Dietary Soluble Fiber Improved Fecal Consistency in Burned Patients with Diarrhea

Backgrounds: Diarrhea frequently occurs in severely burned patients attributable to impaired intestinal integrity and dysbiosis. Soluble fiber may improve intestinal barrier function, avoid bacterial translocation, then subsequently prevent and treat diarrhea. Soluble fiber is rapidly fermented by commensal bacteria and produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Case Reports: A 51-year-old male with severe burn injury involving 53,5% total body surface area (TBSA) and diarrhea were given soluble fiber as part of his diet. Results: Administration of 6–10 g/d soluble fiber clinically improves stool consistency, assessed by Bristol Stool Scale, in the severely burned patient. The patient was discharged after 19 days of hospitalization with improvement in clinical condition. Summary: SCFA maintains intestinal integrity, supports the growth of commensal bacteria, and inhibits pathogens. There is no specific recommendation regarding fiber intake in burned patients

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Alcohol ingestion before burn injury decreases splanchnic blood flow and oxygen delivery

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00797.2004 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 288 (2) ◽

pp. H716-H721 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Mashkoor A. Choudhry ◽

Zheng F. Ba ◽

Shadab N. Rana ◽

Kirby I. Bland ◽

Irshad H. Chaudry

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Oxygen Delivery ◽

Burn Injury ◽

Total Body Surface Area ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Alcohol Ingestion ◽

Splanchnic Blood Flow ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Proinflammatory Mediators

Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that alcohol and burn injury impair intestinal barrier and immune functions. Although multiple factors can contribute to impaired intestinal barrier function, such an alteration could result from a decrease in intestinal blood flow (BF) and oxygen delivery (Do2). Therefore, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that alcohol ingestion before burn injury reduces splanchnic blood flow and oxygen delivery. Rats (250 g) were gavaged with alcohol to achieve a blood ethanol level in the range of 100 mg/dl before burn or sham injury (25% total body surface area). Day 1 after injury, animals were anesthetized with methoxyflurane. Blood pressure, cardiac output (CO), ±dP/d t, organ BF (in ml·min−1·100 g−1), and Do2 (in mg·ml−1·100 g−1) were determined. CO and organ BF were determined using a radioactive microsphere technique. Our results indicate that blood pressure, CO, and +dP/d t were decreased in rats receiving a combined insult of alcohol and burn injury compared with rats receiving either burn injury or alcohol alone. This is accompanied by a decrease in BF and Do2 to the liver and intestine. No significant change in BF to the coronary arteries (heart), brain, lung, skin, and muscles was observed after alcohol and burn injury. In conclusion, the results presented here suggest that alcohol ingestion before burn injury reduces splanchnic BF and Do2. Such decreases in BF and Do2 may cause hypoxic insult to the intestine and liver. Although a hypoxic insult to the liver would result in a release of proinflammatory mediators, a similar insult to the intestine will likely perturb both intestinal immune cell and barrier functions, as observed in our previous study.

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Effects of Fermented Feed on the Growth Performance, Intestinal Function and Microbiota of Piglets Weaned at Different Age

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1063432/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shuai Liu ◽

Yunxia Xiong ◽

Jingping Chen ◽

Hao Xiao ◽

Qiwen Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Barrier Function ◽

Control Diet ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Intestinal Function ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Fermented Feed

Abstract BACKGROUND: The beneficial function of fermented feed in livestock industry has been widely investigated. However, little is known about the effects of fermented feed on different weaned-day piglets. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fermented diet on the growth performance, intestinal function and microbiota of piglets weaned at age of 21 days and 28 days.RESULTS: The results found that weaning on d 21 significantly increased (P < 0.05) ADG, and ADFI (calculated based on wet weight and dry matter), while reduced (P < 0.05) F: G, the activities of trypsin and lipase of jejunum and villus height of ileum, compared with 28-d weaning. The protein levels of Occludin, Claudin-1, ZO-1 of ileum in the groups weaning on d 21 were less (P < 0.05) than the groups weaning on d 28. Moreover, dietary supplementation with fermented diet upregulated (P < 0.05) Occludin, Claudin-1, ZO-1 proteins of ileum, compared with the groups treated with control diet both weaning on d 21 and d 28. In addition, dietary supplementation with fermented diet decreased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Clostridia (class) and increased (P < 0.05) Bacteroidia (class) level of cecal microbiota, compared with the groups treated with control diet both weaning on d 21 and d 28. However, supplementation with fermented diet did not affect the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in the cecum (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: Therefore, our data suggest that feed digestibility is improved in piglets weaned at 21 days, but intestinal barrier function is weaker than in piglets weaned at 28 days. However, compared with feeding control diet, supplementation with fermented diet both improved feed conversion and intestinal barrier function of weaned piglets by modulating intestinal microbiota.

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Fiber substrates in the nutrition of weaned piglets – a review

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.1515/aoas-2016-0077 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 627-644 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Marianna Flis ◽

Wiesław Sobotka ◽

Zofia Antoszkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Dietary Fiber ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Weaned Piglets ◽

Oat Hulls ◽

Insoluble Dietary Fiber ◽

Diarrhea Incidence

Abstract The present review summarizes the results of 37 experiments in which different types and levels (from 0.5 to 29.7%) of fibrous supplements were used in the formulation of diets for weaned piglets. Diets were supplemented with different sources of insoluble dietary fiber (iDF), soluble dietary fiber (sDF), or mixed DF sources. Most of the applied DF sources decreased the ileal and fecal organic matter digestibility, and they often lowered crude protein digestibility. A moderate addition (1.5-8%) of iDF sources increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) and, frequently, average daily gains (ADG). Sources of sDF as well as high inclusion levels of fiber-rich feeds tended to decrease ADFI and ADG. Improved fecal consistency, decreased diarrhea incidence and antibiotic interventions were confirmed in piglets fed diets with added lignocellulose, cooked or raw oat hulls and wheat bran. The dietary inclusion of iDF rather than sDF sources improved gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, enzyme activity and gut morphology. An increase in the counts of beneficial gut microbiota and the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids was stimulated by diets with addition iDF or sDF sources. Such diets also slowed down proteolytic fermentation which negatively affects the colonic mucosa. Some research findings indicate that iDF sources improve intestinal barrier function. The analyzed experimental data suggest that the addition of 1.5-2% of a lignocellulose preparation, 2% of oat hulls, 4-8% of coarse wheat bran to diets for weaned piglets may be recommended to promote GIT development and health, and to improve growth performance.

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Effects of Synbiotics to Prevent Postoperative Infectious Complications in Highly Invasive Abdominal Surgery

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000479920 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 71 (Suppl. 1) ◽

pp. 23-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yukihiro Yokoyama ◽

Takashi Asahara ◽

Koji Nomoto ◽

Masato Nagino

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Abdominal Surgery ◽

Bacterial Translocation ◽

Barrier Function ◽

Intestinal Microflora ◽

Surgical Stress ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function

Postoperative infectious complication (POIC) is one of the most common complications following highly invasive abdominal surgeries, such as hepatectomy, esophagectomy, and pancreatoduodenectomy. The surgical stress temporarily deteriorates the intestinal microenvironment, and the fecal concentrations of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus decrease following highly invasive abdominal surgery. In parallel with these changes, the concentrations of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid also decrease after surgery. In contrast, the fecal concentration of lactic acid increases under this condition because of the deterioration of the metabolism from lactic acid to SCFAs by normal intestinal microflora. Decreased fecal concentration of SCFAs may lead to an impaired intestinal barrier function under stressful condition. Translocation of bacteria from the gut to lymphatic and bloodstream leads to bacteremia and subsequent POICs. The incidence of POICs in patients with unhealthy intestinal microflora before surgery may be more because their intestine is more susceptible to bacterial translocation induced by surgical stress. Therefore, improving the intestinal microenvironment and intestinal barrier function before surgery is crucial to prevent POICs following highly invasive abdominal surgeries. In this regard, the use preoperative synbiotics therapy may be one of the effective ways because it has been shown to improve intestinal microflora, increase fecal SCFAs, prevent bacterial translocation, and reduce the incidence of POICs in several randomized controlled trial in patients undergoing highly invasive abdominal surgeries.

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Probiotics supplementation and insulin resistance: a systematic review

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome ◽

10.1186/s13098-020-00603-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bárbara Izabel Moraes Salles ◽

Débora Cioffi ◽

Sandra Roberta G. Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Medical Subject Headings

Abstract Background Research on intestinal microbiota has grown considerably, as well as the interest on probiotics’ supplementation effects on metabolism. Considering high prevalence rates of metabolic diseases linked by insulin resistance, we performed a systematic review of existing literature which addressed the role of probiotics in modulating insulin sensitivity in animals and humans. Methods This systematic review was based on PRISMA guidelines. Searches for original articles published in English from 1990 to January 2020 were made in the electronic database of PubMed from the National Library of Medicine, using Medical Subject Headings to identify longitudinal studies conducted in animals and humans which reported effects of probiotics in a variety of insulin resistance parameters. Results Overall, results from 27 probiotic interventions (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium and Akkermansia) indicated significant beneficial changes in insulin resistance measures in animal studies. Additionally, they improved lipid profile, inflammatory and oxidative markers, short-chain fatty acids production and microbiota composition. In seven clinical trials, samples and designs were heterogeneous. Five showed benefits in insulin resistance parameters and in two others no effect was detected. Conclusion Available data regarding the effects of certain probiotics do not guarantee sustained amelioration of insulin resistance in humans. Consistent beneficial results for intestinal barrier function, immune system and metabolism were reported in animals may encourage long-term randomized clinical trials in people with obesity and cardiometabolic risk. Whether supplementation with probiotics in combination with medications and/or prebiotics, associated with a healthy lifestyle, will prove useful to attenuate insulin resistance requires further investigation.

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Soluble Fiber and Insoluble Fiber Regulate Colonic Microbiota and Barrier Function in a Piglet Model

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/7809171 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tingting Chen ◽

Daiwen Chen ◽

Gang Tian ◽

Ping Zheng ◽

Xiangbing Mao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Fiber ◽

Barrier Function ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Soluble Fiber ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Soluble Dietary Fiber ◽

Insoluble Dietary Fiber ◽

Colonic Microbiota ◽

Insoluble Fiber

The main purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of soluble and insoluble fiber on colonic bacteria and intestinal barrier function in a piglet model. A total of 24 piglets (25 ± 1 d old; 7.50 ± 0.31 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments: basal diet (control, CON), 1% insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) diet, 1% soluble dietary fiber (SDF) diet, and 0.5% insoluble fiber + 0.5% soluble dietary fiber (MDF) diet. The trial lasted 28 days. SDF-fed piglets showed a higher P<0.05 bacterial a-diversity (observed_species, chao1, and ACE) and a higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, Solobacterium, Succinivibrio, Blautia, and Atopobium in colonic digesta than CON, IDF, and MDF groups P<0.05. At the same time, Bacteroidetes, Euryarchaeota, Phascolarctobacterium, Coprococcus_1, and Prevotella_1 were significantly increased in the IDF group when compared with CON, SDF, and MDF groups P<0.05. Furthermore, Bacteroidetes and Enterobacteriaceae, Selenomonas, Phascolarctobacterium, and AlloprevotellaP<0.05 were significantly higher in the MDF group than those in the other three groups P<0.05. SDF diet increased the concentrations of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) in colonic digesta P<0.05 when compared with the CON group and enhanced weight index of the colon P<0.05 than the CON and IDF groups. Furthermore, compared with the CON group, SDF, IDF, and MDF diets all upregulated the mRNA expressions of claudin-1 (CLDN-1) in colonic mucosa P<0.05, SDF and IDF diets upregulated the mRNA expressions of mucin 2 (MUC2) P<0.05, SDF diet increased mRNA expressions of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and occludin (OCLN), while the IDF group enhanced the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations P<0.05, respectively. IDF and MDF diets decreased expressions of TNF-αP<0.05. We concluded that the influence of soluble fiber on colonic microbiota was more extensive than that of insoluble fiber. Moreover, soluble fiber could more effectively improve colonic barrier function by upregulating gene expressions of the gut barrier.

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Shifts in microbiota species and fermentation products in a dietary model enriched in fat and sucrose

Beneficial Microbes ◽

10.3920/bm2013.0097 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 97-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

U. Etxeberria ◽

N. Arias ◽

N. Boqué ◽

M.T. Macarulla ◽

M.P. Portillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Fermentation Products ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Male Wistar Rats

The gastrointestinal tract harbours a ‘superorganism’ called the gut microbiota, which is known to play a crucial role in the onset and development of diverse diseases. This internal ecosystem, far from being a static environment, can be manipulated by diet and dietary components. Feeding animals with high-fat sucrose (HFS) diets entails diet-induced obesity, a model which is usually used in research to mimic the obese phenotype of Western societies. The aim of the present study was to identify gut microbiota dysbiosis and associated metabolic changes produced in male Wistar rats fed a HFS diet for 6 weeks and compare it with the basal microbial composition. For this purpose, DNA extracted from faeces at baseline and after treatment was analysed by amplification of the V4-V6 region of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene using 454 pyrosequencing. Short-chain fatty acids, i.e. acetate, propionate and butyrate, were also evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. At the end of the treatment, gut microbiota composition significantly differed at phylum level (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria) and class level (Erisypelotrichi, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia and Bacilli). Interestingly, the class Clostridia showed a significant decrease after HFS diet treatment, which correlated with visceral adipose tissue, and is likely mediated by dietary carbohydrates. Of particular interest, Clostridium cluster XIVa species were significantly reduced and changes were identified in the relative abundance of other specific bacterial species (Mitsuokella jalaludinii, Eubacterium ventriosum, Clostridium sp. FCB90-3, Prevotella nanceiensis, Clostridium fusiformis, Clostridium sp. BNL1100 and Eubacterium cylindroides) that, in some cases, showed opposite trends to their relative families. These results highlight the relevance of characterising gut microbial population differences at species level and contribute to understand the plausible link between diet and specific gut bacterial species that are able to influence the inflammatory status, intestinal barrier function and obesity development.

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Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin M1 Induce Compromised Intestinal Integrity through Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13030184 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 184

Author(s):

Yanan Gao ◽

Xiaoyu Bao ◽

Lu Meng ◽

Huimin Liu ◽

Jiaqi Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Simultaneous Exposure ◽

Intestinal Integrity

With the growing diversity and complexity of diet, humans are at risk of simultaneous exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which are well-known contaminants in dairy and other agricultural products worldwide. The intestine represents the first barrier against external contaminants; however, evidence about the combined effect of AFB1 and AFM1 on intestinal integrity is lacking. In vivo, the serum biochemical parameters related to intestinal barrier function, ratio of villus height/crypt depth, and distribution pattern of claudin-1 and zonula occluden-1 were significantly affected in mice exposed to 0.3 mg/kg b.w. AFB1 and 3.0 mg/kg b.w. AFM1. In vitro results on differentiated Caco-2 cells showed that individual and combined AFB1 (0.5 and 4 μg/mL) and AFM1 (0.5 and 4 μg/mL) decreased cell viability and trans-epithelial electrical resistance values as well as increased paracellular permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, AFM1 aggravated AFB1-induced compromised intestinal barrier, as demonstrated by the down-regulation of tight junction proteins and their redistribution, particularly internalization. Adding the inhibitor chlorpromazine illustrated that clathrin-mediated endocytosis partially contributed to the compromised intestinal integrity. Synergistic and additive effects were the predominant interactions, suggesting that these toxins are likely to have negative effects on human health.

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