scholarly journals Anatomy and morphometry of the skull of Amazona aestiva (Linnaeus, 1758; Psittaciformes, Aves)

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Galvão de Souza ◽  
Artur da Nobrega Carreiro ◽  
Brunna Muniz Rodrigues Falcão ◽  
Débora Vitória Fernandes de Araújo ◽  
Michel Gonçalves de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Wild Animal ◽  
Maximum Width ◽  
Skull Length ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Cranial Kinesis ◽  
Bone Structures ◽  
Skull Bones

Obtaining craniometric data is key to establishing parameters that can help in the anatomic identification and understanding of species. The aim of the present study was to establish the craniometric data and describe the main skull bones and structures of Amazona aestiva, which has become common in veterinary clinics, originated from the legalized purchase or trafficking of animals. A total of 20 adult specimens were used, donated for studies by the Paraíba Wild Animal Screening Center (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres da Paraíba (CETAS-PB)/IBAMA-PB, Brazil. The skulls were dissected and macerated with water. First were identified the frontal, maxilla, mandible, nasal, jugal and quadrate bones that served as a base to identify other bone structures that were then compared with the skull of other bird species already described in the literature, especially psitacids. Values were obtained by measuring with a digital pachymeter, and the maximum skull length was 63.0 mm, the maximum width 33.0 mm and the rhamphotheca was 33.8 mm long. No significant differences were observed between males and females and well developed cranial kinesis was a remarkable characteristic of the species. The data obtained serve as a base to identify and characterize the species. These data can also aid in the clinic, imaging and veterinary surgery.

scholarly journals A multivariate study of variation in two species of rock crab of the genus Leptograpsus

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Campbell ◽  
RJ Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Carapace Length ◽  
Carapace Width ◽  
The Body ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Multivariate Approach ◽  
Maximum Width ◽  
Multivariate Study ◽  
Rock Crab ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Colour Form

A multivariate approach has been used to study morphological variation in the blue and orange-form species of rock crab of the genus Leptograpsus. Objective criteria for the identification of the two species are established, based on the following characters: width of the frontal region of the carapace; width of the posterior region of the carapace (rear width); length of the carapace along the midline; maximum width of the carapace; and the depth of the body. The first canonical variate, which differentiates between the two species, represents a contrast between the carapace width relative to the width of the front lip and the depth of the body; the blue-form species has a greater relative carapace width than has the orange form. The second canonical variate, which presents a contrast between the rear width and the carapace length, identifies males and females within each species; males have a greater relative carapace length than have females. All individuals, including 20 not used in the study, were correctly identified for colour form. The clear separation of the blue and orange forms achieved by canonical analysis supports the previously determined specific status of the two forms.

scholarly journals Multivariate analysis of cranial measurements of Cameroon’s Blue Duiker (Cephalophusmonticola Thunberg, 1789)

2020 ◽  
pp. 016-021
Author(s):  
Miantsia Olivier IngFokam ◽  
Félix Meutchieye ◽  
Angwafo PrEvaristus Tsi
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Humid Forest ◽  
Skull Length ◽  
Cranial Measurements ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Blue Duiker ◽  
Basal Length

The blue duiker (Cephalophusmonticola)isexclusively an African wild bovidae. It is a principal source of protein in the African forest zones and contributes in the nutrition of local populations. Fifteen cranial measurements on 60 skulls using the opportunist’s method as from January 2018 to December2018. Descriptive statistic and multivariate analysis were done using SPSS version 21.0software and XLSTAT-Pro version 7.5.2 software. It reveals that, there exist a significant difference between males and females skull (p>0.05): total length of skull 114.32 ± .81 and 121.71 ± 1.77; Palate maximal width 35.24 ± .75 and 44.96 ± 14.80; postorbital apophyses width 23.34 ± 1.11and 36.26 ± 1.79; Palatine length 55.31 ± 1.16 and 66.52 ± 1.86; condyle basal length 96.53 ± 1.26 and 105.43 ± 3.05 for the males and females respectively. We have a high positive correlation between the jugal teeth line length and the total skull length (0.973); between palatine length and the total skull length (0.990) and, between condyle basal length and the total skull length (0.993). The principal component analysis (PCA) enable us to see the level of genetics variabilities of blue duiker through skull measurements. These variables measurement are close together from one to another where there is a high similarity between species. Despite these similarities, the population structure of blue duiker shows three sub-species of blue duiker C1, C2 and C3 found respectively in the agro ecological zones of the Western highlands, Mono-modal humid forest and Bimodal humid forest. These three sub-species varies genetically.

scholarly journals Evidence of breeding activity of subadult Turdus thrushes in Argentina

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-152
Author(s):  
Exequiel Barboza ◽  
Patricia Capllonch ◽  
Fernando Diego Ortiz ◽  
Alex E. Jahn
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Life History ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Brood Patch ◽  
Breeding Condition ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Subadult Female

AbstractLittle is known about the age at which many Neotropical bird species first attempt to breed. We evaluated the breeding condition of 515 adult and subadult males and females among four species of Turdus thrushes (T. nigriceps, T. chiguanco, T. amaurochalinus and T. rufiventris) in Tucumán, Argentina during three breeding seasons (2015 to 2018). We registered a total of 126 individuals with brood patches and cloacal protuberances, which accounted for 24.5% of thrushes in breeding condition that we sampled. Forty thrushes had a brood patch (31.7% of those in breeding condition), of which 11 were subadults (8.7%). Eighty-six thrushes (68.3%) had a swollen cloacal protuberance, 18 of which were subadults (14.3%). Only a few of the subadults in breeding condition built nests, incubated eggs or raised nestlings. Of 130 nests we found, only 3 belonged to a subadult thrush (in all cases, a subadult female with an adult social mate), one of which was successful. Further research on these patterns among various Neotropical bird species could lead to important insights into the life history strategies that characterize different populations, and how these ultimately affect their population dynamics.

scholarly journals Sex-Specific Selection Drives the Evolution of Alternative Splicing in Birds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea F Rogers ◽  
Daniela H Palmer ◽  
Alison E Wright
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Gene Expression Level ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Specific Adaptation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Males and females of the same species share the majority of their genomes, yet they are frequently exposed to conflicting selection pressures. Gene regulation is widely assumed to resolve these conflicting sex-specific selection pressures, and although there has been considerable focus on elucidating the role of gene expression level in sex-specific adaptation, other regulatory mechanisms have been overlooked. Alternative splicing enables different transcripts to be generated from the same gene, meaning that exons which have sex-specific beneficial effects can in theory be retained in the gene product, whereas exons with detrimental effects can be skipped. However, at present, little is known about how sex-specific selection acts on broad patterns of alternative splicing. Here, we investigate alternative splicing across males and females of multiple bird species. We identify hundreds of genes that have sex-specific patterns of splicing and establish that sex differences in splicing are correlated with phenotypic sex differences. Additionally, we find that alternatively spliced genes have evolved rapidly as a result of sex-specific selection and suggest that sex differences in splicing offer another route to sex-specific adaptation when gene expression level changes are limited by functional constraints. Overall, our results shed light on how a diverse transcriptional framework can give rise to the evolution of phenotypic sexual dimorphism.

Male and female song structure and singing behaviour in the duetting eastern whipbird, Psophodes olivaceus

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy C. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Song Repertoire ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Paired Female ◽  
Song Types

In many tropical bird species, partners combine their songs to form precise duets, of which the function is imperfectly understood. Duet structure and sex differences in vocal strategies may be important indicators of different selective pressures that have led to the evolution and maintenance of these complex acoustic displays. This study examines the singing behaviour of a population of the eastern whipbird, a bird that forms antiphonal duets initiated exclusively by the male. In all, 7% of duets recorded were between a paired female and a male other than her social partner. Males sang more often than females, their songs were longer and moved through a wider frequency range, and they had a larger song repertoire. Females sang two types of song: response songs, used primarily in a duet context, and structurally distinct solo songs, typically used during interactions with other females. Eastern whipbirds lacked unique song types among the repertoires of individual males and females. Males and females combined songs non-randomly to produce specific duets that were shared across the population. Results suggested that song and duet type matching might play an important role in intrasex interactions, such as defence of a territory, or a partner, from same-sex intruders.

scholarly journals Molecular sexing and intersexual differences in the morphometry of the Hangnest Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus nidipendulus (Passeriformes: Rhynchocyclidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Reinaldo T. Medeiros ◽  
Flávia G. Chaves ◽  
Maurício B. Vecchi ◽  
Denise M. Nogueira ◽  
Maria Alice S. Alves
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Molecular Sexing ◽  
Molecular Configuration ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Males And Females

Variation in the morphometry of individuals in a population may result from natural or sexual selection. In the present study we investigated morphometric differences between males and females of a bird species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, the Hangnest Tody-Tyrant, Hemitriccus nidipendulus (Wied, 1831), with no apparent sexual dimorphism. All individuals (n = 56) were sexed by PCR amplification of the intronic fragments of the CHDZ/CHDW alleles obtained from blood samples, and 12 morphometric measurements were recorded. The molecular configuration was similar to that described for other species of Passeriformes, with males presenting a single band of approximately 360 base pairs (bp), and females with two bands of 360 and 400 bp. Males had significantly larger tarsi and wings than the females, while the females had two larger beak measurements. This indicates that differential selection pressures may be modeling the morphometry of the Hangnest Tody-Tyrant. In the males, larger tarsi and wings may be beneficial for the exploration of the habitat or the acquisition of potential mates, while females with larger beaks may be able to exploit larger food items and forage more efficiently. However, these hypotheses need to be tested empirically in future studies.

Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on the Skull Bones of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.P. Choudhary ◽  
Priyanka . ◽  
P.C. Kalita ◽  
Ozan Gündemir ◽  
Keneisenuo . ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Cranial Cavity ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Orbital Margin ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Scanty Information ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Skull Bones

Background: There is scanty information on the morphometry of the skull of Indian mithun; therefore, the present study was designed to provide morphometric data of the skull of Indian mithun. Methods: The study was conducted on the skull bones of twelve (n=12) adult Indian mithun of either sex (n=6, male and n=6, female). The head region samples of naturally died mithun were collected from different parts of the Mizoram and Nagaland states of India from September, 2019 to March, 2020. In the present study, altogether, a total of forty-five parameters were taken in the skull bones of males and females of Indian mithun. Result: The biometrical observations on the different parameters of the skull of Indian mithun were found to be significantly (P less than 0.01, P less than 0.05) higher in the males than females. The measurements demonstrated that the skull of the mithun was elongated and dolichocephalic as per the value of the skull index. The skull index/ cephalic index was 48.76±0.03 in males and 48.71±0.02 in females of the mithun. The length, width of the skull was 44.52±0.02, 44.41±0.02 in males and 21.62±0.04, 21.57±0.05 in females of mithun, respectively. The orbital margin was circular and complete in mithun. The cranial cavity of mithun was oval in outline with a capacity of 530.00±0.27 cm3 in males and 523.00±0.31 cm3 in females. The foramen magnum was large, roughly oval with a foramen index as 96.93±0.06 in males and 97.19±0.04 in females. The present morphometrical studies on the skull of mithun can be useful to the wildlife professionals and zoo veterinarians for the determination of sex of this animal and distinguish from other domestic and wild animals for solving veterolegal cases.

scholarly journals Production of plumage ornaments among males and females of two closely related tropical passerine bird species

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 4024-4034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik D. Enbody ◽  
Samantha M. Lantz ◽  
Jordan Karubian
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Passerine Bird ◽  
Males And Females

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Singing and Duetting Behavior of Neotropical Rufous-and-White Wrens (Thryothorus Rufalbus)

The Auk ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Mennill ◽  
Sandra L. Vehrencamp
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Repertoire Size ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Conflict And Cooperation ◽  
Singing Behavior ◽  
Singing Activity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Thryothorus Rufalbus ◽  
Song Types

AbstractIn many tropical bird species, males and females sing together in coordinated vocal duets. Although studies of duetting present unique opportunities for understanding conflict and cooperation between the sexes, very few investigations describe the similarities and differences between male and female singing behaviors. Here, we present the first detailed account of the singing behavior of Rufous-and-white Wrens (Thryothorus rufalbus), a resident tropical duetting songbird. Male and female songs share a similar structure, yet show pronounced sex differences. Male songs have lower frequency characteristics and more repeated trill syllables, and often sound louder than female songs. Males sing more than females, and only males show elevated song output at dawn. Both males and females have song repertoires. Males have an average repertoire size of 10.8 song types, whereas females have a significantly smaller average repertoire size of 8.5 song types. Although males share proportionately more of their song types with neighbors than females do, both sexes share more song types with nearby individuals than with distant individuals. Breeding partners combine their solo songs to create duets. Duets assume a variety of different forms, ranging from simple, overlapping male and female songs to complex combinations of multiple male and female songs. Most duets (73%) are created by females responding to male song. Males respond to female-initiated duets with shorter latencies than when females respond to male-initiated duets. Each pair sings certain combinations of song types in duets more often than can be explained by random association, which demonstrates that Rufous-and-white Wrens have duet types. The most common duet type was different for each pair. Our results show that Rufous-and-white Wrens have pronounced sex differences in song structure, singing activity, repertoire size, repertoire sharing, and duetting behavior.Diferencias entre Sexos en el Canto y Comportamiento de Dueto en Thryothorus rufalbus

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