scholarly journals The Eternal Peasant and the Timeless Village. Archaeology and Ideologies of the Past

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-73
Author(s):  
Rainer Schreg

The perspectives on the medieval village and on the historical role of peasants have changed throughout the history of research. Traditional views on history saw rural life as unchangeable and therefore presumed that villages were rooted in the migration period. Modern research recognised the formation of the medieval village as a complex long-term process that, depending on the region, culminated in the 11th – 13th century. This paper takes a closer look at the situation in southwestern Germany, analysing research history on the one hand and selected episodes of medieval rural history on the other. The paper suggests that due to traditional views on the structure of history, peasants’ agency has been undervalued.  

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kornelia Kończal

In early 2018, the Polish parliament adopted controversial legislation criminalising assertions regarding the complicity of the ‘Polish Nation’ and the ‘Polish State’ in the Holocaust. The so-called Polish Holocaust Law provoked not only a heated debate in Poland, but also serious international tensions. As a result, it was amended only five months after its adoption. The reason why it is worth taking a closer look at the socio-cultural foundations and political functions of the short-lived legislation is twofold. Empirically, the short history of the Law reveals a great deal about the long-term role of Jews in the Polish collective memory as an unmatched Significant Other. Conceptually, the short life of the Law, along with its afterlife, helps capture poll-driven, manifestly moralistic and anti-pluralist imaginings of the past, which I refer to as ‘mnemonic populism’. By exploring the relationship between popular and political images of the past in contemporary Poland, this article argues for joining memory and populism studies in order to better understand what can happen to history in illiberal surroundings.


2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 732-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieke Verfaellie ◽  
Margaret M. Keane

AbstractThe past 30 years of research on human amnesia has yielded important changes in our understanding of the role of the medial temporal lobes (MTL) in memory. On the one hand, this body of evidence has highlighted that not all types of memory are impaired in patients with MTL lesions. On the other hand, this research has made apparent that the role of the MTL extends beyond the domain of long-term memory, to include working memory, perception, and future thinking. In this article, we review the discoveries and controversies that have characterized this literature and that set the stage for a new conceptualization of the role of the MTL in cognition. This shift toward a more nuanced understanding of MTL function has direct relevance for a range of clinical disorders in which the MTL is implicated, potentially shaping not only theoretical understanding but also clinical practice. (JINS, 2017, 23, 732–740)


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M Kenyon

Drawing on long-term ethnographic research in the Blue Nile town of Sennar, supported by archival and historical documentation, this article explores the history of Zar spirit possession in Sudan, and the light this throws on the interplay of religions over the past 150 years. Life history data supports the argument that contemporary Zar is grounded in forms and rituals derived from the ranks of the ninteenth-century Ottoman army, and these remain the basis of ritual events, even as they accommodate ongoing changes in this part of Africa. Many of these changes are linked to the dynamic interplay of Zar with forms of Islam, on the one hand, and Christianity, on the other. In the former colonial periods, political power resided with the British, and Khawaja (European) Christian Zar spirits are remembered as far more important. Today that authority in Zar has shifted to spirits of foreign Muslims and local holy men, on the one hand, and to subaltern Blacks, on the other. These speak to concerns of new generations of adepts even as changes in the larger political and religious landscapes continue to transform the context of Zar.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
M. A. Savchenko ◽  
A. M. Panteleev

Over the past decade, in Russian Federation there has been a steady increase in the incidence of MAC-infection in patients with HIV (the growth of nosology over the past five years, on average, was 57% per year). This determines the interest in this problem, especially in terms of the high inefficiency of treatment for the disease, the long term and cost of treatment. The history of the study of Mycobacterium Avium Complex-infection (MAC) originates in the early eighties in the United States, when the prognosis for a patient with AIDS and mycobacteriosis was extremely poor: mortality within one year after the detection of pathogen reached 71%. The role of infection in the thanatogenesis of patients was, however, established only by the beginning of the nineties. The detection of macrolide activity against the pathogen significantly improved the prognosis for patients, especially in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy. The widespread introduction of antiviral drugs into practice and the ability to achieve immune reconstitution prevented the development of opportunistic infections, but did not solve the remaining issues of the treatment of the MAC-infection. The main one is the treatment of patients with a clarithromycin-resistant pathogen. There is no consensus on the sensitivity of non-tuberculous mycobacteria to antibacterials.


2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Deaton

In this essay, I review Robert Fogel's The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100, which is concerned with the past, present, and future of human health. Fogel's work places great emphasis on nutrition, not only for the history of health, but for explaining aspects of current health, not only in comparing poor and rich countries, but in thinking about rich countries now and in the future. I discuss Fogel's analysis alongside alternative interpretations that place greater emphasis on the historical role of public health, and on the current and future role of improvements in medical technology.


Author(s):  
Rafał Kamprowski

For a long time, history of women was not in the mainstream of interest. The interest for this topic was not shown untill the twentieth century. The aim of this paper is to present a long and difficult struggle to gain the status similar to the one women have nowadays. It is difficult to understand the present reality without going back to the past. The role of women is undergoing a lot of changes all the time. This subject is a huge field for research. The article attempts to give a summary of publications which deal with women’s issues.


KANT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Dmitrii Stepanovich Shevchuk

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the "innovation ecosystem" concept formation and provides a simplified schematic representation of the system as five interacting modules. Innovations are assumed by national governments and companies as a source of long-term sustainability. In the past decade, there has been an increased interest in identifying approaches that would accelerate the development and deployment of innovations. The attention of the academic and business communities representatives to the innovation ecosystems underlines the fact that it is ecosystems and IT platforms that implement them that are the most promising candidates for the role of an organizational structure for the accumulation and scaling of new knowledge in the era of the industrial revolution.


2021 ◽  
pp. 003802612110294
Author(s):  
Clément Colin

Depending on one’s socio-territorial contexts, age, and time spent residing in the same place, the spatial-temporal experience of belonging is lived differently. Within this framework, this article looks at perspectives of neighborhood belonging in long-term residents aged 65 years and older. Based on the narratives of 51 people from three neighborhoods of Valparaíso, Chile, who participated in the 2019 workshops and/or in-depth interviews, I identify different types of nostalgic senses of belonging; and examine the social and spatial conditions that influence their formation. From this empirical research, I argue that these belongings are based on daily practices that refer to the past neighborhood and that, at the same time, are embodied in their current materialities. The results show, on the one hand, the role of nostalgia in the formation of a belonging, from the past to the present; and, on the other, the influence of place in these experiences. From the above, this article contributes to the conceptualization of the material dimension of nostalgic belongings and their interrelationships among nostalgias, belongings, and changes in social and physical environments.


2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 69-90
Author(s):  
Stanisław Ciesielski

Сталин против Покровского. Из истории сталинской «исторической политики»Михаил Покровский в двадцатых годах и в первой половине тридцатых годов ХХ века считался признанным лидером марксистской историографии в СССР. Начатая Сталиным переоценка многих явлений в истории России, связанная со стремлением к интеграции советского общества на основе особого патриотизма и чувства державности привела к оспариванию и отрицанию прежней исторической политики, символом которой был Покровский. Неудача попытки создания учениками Покровского школьных учебников стало для Сталина импульсом для начала кампании, направленной на учёного и его «школу». Во время её взгляды Покровского были признаны антимарксистскими и антиленинскими. Его обвиняли в том, что, исповедуя экономический материализм и когнитивный субъективизм, не понимая диалектики, он проповедовал вульгарный марксизм, трактовал историю как политику возврата в прошлое и оспаривал её объективизм как науки, а как следствие этого стоял на позиции ликвидаторского подхода к истории. Покровскому приписывали игнорирование конкретности исторического процесса, роли выдающихся личностей, антиисторическое понимание отдельных явлений с перспективы современности, а не обстоятельств, при которых они имели место. Важную роль играла критика торгового капитала и его исторической роли. Подвергнуты сомнению были ключевые элементы свойственной Покровскому картины прошлого России. Покровского обвиняли в игнорировании, недооценке или ошибочной интерпретации истории Киевской Руси, строительства «российского народного государства», крестьянских движений, государственных реформ, борьбы с польской интервенцией в начале XVII века и с нашествием Наполеона в 1812 году, восстания декабристов, процесса включения в Российское государство других народов. Stalin against Pokrovsky: On the history of Stalinist “historical policy”In the 1920s and the first half of the 1930s Mikhail Pokrovsky was regarded as a leading Marxist historiographer in the USSR. A revision, initiated by Stalin, of views on many phenom­ena from Russia’s history, connected with a desire to consolidate Soviet society on the basis of a redefined patriotism and feeling of being part of a superpower, led to a questioning and rejection of the historical policy which Pokrovsky symbolised. The failure to prepare new school textbooks by Pokrovsky’s pupils prompted Stalin to launch a campaign against the scholar and his “school.” Pokrovsky’s views were pronounced anti-Marxist and anti-Leninist. As a man allegedly kowtowing to economic materialism and cognitive subjectivism, and not understanding dialectics, Pokrovsky was accused of vulgarising Marxism, treating history as a policy of projecting into the past and questioning its objectivism as a science, and, consequently, of representing an approach to it that was that of a liquidator. Pokrovsky was said to be ignoring the concreteness of the historical process, the role of outstanding individuals, to be following an ahistorical approach to various phenomena from the perspective of the present and not of the circumstances in which they had taken place. An important role was played by criticism of the concept of commercial capital and its historical role. Key elements of Pokrovsky’s picture of Russia’s past were questioned. Pokrovsky was accused of ignoring, failing to appreciate or misinterpreting the history of Kievan Rus’, of the building of the “Russian nation state,” peasant movements, state reforms, fight against the Polish intervention in the early 17th century and the Napoleonic invasion in 1812, the Decembrist Uprising, and the process of incorporating various nations into the Russian state.


2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 157-177
Author(s):  
Łukasz Medeksza

Urbanology: Towards a Revivalof the Traditional European Town“Urbanology” — the term used in the title of the book Towards urbanology by the architect Stanisław Lose from Wrocław — refers to his idea of “afield of knowledge whose main subject is aman in an urbanised world”. Therefore urbanology is opposed to urbanistics, which — according to Lose — is more interested in economy, transportation or spatial planning than in people. The author of Towards urbanology strongly appreciates the medieval model of town — and its more freedom-oriented, and creativity-oriented, continuation in later ages. The author is also very impressed by the historical role of christianity as the cultural integrator of urban societies. But Lose’s book is only apretext for briefly describing the contemporary history of the traditionalist current in urbanism and enthusiastic opinions about the Middle Ages expressed by such different authors as René Guénon, Peter Kropotkin or G.K. Chesterton. Nowadays the so-called neomedivalism tries to interpret the current cultural, political and administrative diversity of Europe as anew version of the multi-level and polycentric order associated with the Middle Ages. But neomedievalism and urbanistic traditionalism raise some questions — for example those about the limits of being inspired by the Middle Ages, about the economy of the neomedieval model of town or about the relationship between the notion of the so-called living tradition in urbanism and architecture on the one hand — and historical styles on the other.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document