EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION IN MULTI STAGE FEEDING OF THE GROWTH OF MICROALGAE Nannochloropsis sp.

Renewable energy plays an important role for a sustainable future and the use of microalgae Nannochloropsis sp., as a potential source of biofuel due to its high lipid content, makes a good option. The nutrient found in the growth medium of microalgae have been found to affect cell synthesis, lipid synthesis, as well as its fatty acid profile. This study was conducted to observe the effects of the N-P concentration utilizing multistage feeding on the performance of Nannochloropsis sp. Sodium bicarbonate, urea, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate were used as sources of C, N, and P for the microalgae. The nutrient feeding needed was calculated based on a molecular formula of microalgae(CO0.48H1.83N0.11P0.01) with a production target 1g.L-1 cell biomass. Element C is an iso-molar. The concentration of N- P varies: corresponding to the mol-fraction of the microalgae cell (as a control) and 10% excess. There were four levels of treatment: A (U0P0); B (U10P0); C (U0P10); and D (U10P10) with three replicants in the batch culture system. Nutrient feeding was conducted in three stages: I (40%); II (30%);and III (30%) and incubated in a neutral environment. Nannochloropsis sp. was able to grow well at a temperature of 24–35°C and an acidity level (pH) of 9.0–10.5. The culture (on the 21st day) produced DCW 0.93; 1.04; 0.86;1.12g.L-1, Chlorophyll-a 7.08; 7.62; 4.64; 6.85% DC, lipid 19.2; 15.5; 27.3; and 21.6% DC for treatments A; B;C; and D, respectively.The maximum lipid level resulted in an N deficiency and a P surplus (C). The lipids of the Nannochloropsis sp. composed of 66.0–81.1% saturated fatty acid which is suitable to be used as a biofuel.

Download Full-text

Pilot-Scale Production of Chito-Oligosaccharides Using an Innovative Recombinant Chitosanase Preparation Approach

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13020290 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 290

Author(s):

Chih-Yu Cheng ◽

Chia-Huang Tsai ◽

Pei-Jyun Liou ◽

Chi-Hang Wang

Keyword(s):

Cell Density ◽

Scale Up ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Ionic Concentration ◽

Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽

Scale Production ◽

Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽

Selective Precipitation ◽

Pilot Scale Production

For pilot-scale production of chito-oligosaccharides, it must be cost-effective to prepare designable recombinant chitosanase. Herein, an efficient method for preparing recombinant Bacillus chitosanase from Escherichia coli by elimination of undesirable substances as a precipitate is proposed. After an optimized culture with IPTG (Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside) induction, the harvested cells were resuspended, disrupted by sonication, divided by selective precipitation, and stored using the same solution conditions. Several factors involved in these procedures, including ion types, ionic concentration, pH, and bacterial cell density, were examined. The optimal conditions were inferred to be pH = 4.5, 300 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and cell density below 1011 cells/mL. Finally, recombinant chitosanase was purified to >70% homogeneity with an activity recovery and enzyme yield of 90% and 106 mg/L, respectively. When 10 L of 5% chitosan was hydrolyzed with 2500 units of chitosanase at ambient temperature for 72 h, hydrolyzed products having molar masses of 833 ± 222 g/mol with multiple degrees of polymerization (chito-dimer to tetramer) were obtained. This work provided an economical and eco-friendly preparation of recombinant chitosanase to scale up the hydrolysis of chitosan towards tailored oligosaccharides in the near future.

Download Full-text

Enhanced fatty acid methyl esters recovery through a simple and rapid direct transesterification of freshly harvested biomass of Chlorella vulgaris and Messastrum gracile

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81609-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Saw Hong Loh ◽

Mee Kee Chen ◽

Nur Syazana Fauzi ◽

Ahmad Aziz ◽

Thye San Cha

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Chlorella Vulgaris ◽

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Direct Transesterification ◽

Microalgae Culture ◽

Cell Biomass ◽

Acid Methyl ◽

Fatty Acid Accumulation

AbstractConventional microalgae oil extraction applies physicochemical destruction of dry cell biomass prior to transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). This report presents a simple and rapid direct transesterification (DT) method for FAMEs production and fatty acid profiling of microalgae using freshly harvested biomass. Results revealed that the FAMEs recovered from Chlorella vulgaris were 50.1 and 68.3 mg with conventional oil-extraction-transesterification (OET) and DT method, respectively. While for Messastrum gracile, the FAMEs recovered, were 49.9 and 76.3 mg, respectively with OET and DT methods. This demonstrated that the DT method increased FAMEs recovery by 36.4% and 53.0% from C. vulgaris and M. gracile, respectively, as compared to OET method. Additionally, the DT method recovered a significantly higher amount of palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids from both species, which indicated the important role of these fatty acids in the membranes of cells and organelles. The DT method performed very well using a small volume (5 mL) of fresh biomass coupled with a shorter reaction time (~ 15 min), thus making real-time monitoring of FAMEs and fatty acid accumulation in microalgae culture feasible.

Download Full-text

Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the accumulation of high amounts of triacylglycerol

Microbial Cell Factories ◽

10.1186/s12934-021-01640-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Simon Arhar ◽

Gabriela Gogg-Fassolter ◽

Mojca Ogrizović ◽

Klavdija Pačnik ◽

Katharina Schwaiger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Lipid Level ◽

Pharmaceutical Products ◽

Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽

Oleaginous Yeasts ◽

Regulatory Subunits ◽

Gene Coding ◽

Tag Accumulation ◽

Competing Pathways

Abstract Background Fatty acid-based substances play an important role in many products, from food supplements to pharmaceutical products and biofuels. The production of fatty acids, mainly in their esterified form as triacylglycerol (TAG), has been intensively studied in oleaginous yeasts, whereas much less effort has been invested into non-oleaginous species. In the present work, we engineered the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is commonly regarded as non-oleaginous, for the storage of high amounts of TAG, comparable to the contents achieved in oleaginous yeasts. Results We investigated the effects of several mutations with regard to increased TAG accumulation and identified six of them as important for this phenotype: a point mutation in the acetyl-CoA carboxylase Acc1p, overexpression of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase Dga1p, deletions of genes coding for enzymes involved in the competing pathways glycogen and steryl ester synthesis and TAG hydrolysis, and a deletion of CKB1, the gene coding for one of the regulatory subunits of casein kinase 2. With the combination of these mutations in a S. cerevisiae strain with a relatively high neutral lipid level already in the non-engineered state, we achieved a TAG content of 65% in the dry biomass. High TAG levels were not only obtained under conditions that favor lipid accumulation, but also in defined standard carbon-limited media. Conclusions Baker's yeast, which is usually regarded as inefficient in the storage of TAG, can be converted into a highly oleaginous strain that could be useful in processes aiming at the synthesis of fatty acid-based products. This work emphasizes the importance of strain selection in combination with metabolic engineering to obtain high product levels.

Download Full-text

Modulation of lipid-synthesizing enzymes by insulin in differentiated ob17 adipose-like cells

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2140443 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 214 (2) ◽

pp. 443-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

P Grimaldi ◽

C Forest ◽

P Poli ◽

R Negrel ◽

G Ailhaud

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

Acid Synthesis ◽

Acetate Incorporation ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Response Curves ◽

Glycerol 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

ob17 cells convert into adipose-like cells when maintained in the presence of physiological concentrations of insulin and tri-iodothyronine. After this conversion, insulin removal from differentiated ob17 cells gives within 24-48 h a large decrease in fatty acid synthetase, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and acid:CoA ligase activities, as well as in the rate of fatty acid synthesis determined by [14C]acetate incorporation into lipids. All parameters are restored by insulin addition to initial values within 24-48 h. Dose-response curves of insulin on the restoration of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and of fatty acid synthesis give half-maximally effective concentrations close to 1 nM, in agreement with the affinity for insulin of the insulin receptors previously characterized in these cells. Immunotitration experiments indicate that the changes in the specific activity of fatty acid synthetase are due to parallel changes in the cellular enzyme content. Therefore the ob17 cell line should be a useful model to study the long-term effects of insulin on the modulation of lipid synthesis in adipose cells.

Download Full-text

Aspects of lipid synthesis, hydrolysis, and transport studied in selected Amazon fish

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z78-108 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 787-792 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

John S. Patton ◽

Monty S. Haswell ◽

Thomas W. Moon

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Lipolytic Activity ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

Blood Lipid ◽

Dietary Lipid ◽

Indwelling Catheter ◽

Ph Optimum ◽

Mesenteric Fat ◽

Fatty Acid Release ◽

Amazon Fish

Comparative lipogenic activities offish tissue, lipolytic activity of mesenteric fat and mode of intestinal lipid release into blood were investigated in a variety of Amazon fish. Small catfish were injected intramuscularly with [1-l4C]acetate, killed at intervals, and the lipid radioactivity of 11 separate tissues determined. In 6- and 18-h fish, the heart, eyes, dark muscle, and white muscle synthesized negligible lipid relative to the other tissues. Acetone powders of Triportheus sp, mesenteric fat contained high amounts of triglyceride lipase activity (120 nmol fatty acid release-d/min per milligram protein). The activity exhibited a pH optimum of 8.0 and was not activated by albumin, bile salts, or divalent salts nor inhibited by 1 M NaCl. Characteristics of the observed activity are identical with those of mammalian pancreatic lipase. Hoplias malabaricus were fed [1-14C]oleic acid and a chronic indwelling catheter was placed in the dorsal aorta for blood sampling. Based on the distribution of radioactivity among blood lipid classes, it is suggested that dietary lipid enters fish circulatory systems both as free fatty acid and as lipoproteins.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Phosphatic Composite on Magnesium Phosphate Cement Performance

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.809-810.477 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 809-810 ◽

pp. 477-484

Author(s):

Zhao Qing Qi ◽

Hong Tao Wang ◽

Jun Liang Dang ◽

Shi Hao Zhang ◽

Jian Hua Ding

Keyword(s):

Setting Time ◽

Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽

Magnesium Phosphate ◽

Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽

Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽

Hydrogen Phosphate ◽

Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽

Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate ◽

Potassium Dihydrogen ◽

Sodium Dihydrogen

The capacity of 10%, 30%, and 50% ammonium dihydrogen phosphate were replaced with an equal amount of three phosphate (potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate) respectively. Magnesium phosphate cement was made by phosphate of replaced, which strength, setting time, fluidity, hydration temperature, and the hydration products was researched. The results show that: MPC was made that replaced with the equal amount of three kind of phosphate, which has good mechanical properties. Setting time and fluidity change along with the replacment. Three kind of phosphate replace ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, which change the hydration process of MPC. When ammonium dihydrogen phosphate was replaced by an equal amount of disodium hydrogen phosphate, the temperature of hydration is only 69.4 °C. XRD showed that the diffraction peaks of composite’s magnesium phosphate cement increases.

Download Full-text

Synthesis of chlorine dioxide stable solution by combined reduction and its decomposition kinetics

Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal ◽

10.1515/npprj-2020-0008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 342-352

Author(s):

Minghui Qi ◽

Lijie Huang ◽

Xiaofeng Xu ◽

Tan Yi ◽

Hao Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlorine Dioxide ◽

Decomposition Rate ◽

Reduction Method ◽

Meat Products ◽

Stable Solution ◽

Decomposition Kinetics ◽

World Health ◽

Fourth Generation ◽

Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽

Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate

AbstractChlorine dioxide is classified by the World Health Organization as a fourth-generation A1, widely used, safe, and effective disinfectant. It is widely used in bleaching, water treatment, oil extraction, aquaculture, plants, fruits and vegetables, meat products, preservation of aquatic products, food sterilization and sterilization industries. The technology of chlorine dioxide produced by the combination reduction method is widely used in domestic papermaking related companies. In order to promote the application of chlorine dioxide, the effects of storage conditions on the stability of chlorine dioxide solution prepared by the combination reduction method and the experimental study of decomposition kinetics were studied. Experiments have shown that high temperature, high pH and high initial concentration accelerate the decomposition of chlorine dioxide solution, and the addition of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) can inhibit the decomposition of chlorine dioxide. The kinetic experiments showed that the decomposition rate of chlorine dioxide was secondary to ClO2 and was −0.406 for [{\mathrm{H}^{+}}]. The apparent activation energy of chlorine dioxide solution decomposition reaction was 26.7 kJ·mol−1, and the decomposition rate equation of chlorine dioxide was established.

Download Full-text

Liquid–Liquid Equilibria of the Aqueous Two-Phase Systems Composed of the N-Ethylpyridinium Tetrafluoroborate Ionic Liquid and Ammonium Sulfate/Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate/Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate and Water at 298.15 K

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data ◽

10.1021/je301276s ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 176-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yuliang Li ◽

Xiao Shu ◽

Xuewen Zhang ◽

Weisheng Guan

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Ammonium Sulfate ◽

Sodium Carbonate ◽

Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽

Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽

Two Phase ◽

Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate ◽

Aqueous Two Phase Systems ◽

Phase Systems ◽

Sodium Dihydrogen

Download Full-text

The Effect of Enriched Daphnia sp. with Different Source of Oil on the Survival Rate and the Growth of Oreochromis niloticus Larvae

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.2.7-11 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I. Mokoginta ◽

Dedi Jusadi ◽

T.L. Pelawi

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Survival Rate ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Oreochromis Niloticus ◽

Acid Level ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Lipid Level ◽

Font Size ◽

Fatty Acid Level ◽

Ad Libitum

ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to evaluate best source of oil to enriched Daphnia sp. before fed it to Oreochromis niloticus larvae. Four treatments were used in this experiment; first, Daphnia sp. without encrichment, second Daphnia sp. enriched with fish oil, third Daphnia sp. enriched with corn oil and the fourth Daphnia sp. enriched with coconut oil. Three days old larvae fed on Daphnia sp. with size of £ 0,5 mm at the first week and 0,6 – 1,0 mm as the second week of this experiment. Larvae fed on Daphnia sp. 5 times daily, ad libitum, for 14 days. Larvae was reared in the small cages (2,25 l), and all cages was placed in the aquarium. Larvae density was 48 larvae/l. This experiment showed that the lipid level in Daphnia sp. enriched with oil was higher than that of no enrichment Daphnia sp. The highest n3- fatty acid level was found in Daphnia sp. enriched with fish oil, and the highest n6- fatty acid level was found in Daphnia sp. enriched with corn oil. Larvae fed on Daphnia sp. enriched with oil have a higher relative growth rate than that fed on Daphnia sp. without enrichment. The highest survival rate of larvae was found by feeding them with Daphnia sp. enriched with corn oil (p < 0,05).Key words : Daphnia sp., enrichment, larvae, Oreochromis niloticus <h2 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">ABSTRAK</h2>Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi sumber minyak yang terbaik bagi pengkayaan Daphnia sp. sebelum diberikan ke larva ikan nila, Oreochromis niloticus. Ada 4 perlakuan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Daphnia sp. yang tidak diperkaya minyak; Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya minyak ikan; Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya minyak jagung; dan Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya minyak kelapa. Larva ikan nila, Oreochromis niloticus berumur 3 hari ditebar dalam hapa kecil (volume 2,25 l) sebanyak 48 ekor/l, dan seluruh hapa diletakkan dalam akuarium berukuran 100x50x40 cm. Daphnia sp. diperkaya terlebih dahulu dengan minyak sesuai perlakuan sebelum diberikan ke larva. Pada minggu pertama pemeliharaan larva, ukuran Daphnia sp. yang digunakan adalah £ 0,5 mm dan pada minggu ke dua 0.6 – 1.0 mm. Daphnia sp. diberikan sebanyak 5 kali dalam sehari secara ad libitum dan pemberian pakan dilakukan selama 14 hari. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa kadar lemak Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya minyak lebih tinggi dari Daphnia sp. yang tidak diperkaya, dan hal ini berpengaruh pula pada kadar lemak tubuh larva. Kadar asam lemak –n3 tertinggi terdapat pada Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya minyak ikan dan kadar asam lemak –n6 tertinggi terdapat pada Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya minyak jagung. Larva yang diberi Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya dengan minyak mempunyai pertambahan bobot relatif dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup yang lebih tinggi dari larva yang diberi Daphnia sp. yang tidak diperkaya; dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup larva yang tertinggi dihasilkan oleh perlakuan pemberian Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya minyak jagung (P < 0,05), walaupun pertumbuhan bobot relatifnya sama dengan perlakuan lainnya (p > 0,05).Kata kunci : Daphnia sp., pengkayaan, larva, Oreochromis niloticus

Download Full-text

Drosophila PDGF/VEGF signaling from muscles to hepatocyte-like cells protects against obesity

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.56969 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arpan C Ghosh ◽

Sudhir Gopal Tattikota ◽

Yifang Liu ◽

Aram Comjean ◽

Yanhui Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Lipid Level ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

Tissue Lipid ◽

Tor Signaling ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Signaling Axis ◽

Organ Specific ◽

Lipid Stores ◽

Multicellular Organisms

PDGF/VEGF ligands regulate a plethora of biological processes in multicellular organisms via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms. We investigated organ-specific metabolic roles of Drosophila PDGF/VEGF-like factors (Pvfs). We combine genetic approaches and single-nuclei sequencing to demonstrate that muscle-derived Pvf1 signals to the Drosophila hepatocyte-like cells/oenocytes to suppress lipid synthesis by activating the Pi3K/Akt1/TOR signaling cascade in the oenocytes. Functionally, this signaling axis regulates expansion of adipose tissue lipid stores in newly eclosed flies. Flies emerge after pupation with limited adipose tissue lipid stores and lipid level is progressively accumulated via lipid synthesis. We find that adult muscle-specific expression of pvf1 increases rapidly during this stage and that muscle-to-oenocyte Pvf1 signaling inhibits expansion of adipose tissue lipid stores as the process reaches completion. Our findings provide the first evidence in a metazoan of a PDGF/VEGF ligand acting as a myokine that regulates systemic lipid homeostasis by activating TOR in hepatocyte-like cells.

Download Full-text