scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics and tissue residue of toltrazuril in broiler chickens

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Soliman
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Tissue Residue ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Residence Times ◽  
Broiler Feed

<p>The pharmacokinetics and tissue residue of toltrazuril (Baycox<sup>®</sup>, Bayer Animal Health) were investigated in broiler chickens after repeated oral administrations of 7 mg/kg b.wt once daily for two consecutive days. Chickens were subjected to clinical diagnosis to ensure that each one is free from any Eimeria was received a standard broiler feed free from any medications. The results revealed that following repeated oral administration; toltrazuril peaked in blood with [C<sub>max</sub>] of 6.56 and 6.70 μg/ml at [T<sub>max</sub>] of 2.56 and 2.52 hours and the elimination half-life [t<sub>1/2β</sub>] of 14.92 and 16.19 hours and the mean residence times (MRT) were 21.33 and 23.14 hours after first and second doses, respectively. The tissue level concentrations were highest in the kidney and decreased in the following order: liver &gt; lung &gt; heart &gt; muscle &gt; skin and fat. No toltrazuril residues were detected in tissues and plasma after 8 days.</p>

Symbolic Equation for the Instantaneous Amount of Substance in Linear Compartmental Systems

2011 ◽  
pp. 348-379
Author(s):  
J.M. Villalba ◽  
R. Varón ◽  
E. Arribas ◽  
R. Diaz-Sierra ◽  
F. Garcia-Sevilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Transient Phase ◽  
State Equations ◽  
Amount Of Substance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Symbolic Equation ◽  
Mean Residence Times ◽  
User Friendly

The symbolic time course equations corresponding to a general model of a linear compartmental system, closed or open, with or without traps and with zero input are presented in this chapter. From here, the steady state equations are obtained easily from the transient phase equations by setting the time towards infinite. Special attention is given to the open systems, for which an exhaustive kinetic analysis has been developed to obtain important properties. Besides, the results are particularized to open systems without traps. The software COEFICOM, easy to use and with a user-friendly format of the input of data and the output of results, allows the user to obtain the symbolic expressions of the coefficients involved in the general symbolic equation and all the information necessary to derive the symbolic time course equations for closed or open systems as well as for the derivation of the mean residence times.

Pharmacokinetics of Once-Daily Ip Gentamicin in Capd Patients

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chai Luan Low ◽  
George R. Bailie ◽  
Anne Evans ◽  
George Eisele ◽  
Richard A. Venezia
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Open Study ◽  
Residual Renal Function ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Peritoneal Membrane ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
The Mean

Objective This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of once-daily intraperitoneal (IP) gentamicin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Design Prospective, nonrandomized, open study. Setting CAPD outpatient clinic in a teaching hospital. Patients Ten volunteer CAPD patients without peritonitis. Interventions Each patient received a single IP dose of 0.6 mg/kg of gentamicin. Blood and dialysate samples were collected at 0,0.5,1, 2, 3,6 (end of first dwell), and 24 hours after the administration of IP gentamicin. Any urine produced over the 24hour study period was also collected. The dialysate concentration/time data were fitted to a monoexponential curve for all patients. Results The bioavailability was 56±11% over a six hour dwell. The mean serum elimination half-life (t1/2) was 35.8 hours. The volume of distribution was 0.23±0.08 L/kg. Equilibration of gentamicin across the peritoneal membrane was rapid, with a t½ equilibration of 4.5 hours. The peritoneal clearance was 5.74±1.5 mL/min. Patients with residual renal function had significantly higher systemic gentamicin clearances (7.36±1.46 mL/min) than those of anuric patients (4.76±1.08 mL/min, p < 0.024). Conclusion Currently recommended doses of oncedaily IP gentamicin for the treatment of peritonitis may not produce the desired therapeutic serum and dialysate concentrations over 24 hours for effective treatment of peritonitis.

Environmental tritium measurements and lumped parameter modelling in the Tafilalet aquifer, south-east Morocco

2007 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bouhlassa ◽  
B. Ammary ◽  
A. Elyahyaoui
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Transport Modelling ◽  
Lumped Parameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Residence Times ◽  
Environmental Tritium ◽  
Future Work

The paper presents a case study for the application of environmental tritium to assess the mean residence time of water in the Tafilalet aquifer. This aquifer corresponds geologically to a tectonic depression with Quaternary fill. The Tafilalet area depends mainly on agriculture and herding. Groundwater is the main source of water supply for domestic, agriculture, and herding purposes.The data on the distribution of tritium in subsurface water indicate the modern water of the Tafilalet aquifer. The tritium transport modelling indicates that Quaternary alluvial waters are likely to have short mean residence times of a few years (14 to 32 years). The study addresses several difficulties concerning the detailed quantitative interpretations of the results, which must be the focus of future work.

Evaluation of Low-Dose Gentamicin Once Daily Dosing Regimen at A General Hospital in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ab Rahman A F ◽  
Md Sahak N. ◽  
Ali A. M.
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Dosing Regimen ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Neutropenic Sepsis ◽  
Wide Acceptance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Initiation Of Therapy ◽  
Almost All

Objective: Once daily dosing (ODD) aminoglycoside is gaining wide acceptance as an alternative way of dosing. In our setting it is the regimen of choice whenever gentamicin is indicated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the practice of gentamicin ODD in a public hospital in Malaysia. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of patients on gentamicin ODD who were admitted to Hospital Melaka during January 2002 until March 2010. All adult patients who were on ODD gentamicin with various level of renal function were included in the study. Patients on gentamicin less than 72 hours and pregnant women were excluded. Results: From 110 patients, 75 (68.2%) were male and 35 (31.8%) were female. Indications for ODD gentamicin included pneumonia, 34 (31.0%) neutropenic sepsis, 27 (24.5%) and sepsis, 11 (10.0%). The mean dose and duration of gentamicin was 3.2 mg/kg/day and 7 days, respectively. Almost all patients were on gentamicin combined with other antibiotics. Clinical cure based on fever resolution was found in 89.1% of patients treated with ODD. Resolution of fever took an average of 48 hours after initiation of therapy. The evaluation for bacteriologic cure could not be performed because of insufficient data on culture and sensitivity. Out of 38 patients with analyzable serum creatinine data, four patients might have developed nephrotoxicity. Conclusion: In our setting, lower dosages of ODD gentamicin when used in combination with other antibiotics seemed to be effective and safe in treating most gram negative infections.

Оrganic Meat Production of Broiler Chickens Hubbard Redbro Cross

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
The Impact

This article presents the results of studying the impact of housing and feeding conditions on broiler chickens of Hubbard RedBro cross, as well as the quality of products obtained when using floor and cage content, in a farm. It established that when receiving a mixed feed of own production using feed raw materials grown on a farm without the use of pesticides, a statistically significant decrease in potentially dangerous substances for animal health is recorded. Compared with factory feed, it has reduced the content of pesticides by 14 times, and mercury and arsenic by 24 times, cadmium by five times, and lead by ten times. The results of the study of economic indicators of growing Hubbard RedBro cross broiler chickens, as well as the chemical composition and quality of carcasses, indicated that there was no significant difference between the floor and cell conditions of keeping. Still, the use of a diet based on eco-feeds contributed to a statistically significant decrease in the concentration of toxic metals in the muscles of the poultry of the experimental groups. As a result, it found that the use of the studied compound feed in the diets of broiler chickens increased the indicators of Biosafety and ensured the production of environmentally safe ("organic") poultry meat products.

scholarly journals 797. Management of Patients with Multiple Clostridioides difficile Infection Recurrences using a Tapered-Pulsed Fidaxomicin Strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S441-S442
Author(s):  
Xing Tan ◽  
Andrew M Skinner ◽  
Benjamin Sirbu ◽  
Larry H Danziger ◽  
Dale N Gerding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Episode ◽  
Initial Symptom ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
The Past ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Time To Recurrence ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile Infection ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Systemic Antibiotics

Abstract Background There is a paucity of data assessing outcomes of alternate fidaxomicin strategies in patients with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI). The objective of our study is to evaluate a tapered-pulsed (T-P) fidaxomicin regimen that was administered immediately following a course of CDI treatment with initial symptom resolution in patients with multiple rCDI. Methods We reviewed the characteristics and outcomes of 46 consecutive patients who received T-P fidaxomicin between January 1, 2014-June 30, 2019 in a specialty CDI clinic. The first episode in which fidaxomicin T-P was administered was analyzed. Failure was defined as the persistence of diarrhea and/or the need for additional CDI treatment at any time on T-P fidaxomicin. Sustained clinical cure (SCC) was defined as resolution of diarrhea without recurrence. Recurrence was defined as the return of diarrhea requiring retreatment with CDI therapy after completion of T-P fidaxomicin. Both SCC and recurrence were evaluated at 30 and 90 days after completion of T-P fidaxomicin. Results The mean±SD age of the 46 patients was 63.2±19.9 years, 71.7% were female, and the mean±SD CDI episodes within the past year was 3±1.4 . Most patients (73.9%) had previously failed a vancomycin tapered and/or pulsed regimen. Prior to administering T-P fidaxomicin, a treatment regimen was given to ensure resolution of symptoms. The CDI treatment most commonly used (58.7%) was vancomycin. The T-P fidaxomicin regimen used consisted of 200 mg given once daily for 7 days followed by 200 mg every other day for a median (min-max) duration of 33 (6-120) days. Two patients (4%) failed to respond to T-P fidaxomicin; 34 (74%) and 28 (61%) achieved SCC at 30 and 90 days, respectively. Among the 44 patients that successfully completed the T-P fidaxomicin regimen, recurrence developed in 10 (22.7%) and 16 (36.4%) of patients at 30 and 90 days, respectively, with a median (min-max) time to recurrence of 20 (3-87) days (Figure 1). Four patients with recurrence had received subsequent systemic antibiotics. Figure 1. Course of CDI therapy and follow-up Conclusion A tapered-pulsed fidaxomicin strategy may be effective in patients with multiply rCDI who are refractory to other treatments, including a vancomycin tapered and pulsed regimen. Disclosures Larry H. Danziger, PharmD, Merck (Speaker’s Bureau)

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