A Study on the Relationship between Arrival Time Interval and Waiting Ratio of Ships at Ports

Although it is socially and ethically important not to be late for a specified arrival time, late arrivals sometimes happen to people using public transportation. Although many methods aim to smooth a user's movement by providing useful information, there are few approaches to prevent late arrivals due to psychological factors. In this research, to make a user's arrival time earlier and thus prevent late arrival, we propose a method that manipulates time allowance by presenting information based on a psychological and cognitive tendency. We apply this method to a vehicle timetable system for the purpose of preventing public transit users from arriving after a target vehicle's departure time. Our proposed timetable system manipulates the time intervals between a user's target vehicle and other vehicles by introducing fictional elements such as hidden vehicles and inserted fictional vehicles. This method uses the relationship between the time allowance and the departure time interval, and it can make a user desire and accept arriving at a station earlier. We implemented a prototype system and conducted four experiments. The evaluation results confirmed that our proposed method is effective for changing a user's time allowance and actual arrival time.

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Impact of diet on the immunological microenvironment of the pregnant uterus and its relationship to allergic disease in the offspring: a review of the recent literature

Sao Paulo Medical Journal ◽

10.1590/s1516-31802006000500013 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 124 (5) ◽

pp. 298-303 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Daniella Campelo Batalha Cox Moore ◽

Pedro Xavier Elsas ◽

Elisabeth Santos Maximiano ◽

Maria Ignez Capella Gaspar Elsas

Keyword(s):

Allergic Disease ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Perinatal Period ◽

Time Interval ◽

Industrialized Countries ◽

Pregnant Uterus ◽

Medical Progress ◽

Immunological Profile ◽

Dietary Content ◽

The Relationship

Medical progress has reduced the mortality from infectious diseases in most countries, but allergic diseases have become more prevalent worldwide over the same period, especially in industrialized countries. This has prompted speculation that modern lifestyles have altered the relationship between heredity and environment so as to promote development of an atopic phenotype when exposure to infection decreases. A healthy uterine microenvironment is known to favor Th2 lymphocyte development. However, some evidence suggests that persistence of the Th2 pattern of immunity directs the developing organism's immune response towards a long-lasting atopic phenotype. Even though the outcome also depends on other factors (such as infection, functional state of the intestinal microflora, and exposure to environmental allergens at times critical to development), it seems that the immune system during the perinatal period is responsive to interventions that are no longer effective in adulthood. We have reviewed the literature accessible through Medline to identify recent advances in the prevention of allergic disease through interventions in the fetal-maternal relationship. Diet seems to have a significant impact on the immunological profile of the pregnant uterus, as well as on the postnatal development of allergic disease in the offspring, as suggested by the effects of probiotic bacteria and by manipulations of the dietary content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants. This highlights the need for further studies, in order to define the best intervention methods, the most appropriate time interval and the individuals who will most likely benefit from them.

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Hubungan Perilaku Perdagangan Investor Dengan Volume Perdagangan Di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Jurnal Manajemen Teori dan Terapan | Journal of Theory and Applied Management ◽

10.20473/jmtt.v2i1.2377 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ghazali Syamni

Keyword(s):

Trading Volume ◽

Stock Exchange ◽

Time Interval ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Using Data ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Order Pattern ◽

Over Time

This paper examines the relationship of behavior trading investor using data detailed transaction history-corporate edition demand and order history in Indonesia Stock Exchange during period of March, April and May 2005. Peculiarly, behavior placing of investor order at trading volume. The result of this paper indicates that trading volume order pattern to have pattern U shape. The pattern happened that investors have strong desires to places order at the opening and close of compared to in trading periods. While the largest orders are of market at the opening indicates that investor is more conservatively when opening, where many orders when opening has not happened transaction to match. In placing order both of investor does similar strategy. By definition, informed investors’ orders more large than uninformed investors. If comparison of order examined hence both investors behavior relatively changes over time. But, statistically shows there is not ratio significant. This implies behavior trading of informed investors and uninformed investors stable relative over time. The result from regression analysis indicates that informed investors to correlate at trading volume in all time intervals, but not all uninformed investors correlates in every time interval. This imply investor order inform is more can explain trading volume pattern compared to uninformed investor order in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Finally, result of regression also finds that order status match has greater role determines trading volume pattern intraday especially informed buy match and informed sale match. While amend, open and withdraw unable to have role to determine intraday trading volume pattern.

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Characteristics Analysis of the Photons Arrival Time Interval of Laser Beat Signal

Acta Optica Sinica ◽

10.3788/aos201232.0403001 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 0403001 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

刘立生 Liu Lisheng ◽

张合勇 Zhang Heyong ◽

赵帅 Zhao Shuai ◽

郭劲 Guo Jin

Keyword(s):

Arrival Time ◽

Beat Signal ◽

Time Interval ◽

Characteristics Analysis

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Atmospheric Temperature and CO2: Hen-or-Egg Causality?

Sci ◽

10.3390/sci2040077 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Demetris Koutsoyiannis ◽

Zbigniew Kundzewicz

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Common Knowledge ◽

Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Atmospheric Temperature ◽

Time Interval ◽

Reverse Causality ◽

Time Step ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

It is common knowledge that increasing CO2 concentration plays a major role in enhancement of the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming. The purpose of this study is to complement the conventional and established theory that increased CO2 concentration due to human emissions causes an increase of temperature, by considering the reverse causality. Since increased temperature causes an increase in CO2 concentration, the relationship of atmospheric CO2 and temperature may qualify as belonging to the category of “hen-or-egg” problems, where it is not always clear which of two interrelated events is the cause and which the effect. We examine the relationship of global temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at the monthly time step, covering the time interval 1980–2019, in which reliable instrumental measurements are available. While both causality directions exist, the results of our study support the hypothesis that the dominant direction is T → CO2. Changes in CO2 follow changes in T by about six months on a monthly scale, or about one year on an annual scale. We attempt to interpret this mechanism by involving biochemical reactions, as at higher temperatures soil respiration, and hence CO2 emission, are increasing.

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Initiation of each avian inspiration by a CO2 threshold mechanism

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1979.47.1.233 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 233-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. A. Miller ◽

A. L. Kunz

Keyword(s):

Threshold Model ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Threshold Level ◽

Mean Value ◽

Wave Form ◽

Time Interval ◽

Threshold Mechanism ◽

The Mean ◽

The Relationship ◽

Respiratory Movements

The avian respiratory oscillator has been investigated in a unidirectionally ventilated chicken by changing the dynamic pattern of inflow CO2 concentration (FCO2). Stimulation with periodic FCO2 results in a one-to-one synchronization of the respiratory movements that we have called pacing (Respir. Physiol. 22: 167--177, 1974). A two-parameter CO2 threshold model is proposed to explain this behavior. The model states that when FCO2 reaches a threshold level (L), it initiates the beginning of inspiration a constant time interval (LB) later. According to this model, when a triangular FCO2 concentration is used to synchronize the breathing pattern, the time from the minimum of the wave form to the beginning of inspiration (C-B interval) is dependent on the mean value and the rate of rise of FCO2 as determined by period and amplitude of the triangle. Particularly interesting is the prediction that the direction of the relationship (increasing or decreasing) between FCO2 amplitude and the C-B interval is dependent on whether the mean value of FCO2 is above or below the threshold level. Experimental data obtained during amplitude changes support the above prediction.

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Approximating the Temporal Neighbourhood Function of Large Temporal Graphs

Algorithms ◽

10.3390/a12100211 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 211 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pierluigi Crescenzi ◽

Clémence Magnien ◽

Andrea Marino

Keyword(s):

Public Transportation ◽

Arrival Time ◽

Time Interval ◽

Temporal Network ◽

Temporal Networks ◽

Starting Time ◽

Neighborhood Function ◽

Temporal Graphs ◽

Temporal Path

Temporal networks are graphs in which edges have temporal labels, specifying their starting times and their traversal times. Several notions of distances between two nodes in a temporal network can be analyzed, by referring, for example, to the earliest arrival time or to the latest starting time of a temporal path connecting the two nodes. In this paper, we mostly refer to the notion of temporal reachability by using the earliest arrival time. In particular, we first show how the sketch approach, which has already been used in the case of classical graphs, can be applied to the case of temporal networks in order to approximately compute the sizes of the temporal cones of a temporal network. By making use of this approach, we subsequently show how we can approximate the temporal neighborhood function (that is, the number of pairs of nodes reachable from one another in a given time interval) of large temporal networks in a few seconds. Finally, we apply our algorithm in order to analyze and compare the behavior of 25 public transportation temporal networks. Our results can be easily adapted to the case in which we want to refer to the notion of distance based on the latest starting time.

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NUTRITION OF THE HOST AND NATURAL RESISTANCE TO INFECTION

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.89.5.529 ◽

1949 ◽

Vol 89 (5) ◽

pp. 529-539 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Howard A. Schneider

Keyword(s):

Inbred Mouse ◽

Natural Resistance ◽

Single Infection ◽

Mouse Strains ◽

Time Interval ◽

Special Cases ◽

Resistance To Infection ◽

Relationship Of ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

The double strain inoculation (DSI) method of testing for natural resistance to infection has been examined in the instance of mouse salmonellosis. The DSI method has been found capable of detecting differences in natural resistance due to genetic as well as nutritional causes. A difference in response to Salmonella infection was found for the first time between the two "susceptible" inbred mouse strains, BSVR and BSVS. Whereas BSVS mice for the most part survived an intraperitoneal injection of 103 "avirulent" S. typhimurium, BSVR mice all succumbed. The relationship of the DSI test to the usual single infection test has been discussed and it is suggested that such single infection tests are special cases of the DSI test, since they involve a heterogeneous bacterial population which can be considered as a mixture of cultures of differing virulence and in which, by a single injection, the usual time interval between the two injections of the DSI method has been reduced to 0.

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Reproductive Strategies of Demersal and Pelagic Spawning Fish

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f84-194 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 41 (11) ◽

pp. 1565-1569 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

T. C. Lambert ◽

D. M. Ware

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Reproductive Strategies ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Clupea Harengus ◽

Time Interval ◽

Bet Hedging ◽

Atlantic Mackerel ◽

Larval Growth Rate ◽

Mouth Size ◽

The Relationship

The spawning tactic of herring (Clupea harengus) wherein batches of eggs are deposited leading to a succession of larval cohorts is elaborated. We found the time interval between cohorts to be a function of larval growth rate as well as larval mouth size. In view of the relationship with growth rate we suggest a continuum of reproductive strategies with "bet hedging" by herring at one extreme and an "all at once" egg release by Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) at the other.

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Temperature Affects the Time Required to Discern the Relationship between Primary Production and Export Production in the Ocean

Water ◽

10.3390/w13213085 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 3085

Author(s):

Edward Laws ◽

Kanchan Maiti

Keyword(s):

Primary Production ◽

Food Web ◽

Net Primary Production ◽

Weighted Average ◽

Time Interval ◽

High Latitudes ◽

New Production ◽

Return To Equilibrium ◽

Export Production ◽

The Relationship

Knowledge of the relationship between net primary production (NPP) and export production (EP) in the ocean is required to estimate how the ocean’s biological pump is likely to respond to climate change effects. Here, we show with a theoretical food web model that the relationship between NPP and EP is obscured by the following phenomena: (1) food web dynamics, which cause EP to be a weighted average of new production (NP) over a previous temperature-dependent time interval that can vary between several weeks at 25 °C to several months at 0 °C and, hence, to be much less temporally variable than NP and (2) the temperature dependence of the resiliency of the food web to perturbations, which causes the return to equilibrium to vary from roughly 50 days at 0 °C to 5–10 days at 25 °C. The implication is that the relationship between NPP and EP can be discerned at tropical and subtropical latitudes if measurements of NPP and EP are averages or climatologies over a timeframe of roughly one month. At high latitudes, however, measurements may need to be averaged over a timeframe of roughly one year because the food webs at high latitudes are very likely far from equilibrium with respect to NPP and EP much of the time, and the model can describe only the average behavior of such physically dynamic systems.

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