionality in different countries with regard to a perceived negative impact of labor-force participation of mothers on their children and family life. For this purpose, individual-level traditionality subgroups and segments of countries with different traditionality patterns of their nationals were identified simultaneously by means of multilevel latent-class (ML-LC) analysis of the answers to three items of the Changing Family and Gender Roles module of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). This module was fielded in 22 countries in the years 1994 and 2002. Six individual-level subgroups and five country segments can be discerned. The structure of individual-level subgroups is almost identical in both years. Four individual-level subgroups differ only quantitatively in their level of traditionality. Two further subgroups are characterized by a unique tendency to defend working mothers against criticism. From 1994 to 2002 the sizes of traditional subgroups decrease, and there is also some change in the composition of country segments. This paper investigates whether there are different patterns of traditionality in different countries with regard to a perceived negative impact of labor-force participation of mothers on their children and family life. For this purpose, individual-level traditionality subgroups and segments of countries with different traditionality patterns of their nationals were identified simultaneously by means of multilevel latent-class (ML-LC) analysis of the answers to three items of the Changing Family and Gender Roles module of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). This module was fielded in 22 countries in the years 1994 and 2002. Six individual-level subgroups and five country segments can be discerned. The structure of individual-level subgroups is almost identical in both years. Four individual-level subgroups differ only quantitatively in their level of traditionality. Two further subgroups are characterized by a unique tendency to defend working mothers against criticism. From 1994 to 2002 the sizes of traditional subgroups decrease, and there is also some change in the composition of country segments.

scholarly journals Monetary conflicts within co-residential unions: a comparative perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Anniina Kaittila
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
And Gender

Although various studies indicate that money is a major source of conflict between cohabiting and marital partners, the existing research on what causes conflict within intimate relationships remains insufficient. Using data from the European Social Survey 2004/2005, this article explores the factors that predict monetary conflict between partners across 23 European countries. Previous research concerning financial conflicts has concentrated on individuallevel factors. This study adds a macro-level perspective to the existing body of research by exploring whether the rate of female labor force participation and societal gender equality are associated with the prevalence of conflict. Individual-level factors, such as personal characteristics, household controls, relative resources, and gender equality, explain the frequency of disagreements. At the macro-level, this study shows that relationship dynamics are affected by the institutional characteristics of countries. In particular, in countries where the rate of female labor force participation is high, conflicts over money are more common. However, societal gender equality does not explain the frequency of conflicts.

Development and Gender-Linked Economic Inequality in the Era of Globalization

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-324
Author(s):  
Moshe Semyonov
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
High Status ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

This paper focuses on the relations between development and gender disparities in labor market outcomes in the era of globalization. Within a cross-national comparative framework, the article examines the relations between development and globalization and three aspects of gender-linked disparities (women's labor force participation, gender occupational differentiation, and gender pay gap) at two time points: 1990 and 2015. The data reveal patterns in the relationship between development, globalization, and each dimension of gender inequality. First, development but not globalization tends to increase women's labor force participation. Second, development is likely to reduce gender occupational segregation. But the effect is indirect; it is transmitted via the increased number of economically active women. Third, less gender occupational segregation does not necessarily mean greater occupational equality; high female labor force participation is likely to reduce women's likelihood of employment in high-status professional and managerial occupations. Fourth, gender occupational inequality appears to be one of the sources of a country's gender pay gap; the pay disparity between men and women tends to be greater in countries where gender occupational inequality is high. A model that summarizes the complex relations among development, globalization, and the various dimensions of gender-linked economic activity and inequality is proposed and discussed.

The Effects of Attitudes Toward Family Life and Gender Roles on Marital Satisfaction

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANE N. LYE ◽  
TIMOTHY J. BIBLARZ
Keyword(s):  
Marital Satisfaction ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Family Attitudes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between the gender role and family attitudes of husbands and wives and five indicators of marital satisfaction. The authors argue that men and women who espouse nontraditional attitudes are likely to be less satisfied than their more traditional counterparts. An empirical analysis is presented using data from husbands and wives interviewed in the 1987-88 National Survey of Families and Households. Husbands and wives who hold nontraditional attitudes toward family life are less satisfied with their marriages, as are men and women whose attitudes diverge from their spouse's attitudes. The effects of attitudes did not vary according to the actual gender roles observed by the couple.

Gender

2017 ◽  
pp. 644-672
Author(s):  
Paola Giuliano
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Historical Origin ◽  
And Gender

Social attitudes toward women vary significantly across societies. This chapter reviews recent empirical research on various historical determinants of contemporary differences in gender roles and gender gaps across societies, and how these differences are transmitted from parents to children and therefore persist until today. We review work on the historical origin of differences in female labor force participation, fertility, education, marriage arrangements, competitive attitudes, domestic violence, and other forms of difference in gender norms. Most of the research illustrates that differences in cultural norms regarding gender roles emerge in response to specific historical situations but tend to persist even after the historical conditions have changed. We also discuss the conditions under which gender norms either tend to be stable or change more quickly.

Gender Role Attitudes in the International Social Survey Programme: Cross-National Comparability and Relationships to Cultural Values

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Lomazzi ◽  
Daniel Seddig
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Measurement Equivalence ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
International Social Survey Programme ◽  
International Social ◽  
Societal Views

Differences in societal views on the roles of men and women have been addressed in many large-scale comparative studies by employing indicators of gender roles attitudes from cross-sectional surveys. Assuming that cross-country differences in gender role attitudes are linked to the prevailing cultural value orientations in each society, this study aims at investigating the association between societal views on gender roles, as measured by the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), and the prevailing cultural values, as defined by Schwartz’s theory. However, to carry out meaningful comparisons, we first assessed the prerequisite of measurement equivalence between countries. The comparability of gender role attitudes is limited when using traditional methods based on the concept of exact equivalence (multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis). However, the recently established alignment optimization procedure reveals approximate measurement equivalence and suggests that the mean comparison is trustworthy. Based on these results, we correlate the national mean levels of gender role attitudes with the cultural values of embeddedness, hierarchy and egalitarianism, showing that traditional gender roles are displayed in societies emphasizing hierarchy and embeddedness while progressive views are more expressed in egalitarian societies.

Women’s Family and Employment Life Courses Across Twentieth-Century Europe: The Role of Policies and Norms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Zagel ◽  
Zachary Van Winkle
Keyword(s):  
Family Policy ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Gender Egalitarianism ◽  
Context Data ◽  
Life Courses ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Twentieth Century Europe ◽  
International Social

Abstract This article examines longitudinal patterns of work–family reconciliation across Europe and whether the influence of defamilizing policies on those patterns is contingent on the normative context. Data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement and sequence analysis are used to reconstruct and analyze women’s family and employment life courses from age fifteen to fifty years, born in the period between 1924 and 1966 from fourteen countries. Historic family policy data and gender attitudes collected in the International Social Survey Programme are included in multinomial regressions. Results suggest that defamilization and gender egalitarianism increase the labor market attachment of women with traditional family life courses independently.

scholarly journals Multidimensionality of gender ideology and relationships with gendered practices: an exploratory analysis across Europe in 2002 and 2012

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heejung Chung ◽  
Pia S. Schober
Keyword(s):  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Gender Ideologies ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Gender Culture ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
International Social

Many researchers assume a one-dimensionality of gender ideology constructs and/or stability of dimensions across countries and time, yet these assumptions have rarely been tested. WE apply factor analyses on two waves of the International Social Survey Programme in 2002 and 2012, and comparable European countries to test this. Our results show that gender ideologies can be distinguished into distinctive domains that relate to mother’s employment, women’s work, men’s role in the family, and finally women’s breadwinning. These dimensions have be found to be relatively stable across countries and time. Results from regression models investigating different aspects of the gender division of labour suggest that distinguishing dimensions is less important when considering gender ideologies at the individual level but can make a big difference when examining gender culture at the country level.

scholarly journals Women in the Labor Force

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Fruttero ◽  
Daniel Gurara ◽  
Lisa Kolovich ◽  
Vivian Malta ◽  
Marina Mendes Tavares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
And Gender

Despite the increase in female labor force participation over the past three decades, women still do not have the same opportunities as men to participate in economic activities in most countries. The average female labor force participation rate across countries is still 20 percentage points lower than the male rate, and gender gaps in wages and access to education persist. As shown by earlier work, including by the IMF, greater gender equality boosts economic growth and leads to better development and social outcomes. Gender equality is also one of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that 193 countries committed to achieve by 2030.

scholarly journals Women Labor Force Participation and Governance in Developing Economies: A Panel Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-102
Author(s):  
Mabrooka Altaf
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Female Labor

The current study empirically investigates the relationship among female labor force participation and governance in developing nations, using panel data of 62 developing countries, from year 1996 to 2016. The two variables taken as dependent variables are women labor force participation and governance. Results of GMM estimation showed that there is positive association between women labor force participation and governance. Education, GDP per capita, and globalization has positive, while income inequality has negative impact on governance. Similarly, education, fertility rate and rural population has negative, and globalization has positive impact on female labor force participation. So, it is concluded that the importance of governance and women labor force participation cannot be refused in terms of growth enhancement, which will consequently improve the social and economic conditions of developing countries.

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